For example, he wrote on the walls in my sister's home and when she asked him if he was the culprit he said "No" even though he is the only child in the household. However, his Stage 1 moral reasoning is residual. He is growing and maturing and operates at later stages of moral development.
My nephew is most often operating at Stage 2, which relates to an exchange of favors. Moral reasoning is more a matter of personal consequences, and therefore he is still calculating the moral value of a decision based on how the outcome will affect him. At the same time, he is concerned with how his actions affect other people and is empathetic if he notices that another person is suffering.
Sometimes my six-year-old nephew demonstrates enough moral maturity to graduate from Level One (Pre-Conventional) to Level Two (Conventional) morality. For example, he is aware of the…...
Kohlberg's Moral Stages
What would you do if confronted with this same dilemma?
f was confronted with this dilemma, would tell the truth about my son and not let my wife take the blame. However, would not do so out of higher moral principles but because would tend to assume that law enforcement would likely figure out eventually what was the truth and then both my son and my wife might suffer severe consequences, instead of only my son, once the authorities were involved. t is also worthy of note that the son might not be willing to allow his mother to take the blame, further complicating the issue when arguing with authorities.
Although it may be difficult to gain legal assistance, the best that can be done is admit to nothing and to request legal aid from the U.S. embassy, although there may be some reluctance to help…...
mlaIt should not be, although it is true that quite frequently socioeconomic status does affect drug case trial decisions in the United States. Someone who is poor is often viewed as committing a crime, even for simple possession, while someone who is wealthy is viewed as having an illness. In this instance, however, this law, however barbaric it might seem, seems to be uniformly applied against all persons, regardless of socioeconomic status. In general, I believe that the socioeconomic status of an individual should have no impact on the judgement of whether a particular action is moral or immoral. Justice should be compassionate regardless of whether the person is rich or poor and people must be self-conscious of the fact that the different socioeconomic status of a defendant may bias them against him or her.
Q5. Carol Gilligan (1982) disagreed with Kohlberg's on justice and fairness and would have looked at this dilemma differently. Is there truly a difference in her thinking about this dilemma than that of Kohlberg's? (Text page 313-314)
Gilligan would likely be more understanding of the mother's desire to assume blame for her son, given her focus on relationality in women's moral reasoning. For Gilligan, moral reasoning is something which is often viewed only in male, versus female terms and the highest level of Kohlberg's hierarchy -- abstraction -- reflects a male-dominated view of the world. While a man might state that viewing the son's crime in an objective fashion, as if he was not the man's son but merely an impartial citizen, is the highest level of moral truth, Gilligan would suggest that this is not necessary optimal and reflects a relativist bias in favor of objective, male-dominated, ethical constructs.
In both Stages 3 and 4, the individual has developed to the point that moral decisions are made based on an accepted understanding of the norms and conventions of society (Nucci, 2002). Stage 3 is called Good Interpersonal elationships and children, now entering their teenage years, begin to believe that individuals should live up to the expectations made by family and society to behave in appropriate and moral ways. The greater concern at this stage is on good motives and social responsibility, such as stealing to save someone's life. In Stage 4, Maintaining the Social Order, Kohlberg first moves fully beyond Piaget and his relativistic moral development. Whereas Stage 3 focuses on moral relationships between individuals who have the ability to closely understand each other's motives, such as in a family situation. In Stage 4, the individual begins to reasoned moral decisions based on the whole of society. The…...
mlaReferences
Crain, W.C. (1985). Theories of Development. Prentice-Hall. Pp. 118-136. Retrieved April 23, 2007, at http://faculty.plts.edu/gpence/html/kohlberg.htm
Nucci, L. (2002). Moral development and moral education: an overview. Studies in Moral Development and Education. Retrieved April 23, 2007, at http://tigger.uic.edu/~lnucci/MoralEd/overview.html
Physical ailments become more common as the body ages, so older adults are more frequently susceptible to illnesses and disabilities.
In order to cope, older people should consult a doctor or therapist for any health or mental health concerns. In addition, they should make an effort to preserve their health with nutritious food and gentle exercise. Social isolation can become a problem for older adults, so making an effort to keep in contact with friends, children, and grandchildren is critical to emotional health. Retirement itself can lead to feelings of social isolation and a loss of meaning to life; seniors should find new projects and activities to keep active and involved with others in meaningful ways.
3) Identify three general tips for studying for a test. Describe the three steps to overcoming test anxiety. Explain how best to answer an essay question.
Studying for a test should involve three basic steps: reading,…...
KKR and the Art of the Steal Shareholder Theory and Buyback Programs
Introduction
Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) is an investment firm that acquires influence in a company by purchasing a controlling amount of shares or else a significant amount of shares that enable it to put pressure on the company’s board. KKR has made a number of large-scale investments and leveraged buyouts (LBOs) over the years, including the LBO of RJR Nabisco by KKR in the 1990s. In that instance, the firm anticipated a higher return on investment (ROI) than it ended up receiving, and KKR went back on its promise to keep RJR Nabisco’s assets intact, liquidating them so as to be able to move on to other investment projects (Leveraged Buyouts, n.d.). By using its capital to influence the way a company is managed, KKR has been able to influence outcomes for various firms in which it heavily invests. Like…...
mlaReferences
Brunsman, B. (2019). P&G CEO Taylor, activist investor Peltz laugh off proxy battle as stock soars. Retrieved from Ewmi, P. F. (2005). Three models of Corporate Governance from developed capital markets. Lectures on Corporate Governance, December, 1-14.Guinto, J. (2013). Who wrecked j.c. penney? D Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.dmagazine.com/publications/d-ceo/2013/november/who-wrecked-jc-penney Huddleston, T. (2014). A look at how some of the top investors, hedge funds spent the second quarter. Retrieved from https://fortune.com/2014/08/14/hedge-funds-quarterly-disclosure/ Leveraged Buyouts. (n.d.). RJR Nabisco—Case Study.Light, L. (2019). More than Half of All Stock Buybacks are Now Financed by Debt. Here’s Why That’s a Problem. Retrieved from https://fortune.com/2019/08/20/stock-buybacks-debt-financed/ Neuman, E. J. (2005). The Impact of The Enron Accounting Scandal On Impressions Of Managerial Control. Academy Of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, S1-S6.Seyhun, H. N. (2008). Insider trading and the effectiveness of Chinese Walls in securities firms. JL Econ. & Pol\\\\'y, 4, 369.https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2019/09/20/p-g-ceo-taylor-activist-investor-peltz-laugh-off.html
Kohlberg
When it comes to socialization, circles of friends, peer groups and so forth, it is clear that there is what is considered healthy and what is considered less than optimal. Beyond there, there will always tend to be subgroups and subcultures that emerge from within and from under a more dominant culture. This brief report shall describe the importance of peer groups, how subcultures can emerge and the significance of those subgroups emerging. Further, the way in which friendship circles are created and changed throughout the school years, how problems are associated with children that are rejected, bullying and their victims and beyond will be mentioned. Finally, there shall be the specific bits of advice offered by Kohlberg when it comes to moral development, growth of vocabulary and the seasoning of reasoning ability with kids will be part of what is discussed. While not all children and peer groups develop…...
mlaReferences
Kreager, D. & Moody, J. (2011). DELINQUENCY AND THE STRUCTURE OF ADOLESCENT PEER GROUPS. Pubmed Central (PMC). Retrieved 4 November 2016, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092163/
McLeod, S. (2016). Kohlberg - Moral Development - Simply Psychology. Simplypsychology.org. Retrieved 4 November 2016, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html
MV Media. (2016). Celebrating the unique Islamic-American culture of Black Muslims. Muslimvillage.com. Retrieved 4 November 2016, from https://muslimvillage.com/2015/07/21/84358/black-muslims-unique-islamic-american-culture/
NIH. (2016). How does bullying affect health & well-being?. Nichd.nih.gov. Retrieved 4 November 2016, from https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/bullying/conditioninfo/Pages/health.aspx
Firstly, in Piagetian manner, the subject is confronted with a moral dilemma, that is, a short story in which two or more moral principles oppose each other. He or she is asked to make a choice. Secondly, the interviewer uses intensive probing, that is, why-questions, and questions which stimulate the respondent to consider varying situational contexts. Thirdly, stage scoring of interview is based on well conceived and meaningful measurement units.Through the confrontation with moral dilemmas, the subject is stimulated to consider moral norms rather than merely technical knowledge of solving a problem (most people suggest a technical solution first, which seems an appropriate strategy in most every-day decision making).(Kolhberg)
Summery/Conclusion
There are six levels of leaders, according to the combined works of Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohberg, and obert Kegan. esearch shows the majority of leaders are level four leaders or level five leaders. Level four leader 'Achiever' is categorized as exceeding…...
mlaReferences
Cherry, Kendra.(2012)About.com guide. Kohlbergs Therory of Moral
Development.Retrieved from website:
http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/kohlberg.htm
Gerard Duveen
Among other choices, those related to eating, drinking alcohol, sexuality, and peer group selection are some of the most important. In some respects, those decisions have a lot to do with the way that adolescent brains perceive, process, and react to external circumstances and experiences. The development of eating disorders is one example (Leon, Fulkerson, Perry, & Cudeck, 1993). Specifically, there is empirical cross-sectional data illustrating that specific teenage perception and interpretations of self-image (especially body-image) correspond to eating disorders. That valuable information provides a good strategy for identifying teens at greatest risk of developing eating disorders without knowing anything about their actual eating habits (Leon, Fulkerson, Perry, & Cudeck, 1993).
Adolescents value their peer group associations more than the approval of society more generally. They are also much less receptive to absolutes such as firm "all-or-none" rules prohibiting them from drinking any alcohol or requiring absolute sexual abstinence. Generally,…...
mlaReference
Gloria R. Leon, Jayne a. Fulkerson, Cheryl L. Perry, and Robert Cudeck. "Personality
and Behavioral Vulnerabilities Associated With Risk Status for Eating Disorders in Adolescent Girls." Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Volume 102, Issue 3; (1993): 438-444.
According to the Kohlberg theory, the post-conventional level is when a person develops social contract orientation and becomes principled. I believe I felt that I owed society an obligation to work and try to make it better, so I sought public welfare work (Fowler, p. 56).
Eventually, a better job opportunity came to me in the form of a state job in the Department of Youth and Family Services, so I decided to leave the school system. I transferred from my city job and was able work in my chosen field. Between working there and at Families Matter, New Jersey, I learned quite a bit. I would spend hours with parents who did not have the skills to help themselves and children who were in crisis. This motivated me even more to finish my bachelor's degree. This experience made me realize how lucky I was to have supportive family and friends,…...
mlaReferences
Colby, a and Kohlberg, L. (1987). The Measurement of Moral Judgment, Vol 2. Standard Issue Scoring Manual. Cambridge University Press.
Fowler, J.T., Hennesey, T. (ed.) (1976) "Stages in faith: the structural developmental approach," Values and Moral Development. New York: Paulist Press.
Harder, a.F. (2002). The developmental stages of Erik Erikson. Learning Place Online.com. Retrieved August 8, 2007 at http://www.learningplaceonline.com/stages/organize/Erikson.htm .
Kohlberg, Lawrence (1973). "The claim to moral adequacy of a highest stage of moral judgment." Journal of Philosophy. 70: 630-646.
Death anxiety was given a broad definition and seemed to point to how one dealt with the death of others also. I found that I did not deal with death very well. Mainly because I was not able to know my real father, and I felt betrayed by the man who was my actual father when I had to experience the abuse that my family went through. It was an ordeal because my father died, but it was a bigger ordeal because of the revelations that came afterwards. I found that one can regress from a level of maturity when a major negative event occurs.
I look back at my life through the prism of these two theories and there is not much that I regret, even though there were some significant bumps along the way. I agree with the precepts because I can see a lot of what both…...
mlaReferences
Boeree, G.C. (2005). Erik Erikson. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/ewaters/345/2007_erikson/erikson.pdf
Bruess, B.J., & Pearson, F.C. (2002). Are there gender differences in moral
reasoning as defined by Kohlberg? College Student Affairs Journal, 21(2),
38-49.
In Erikson's "Stage Two" children are trying to become self-confident and do things themselves ("Autonomy vs. Doubt"), like tying their own shoes even if it takes hours. Parents should let them do things because, according to Erikson, "...failure to reinforce these efforts will lead the child to doubt themselves" and doubt a parents' trust in them. hen Bambi ventured out of his little sleeping spot into the snow for the first time, surely his mom knew he would slip and slide and even get banged up a little. But she stayed in the sleeping nest spot and let Bambi learn for himself, which he did by slipping on the ice over and over before he finally got his feet under him and learned about the reality of slippery ice.
Jean Piaget put forward a theory for very young children, that he called "heteronomous moral orientation." He theorized that in the natural…...
mlaWorks Cited
Disney, Walt. (2005). Bambi: 2-Disc Special Edition. Buena Vista Home Entertainment.
Burbank, California. J4756.
Levine, Melvin D. (1999). Developmental Variation and Learning Disorders: Second Edition.
Cambridge, MA: Educators Publishing Service, Inc.
business people study ethics. What are the possible benefits to companies, individuals, society and the world of business?
According to a gallop poll administered by the Better Business Bureau in 2008, consumer trust in business professionals is on the decline. Of the consumer populous polled, only 42% expressed trust in banks and financial institutions, representing a 6% decline in trust since 2007, while only 24% responded positively toward contractors and service professionals, representing a decline in trust of 4%. Of the 14 industries polled, trust was lowest in real estate brokers and auto dealers, with a positive trust response of only 13%, representing a 3% decline in trust (Farrell, Fraedrich and Farrell, 2009). In particular, trust levels declined rapidly as a result of public scandals which "cost many companies their emotional appeal, the strongest driver of reputation" (Ferrell et al., 2009).
According to ethics professor Rick Garlikov, the reputation of businessmen…...
mlaKohlberg's model of ethical development varies from previous models insofar as development is not the product of maturation or socialization alone, but rather the product of one's cognitive contemplation of moral problems (Cain, 1985). Kohlberg's model coincides with character development specialist Thomas I. White's assertion that ethical character development is the result of ethical reasoning as opposed to a focus on "being a good person" (Ferrell et al., 2009). Studying ethics and contemplating ethical frameworks, therefore, is imperative to the development of an ethical character and the ability make ethically informed decisions.
Crain, W.C. (1985). Theories of Development. Prentice-Hall. pp. 118-136. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2011 from http://faculty.plts.edu/gpence/html/kohlberg.htm
Ferrell, O.C., Fraedrich, J. & Ferrell, L. (2009). Business ethics: ethical decision making and cases. (7th ed.) Mason: South-Western Cenage Learning.
Now, at 16, having returned again to her parents' home with Drake, she "has agreed to earn her GED and enroll in a vocational school to train for a job" and to thereby increase her current cognitive skills. However, "her classes begin a week from now; she has not made arrangements for Drake's care while she is in class." This lack of planning and preparation for long periods of the day away from Drake could be seen as a sign that Katie lacks problem-solving skills for a 16-year-old that should have been mostly learned at Erickson's Stage 4 (6-10 years old). A more likely explanation though is that care-giving, an activity Katie is uninterested in and performs poorly or not at all, properly belongs to Erikson's Stage 6, Early Adulthood (ages 18-34), Katie has not yet reached that stage even chronologically (obviously, she is completely unprepared for it emotionally,…...
mlaPsycho-social Development
Katie exhibits fundamental lack-of-trust issues vis-a-vis her parents, probably stemming from as early as Erikson's Stage One (birth through age one); autonomy issues unresolved from Stage 2 (ages 1-3); "initiative vs. guilt" (Harris, 2000) issues from Stage 3 (ages 3-5) "industry" issues (i.e., "Am I able to succeed at what I try to do?") issues from Stage 4 (ages 6-10) (Harris). Further, it appears that Katie struggles now with identity issues at Stage 5 (ages 11-18) (Huitt, 1997; Huitt & Hummel, 2003). For example, Katie neither wants to return to school (she has agreed to complete her GED instead) nor seems to very strongly exhibit eagerness or enthusiasm about beginning her vocational courses next week (e.g., she has not gotten her driver's license, preferring to ride the bus when she (presumably) would not have to if she could drive; and also has taken no initiative in finding daytime care for Drake while she is away from the house. In Kohlberg's Stage 3 (Huitt, 1997), adolescents at 12 or 13 (Katie is 13 when she becomes pregnant by an 18-year-old drug user) are more vulnerable than earlier to influences outside the family. Katie's relationships with her own parents (perhaps this is mirrored by her own non-relationship to Drake, and has something to do with Drake's own compliant passivity); since she ran away from home, are unhealthy. As current evidence of the latter, Katie hardly communicates with them verbally, much less confiding in them about her thoughts and feelings. Katie shows various signs of having had (and of still having) not completed important developmental work from each of the first five of Erikson's eight stages (Marcia, 1966); the equivalent also of being stuck in Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development, the "Conventional" (Harris, 2000) and having less-than adequately mastered any of the developmental tasks of Piaget's Stage 4 (Huitt & Hummel, 2003) although this stage beings at around age 11.
In Piaget's second stage of childhood/adolescent development (see Huitt, 1997; Huitt & Hummel, 2003), and in Kohlberg's (similar) third stage (see Huitt), rules are not as ironclad as in earlier stages of childhood, and are instead typically regarded more as principles that facilitate peoples' getting along smoothly with one another. Katie, however, has no interest in following her mother's current rules, e.g., pitching in around the house or doing any of her mother's daily list of chores, even though such help (or at least some or most of
Furthermore, Vgotsky's held that the bond between word and meaning is a bond that is associative in nature and is established through the repeated simultaneous perceptions of a certain sound and a certain object.
Most of the children in this class had good motor skills and followed instructions very well. Furthermore the children used "please" and "thank you" in their interactions with teachers. Also observed was the fact that Tarek, a student, acts like group-leader among other students and the children in the class try to please him. Tarek is very considerate and caring. This shows early development on the part of the children, which can be expected, in "advanced curriculum" preschool programs.
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) contended that children and adults both pass through stages of moral development in their reasoning ability via judgments of a moral nature. Kohlberg's theory is called the "cognitive-developmental theory and suggests a tri-level sequence of…...
mlaBibliography
CEU Station - Child Development - Introduction and Theory Theoretical Framework for Child Development [Online available at: http:/ / www.ceus tation.com / childdeve lopment1.html
Vgotksy: Thinking and Speaking, Thought and Word Online at: .marxists.org/archive/vygotsky/works/words/vygotsky.htmhttp://www
Lisa was a sophomore and while in the Alternative school, as was the case in the regular high school, she had been a student who had been in trouble frequently for talking back to and swearing at teachers, skipping class, not doing homework, hanging out after school and violating many of the community rules that were established by the group including smoking on school grounds, lying, being late for classes, and doing drugs. She hung out with what teachers called "the wrong crowd" after school: kids from a nearby community that were not as well off, and were part of a street gang. Lisa was white, but many of her friends were black, and the kids in this gang were vocally resistant to the inequalities that they saw in wealthy Scarsdale that were not in their poor community. Some of her afterschool friends were dropping out, and others were fighting…...
mlaReferences
Lapsley, D. Moral Stage Theory. In Killen, M. & Smetana, J. (Ed). Handbook of Moral Development.
Moral Development and Moral Education: An Overview http://tigger.uic.edu/~lnucci/MoralEd/overview.html
Week 9: (October 22): Self development and Social Contexts
http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial.htm
Developmental Psychology: A Comprehensive List of Essay Topics
Cognitive Development
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development: An Examination of its Stages and Implications
Information Processing in Children: How Age and Experience Shape Cognitive Function
Language Development and the Role of Environment: Exploring the Interplay of Nature and Nurture
Cognitive Biases in Children and Adolescents: The Impact of Cognitive Immaturity on Decision-Making
The Development of Memory in Infancy: How Early Experiences Influence Retrieval and Recognition
Social and Emotional Development
Attachment Theory: Bowlby's and Ainsworth's Perspectives: Implications for Infant-Caregiver Relationships
Socialization and the Development of Prosocial Behavior: How Children Learn to Cooperate and Share
Moral....
Outline: The Complexity of Human Nature
I. Introduction
A. Hook: Begin with a thought-provoking question or anecdote that highlights the enigma of human nature.
B. Thesis statement: State the central argument that humans are multifaceted beings with both noble and darker impulses.
II. The Social Facet
A. Prosociality: Discuss humans' capacity for empathy, altruism, and cooperation.
- Cite evolutionary theories on the benefits of social behavior.
- Provide examples of individuals who display extraordinary acts of kindness.
B. Conformity: Analyze the tendency to follow group norms, even when they conflict with personal beliefs.
- Explain the psychological mechanisms behind conformity.
- Discuss....
1. Piaget and Vygotsky: A Comparative Analysis of Child Development Theories
2. The Impact of Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory on Understanding Children's Behavior
3. Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development: How Children Form Their Identity
4. Bandura's Social Learning Theory: Exploring the Role of Observational Learning in Child Development
5. Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory: Understanding Children's Development within their Environmental Context
6. The Contribution of Gesell's Maturation Theory to Understanding Physical Development in Children
7. Attachment Theory: Bowlby's Perspective on Emotional Bonding and its Effect on Child Development
8. Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Analyzing Children's Ethical Reasoning and Decision-making
9. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory: Examining the Role....
1. The Role of Moral Development in Personal Growth
2. Exploring the Stages of Moral Development: Piaget and Kohlberg Perspectives
3. The Influence of Family and Culture on Moral Development
4. Moral Education in Schools: Nurturing Ethical Values in Students
5. The Connection between Moral Development and Social Responsibility
6. Moral Dilemmas and Ethical Decision-Making: Challenges of the Modern World
7. Gender Differences in Moral Development: Nature vs. Nurture Debate
8. The Role of Empathy and Perspective-Taking in Moral Development
9. Moral Development and the Impact of Technology: Navigating Ethical Challenges
10. The Importance of Self-Reflection in Moral Development: Cultivating a Strong Moral Compass
11. The Impact of Titles on....
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