Acute kidney diseases can be severe in the short-term but once treated, the kidney functions return to normal (National Institutes of Health). Hemolytic uremic syndrome and Nephrotic syndrome are acute kidney diseases affecting children. Most acute kidney diseases are caused by trauma, injury, or poisoning.
Chronic conditions include deformed kidneys that are due to birth defects, the hereditary disease polycystic kidney disease (PKD), Glomerular diseases, and Systemic diseases (National Institutes of Health). Birth defects and hereditary conditions are the most common causes of chronic kidney diseases in children under the age of four. Genetic factors are indicated in kidney diseases that develop later in childhood. Among adolescents who develop kidney diseases, glomerular diseases are the most common culprits. Glomerular diseases "attack the individual filtering units in the kidney," which causes blood and protein to leak into the urine," (National Institutes of Health).
Once diagnosed, kidney diseases can respond to a number…...
mlaReferences
"Kidney Diseases in Childhood." Kids Health. Retrieved Mar 7, 2010 from http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/kidney/kidney_diseases_childhood.html
National Institutes of Health. "Kidney and Urologic Diseases Home Kidney and Urologic Diseases Clearinghouse. 2006. Retrieved Mar 7, 2010 from http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/childkidneydiseases/overview/index.htm
"Some causes of kidney disease in children." DaVita. Retrieved Mar 7, 2010 from http://www.davita.com/kidney-disease/c/219
"When Your Child Has a Chronic Kidney Disease." Kids Health. Retrieved Mar 7, 2010 from http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/kidney/chronic_kidney_disease.html
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited disorder distinguished by the growth of lots of cysts in the kidneys ("Polycystic Kidney Disease" 1). In the majority of cases, this genetic disease is passed down through families as an autosomal dominant trait. If a parent is the carrier of the gene, there is a fifty percent chance for the children to develop the disorder ("Polycystic Kidney Disease").
The kidneys are two organs. Each kidney is about the size of a fist and is found in a human being's abdomen (upper part) towards the back. Extra fluid and wastes present in the blood are filtered by kidneys forming urine as a result. Kidneys also help in the regulation of amounts of certain essential substances in the body. When cysts are formed in the kidneys, they are full of fluid. The normal structure of the kidneys thus becomes greatly enlarged due to the PKD…...
mlaReferences
"Polycystic Kidney Disease." NIDDK. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Web. 4 Jan 2013. .
"Polycystic kidney disease." National Center for Biotechnology Information. A.D.A.M., Inc., 20 Sept. 2011. Web. 5 Jan. 2013.
Acute Kidney DiseaseAcute kidney disease also known as acute renal failure is a disease which happens to be associated with high mortality and morbidity. The said disease is caused by ischemia (1). Previous studies have revealed the association between ischemia and loss in NPK cells and cadherin cleavage owing to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). One such study was conducted to identify MMP that was needed for N-cadherin loss and N-cadherin cleavage. Results showed that cadherin loss was not induced by ischemia when chemical inhibitors were put against soluble MMPs (1). In addition, there was a decrease in (MT) MMP-2 and an increase in (MT) MMP-1 under ischemic conditions. From the said results, it would be prudent to note that cadherin disruption and increased appearance of active MT1-MMP are induced by ischemia (1). In this research paper, I will explain the pathophysiology of acute kidney disease with regard to its incidence, risk…...
mlaReferences
1. M. D. Covinton, R. C. Burghardt and A. R. Parrish. Ischemia-induced cleavage of Cadherins in NRK Cells requires MT1-MMP (MMP-14). Renal Physiology, 290(1), F 43-51, 2006.
2. D. Tejera, F. Varela, D. Acosta, S. Figueroa, S. Benencio, C. Verdaguer, M. Bertullo, F. Verga and M. Cancela. Epidemilogy of Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease in the Intensive Care Unit. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva, 29(4), 444-425, 2017.
3. D. P. Basile, M. D. Anderson and T. A. Sutton. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury. Compr Physiol, 2(2), 1303-1353, 2012.
Background According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (2018), chronic kidney disease is one program that Environmental Health and Safety professionals are examining more closely to better understand how environment factors into the onset of the disease. Chronic kidney disease is characterized as the failure of the kidneys to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Without the efficient use of the kidneys, the body’s stability and health are threatened. Heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and anemia are all possible outcomes that an individual may experience as a result of kidney failure. As there are more than 200,000 cases of chronic kidney disease every year (Mayo Clinic, 2018), this is a serious problem that is deserving of study—especially as the etiology of chronic kidney disease is still somewhat unknown. One project funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (2018) that focuses on understanding chronic…...
Polycystic Kidney DiseaseIntroductionPolycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys. These cysts are filled with fluid and can cause the kidneys to become enlarged and dysfunctional. PKD can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pain, hypertension, kidney failure, and an increased risk of urinary tract infections. PKD is not a disease that can be readily cured, but there are available treatments that can help to control the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for maximizing the chances of a good outcome.CriteriaPKD is diagnosed using a combination of clinical criteria and imaging tests. The clinical criteria for diagnosing PKD include the presence of two or more cysts in each kidney, renal cysts in a first-degree relative, and/or renal impairment due to PKD. Imaging tests such as ultrasounds, CT scans, and MI scans…...
mlaReferencesHalvorson, C. R., Bremmer, M. S., & Jacobs, S. C. (2010). Polycystic kidney disease: inheritance, pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment. International journal of nephrology and renovascular disease, 3, 69.Patel, V., Chowdhury, R., & Igarashi, P. (2009). Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic kidney disease. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension, 18(2), 99.Wallace, M. A. (1998). Anatomy and physiology of the kidney. AORN journal, 68(5), 799-820.
Meanwhile, kidney stones are not a new medical problem, according to the National Kidney & Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC), a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (National Institutes of Health). In fact scientists have found evidence of kidney stones "…in a 7,000-year-old Egyptian mummy" (NIH). The NIH explains that the number of patients with kidney stones "has been increasing over the past 30 years" and researchers are not sure why. In the late 1970s, not even 4% of the American population had kidney stones but by the 1990s more than 5% of the population suffered from kidney stones (NIH). Caucasian men are the most likely people to get kidney stones, and from the age of 40 up to 70 men are particularly susceptible to kidney stones (NIH).
Kidney stones can be several shapes, even jagged shaped, which can be more painful than a smooth stone, the…...
mlaWorks Cited
Mayo Clinic. "Kidney Stones." Retrieved April 5, 2012, from 2009.http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/kidney-stones .
National Kidney & Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse. "Kidney Stones in Adults."
National Institute of Diabetes and digestive and Kidney Diseases / National Institutes of Health. Retrieved April 5, 2012, from 2008.http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/stonesadults/ .
However, Harvard Medical School (HMS) reports that in that study of 1,400 patients, 222 "composite events occurred." Those "events" included 65 deaths, 101 "hospitalizations for congestive heart failure, 25 myocardial infarctions and 23 strokes."
In an understatement, the HMS report - written by Dr. Singh - concluded that while improving the lives of patients with CKD is "of paramount importance," this particular study reveals, "...Aiming for a complete correction of anemia is associated with increased risk, increased cost and no quality of life benefits." The study was published in the November 16, 2006 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
Meantime, the National Institutes of Health / Medline Plus (www.nim.nih.gov) explains that epoetin alfa is also used with people who have HIV, it is used prior to surgery and after surgery "to decrease the number of blood transfusions needed" in the predicable loss of blood during surgery. It is also…...
mlaWorks Cited
Harvard Medical School. (2005). Blood test can accurately diagnose heart failure in patients
With kidney dysfunction. Retrieved February 10, 2008, at http://www.hms.harvard.edu .
Harvard Medical School. (2006). Higher Doses of Anemia Drug for Chronic Kidney Disease
Does Not Improve Quality of Life and Increases Risk for Cardiovascular Events. Retrieved February 9, 2008, at
Kidney Transplantation ProcedureKidney disease is one of the major public health issues in the United States as the number of people suffering from this condition has tripled in the last two decades. Given the increase in the number of people suffering from kidney disease, the treatment of this condition has become critical in improving the quality of life for end-stage patients. According to Barry (2016), kidney transplantation is the most suitable treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESD). It is the most commonly performed solid organ transplant process and has developed to include the process of continued quality improvement. Over the past few years, kidney transplantation has evolved to include a systematic team approach with a focus on improving patients quality of life. This paper examines the preoperative and postoperative procedures in kidney transplantation based on anatomy and physiology.Preoperative ProceduresKidney transplantation procedure begins by selecting a donor from two…...
mlaReferencesAscher, N.L., Chandran, S. & DiPaola, M.E. (2015). Kidney transplant. Retrieved from University of California San Francisco website: J.M. (2016). Renal transplantation. Indian Journal of Urology, 32(3), 175-177.Hameed, A.M., Yao, J., Allen, R., Hawthorne, W.J., Pleass, H.C. & Lau, H. (2018). The evolution of kidney transplantation surgery into the robotic era and its prospects for obese recipients. Transplantation, 102(10), 1650 – 1665. Luo, E.K. (2018). Kidney transplant. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-transplanthttps://transplantsurgery.ucsf.edu/conditions--procedures/kidney-transplant.aspx Barry,
Diabetic Vascular Disease state caused by the deficiency of a chemical in the body called insulin which is a hormone is called Diabetes. There are two forms of diabetes. In the type-one diabetes no insulin is formed and people require insulin injections for existence. This was once thought it would affect only children, but now it can occur at any age. The type2 diabetes is due to the resistance of the body towards the effects of insulin. This also includes insulin which is insufficient. ut in this type there is some amount of insulin produced. In both the types the blood glucose levels is increased. When compared to people without diabetes, people with diabetes are prone to certain problems. These problems occur in the nerves (neuropathy), kidney (nephropathy) and eye (retinopathy). These people are prone to early heart attacks and stroked due to the hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis). With…...
mlaBibliography
Diabetes Basics-About Diabetics," Retrieved from www.orthop.washington.edu/faculty/Hirsch/diabetesAccessed on March 3, 2004
Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research" retrieved from www.medstv.unimelb.edu.au/Research/DCVDR/. Accessed on March 3, 2004
Haptoglobin: A major susceptibility gene for diabetic vascular complications," retrieved from www.pulsus.com/europe/07_02/szaf_ed.htm. Accessed on March 3, 2004
Pathophysiology of Diabetes" retrieved at Accessed on March 3, 2004http://www.dhss.state.mo.us/diabetes/manual/DMOverview.pdf.
(2012) conducted a cohort study in which a large (over three million) group of patients had their renal activity monitored. The study ultimately came to focus on the subgroup who had undergone kidney stones: these were followed up with and examined, at a median follow-up period of eleven years, in Alberta, Canada. The goal was to examine patients who had experienced at least one episode of kidney stones and to see if that correlated with any other forms of kidney disease (up to and including end stage renal disease) later in life. The basic measure used for examining the patients on the follow-up visit was the level of serum creatinine, the most basic measure of kidney health that is available to physicians. Those patients who had double the expected serum creatinine level were judged to have chronic kidney disease.
The most unexpected finding from the cohort study was the effect…...
mlaReferences
Alexander, RT, Hemmelgarn, BR, Wiebe, N, et al. (2012). Kidney stones and kidney function loss: A cohort study. British Medical Journal 2012 Aug 29-345:e5287. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e5287. PMID: 22936784
DuRant, E and Leslie, NS (2007). Polycystic ovary syndrome: A review of current knowledge. Journal of Nurse Practitioners 3(3):180-185.
A way to better distribute the information that is being taught in the classrooms is also through the community so that the changes are also effecting the parents to the students, as a change on their part as well would be helpful in the battle against obesity. It would be useful to initially target pamphlets, an informational booth or table at grocery stores, where the foundation of the problem lies. It would be effective if information is given before families go grocery shopping so they are more conscious of the items that they are purchasing. Furthermore, information should also be initially presented on TVs, in newspapers and magazines and other mediums that would likely be used in the more low-key and sedentary setting in order to galvanize individuals to get outside. Once outside, in order to sustain the physical activity, it would be nice to have water and juice at…...
mlaBibliography
Ahuja, Gitika, & Salahi, Lara. (11, February 2010). School nutrition program takes up obesity fight. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/OnCall/school-nutrition-program-takes-obesity-fight/story?id=9802468
CausesofChildhoodObesity.org, Initials. (2010). Causes of childhood obesity. Retrieved from http://causesofchildhoodobesity.org/
Facts about obesity in the United States. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/pdf/facts_about_obesity_in_the_united_states.pdf
Mayo Clinic Staff, Initials. (2011, May 06). Risk factors. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/obesity/DS00314/DSECTION=risk-factors
Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease commonly develops alongside diabetes and/or high blood pressures. Patients who suffer from either are at risk of also developing chronic kidney disease. This is because high blood sugar can cause damage to the kidneys in the same way that a car exposed to wintery weather conditions is impacted by the salt that the city will dump on the road to control for ice. The car will be ruined if not properly cleaned and maintained—and the same goes for the body’s kidneys. To prevent chronic kidney disease the patient must first address the issues of diabetes and/or high blood pressure. Obesity is also a factor in the progression of kidney disease. Additionally, chronic kidney disease can lead to hypertension if this is not already a factor. The reality is that an individual who suffers from chronic kidney disease is likely to suffer from stress, poor diet,…...
Renal Failure
Main Functions of the Kidneys
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs, 12 centimeters long, which lie at the sides of the spinal column behind the abdominal cavity (Merck 2010). Their main function is to maintain the proper balance of water and minerals in the body. Their other major functions include filtration and elimination of wastes and toxins, regulation of blood pressure and secretion of some hormones. The amount of water taken into the body must match the amount being eliminated. If the balance is not maintained, water will accumulate fast and illness or death may occur. Excess water will dilute the body's electrolyte and inadequate amount will concentrate electrolytes. The kidneys regulate and help maintain the precise concentrations (Merck).
The kidneys' second major function consists of filtration and excretion (Merck 2010). They pass out urea, a main waste product from protein metabolism. Urea moves through the glomerulus and into the tubuluar fluid…...
mlaBIBLIOGRAPHY
DHS 2008, 'Developmental disabilities nursing,' Department of Human Services
[Online] Available at http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/spd/provtools/nursing/ddmanuel/companion.pdf ?
Franz 2009, 'Nursing care plan -- renal failure,' Nursing Crib [Online] Available at http://nursingcrib.com/nursing-care-plan/nursing-care-plan-renal-failure
Hudson, K 2007, 'Acute renal failure -- nursing CEs,' Dynamic Nursing Education
Huntington's disease (HD) was the first autonomic dominant disorder for which genetic prediction became possible" (Harper, et al., 2000, Journal of Medical Genetics, p. 567). HD is a disease that occurs due to an inherited disorder leading to the death of brain cells. A diagnosis of HD is accomplished through genetic testing which can be implemented at any age regardless of whether the symptoms manifest or not. Although, the specific symptoms vary between people, nevertheless, symptoms can start with people between 35 and 45 years of age and can also start in some individuals at even anearlier age. The disease may affect successive generations if health interventions are not implemented (Mandel, 2016).
Additionally, "the cause of HD is due to a dominant mutation of autosomal form of the gene called Huntington. This shows that a child born by an affected person has a 50% chance of developing or inheriting the disease"…...
Dietary Strategies for Optimizing Nutrition in Dialysis Patients
Dialysis treatment, a life-sustaining therapy for individuals with advanced kidney disease, necessitates significant dietary modifications to manage fluid and electrolyte imbalances, prevent malnutrition, and support overall well-being. Here are comprehensive dietary strategies to help optimize the nutrition of individuals undergoing dialysis treatment:
1. Calorie Management:
Dialysis patients often experience decreased appetite, nausea, and vomiting, leading to reduced calorie intake. Aim for a daily calorie intake of 30-35 kcal/kg of body weight to maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI). Consult with a registered dietitian to determine individualized calorie needs.
2. Protein Management:
Protein intake is crucial for....
Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an infection of the lungs that occurs outside of a hospital setting. It is a common and potentially serious infection, especially among the elderly, very young children, and people with underlying health conditions.
Risk Factors for Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Numerous risk factors have been identified that increase the likelihood of developing CAP. These risk factors can be broadly categorized into:
1. Host-Related Factors:
Age: The risk of CAP increases with age, particularly in individuals over 65 years old.
Underlying Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, and immunosuppression,....
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I. Introduction
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III. Conclusion
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