Children Who Commit Sex Offenses
Juvenile sexual offenses have become a major issue in the juvenile justice system given that nearly 30% of all sexual assaults on children are carried out by perpetrators below the age of 18. The increase in juvenile sexual offenses has contributed to the need for professionals to develop effective means to respond to these crimes. Moreover, this recent trend has contributed to numerous studies on juvenile sexual recidivism. According to the findings of studies conducted since the early 1980s shows that a huge portion of sexual offenses against children are carried out by those below 18 years (Wind, 2003, p.76). Further researches demonstrate that nearly 20% of rapes and between 30 and 50% of sexual offenses or abuse is carried out by juveniles, especially males.

Based on these recent statistics, juvenile sex offenders continue to pose a huge problem for the law and society. The significant challenges…...

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References

Ratnayake, A.A. (2013, March 8). Juvenile Sex Offenses: Finding Justice. National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse, 23(9), 1-4.

Wind, T.E. (2003). The Quandary of Megan's Law: When The Child Sex Offender Is A Child,

37 J. Marshall L. Rev. 73 (2003). The John Marshall Law Review, 37(1), 73-124.

Consequently, these differences in mental abilities necessitate the fact that children or juvenile offenders should be tried separately from their adult counterparts because of their mental abilities. Those in opposition to the juvenile justice system and proponents of the eradication of the juvenile courts argue that a crime is a crime regardless of who commits it and that there should be a single justice system to try both juveniles and adults. However, this argument is not only chaotic but also faulty since it has been proven that children between the age of nine and ten years have a very different mental ability to that of adults. It is therefore impossible for children within this age to plan and carry out a crime and even understand its consequences (Borkar par, 4).
Consequences of Transfers:

An examination of the recent cases of transfer of juvenile offenders to the adult criminal justice system is…...

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Works Cited:

Borkar, Rujuta. "Should Juveniles Be Tried as Adults." Buzzle.com: Intelligent Life on the Web. Buzzle.com, 29 June 2010. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

Maroney, Terry a. "Should Juveniles Be Tried as Adults?" Vanderbilt University Law School. Vanderbilt University, 8 Jan. 2007. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

"Should Juveniles Be Tried as Adults?" Cliff Notes: The Fastest Way to Learn. Wiley Publishing, Inc. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

Steinberg, Laurence. "Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried as Adults? A Developmental Perspective on Changing Legal Policies." Temple University. Department of Psychology, Temple University, 19 Jan. 2000. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

Juveniles and the Legal Process
Juvenile crime is a problem that affects every society. In 2010, around 500,000 juveniles were arrested for drug abuse violations in the U.S. Some of the crimes committed by juveniles are robbery, vandalism, assault, and homicide. Some organizations have tried to help the teenagers to stop the vice because it is an issue affecting the entire community. In most states, the Juvenile Law determines the upper age-old eligibility. However, in some cases like violations or abuse, most states extend jurisdiction through 20 years. There are many reasons why juveniles engage in crimes. It has been shown that dangerous juvenile behaviors originate from domestic violence, family breakdown, and lack of parental moral supervision and guidance. One of the vital causes of juvenile delinquency is broken families. In fact, the separation of parents affects the behavior and psychology of children starting from early infancy. It is true that…...

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Works Cited

Carmen, Rolando V., and Chad R. Trulson. Juvenile justice: the system, process, and the law. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2006. Print.

Elrod, Preston, and Ryder Scott R. Juvenile justice: a social, historical, and legal perspective. 3rd ed. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011. Print.

Hoge, Robert D., and Andrews, D.A.. Evaluation for risk of violence in juveniles. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print.

Leverich, Jean. Juvenile justice. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, Gale, Cengage Learning, 2009. Print.

Juvenile Arrests:
The law enforcement agencies in the United States reported approximately 2.11 million juvenile arrests in 2008 of people younger than 18 years. As compared to 2007, there were fewer juvenile arrests with 3% decline and 2% decline in arrests associated with violent crime. The decline in juvenile arrests continued a trend that was prevalent after 2007, which had a higher rate of arrests of people below 18 years. Actually, these arrests had escalated for nearly more than two years since the 2005 statistics. The increase during this period was accompanied with concerns that the country was on the verge of another juvenile crime wave. A significant portion of juveniles who were arrested during period were accused of violent offenses like rape, aggravated assault, and murder.

Overall Decrease in Juvenile Arrests:

In 2008, there were slightly more than 2 million people under 18 years who were arrested most of who were accused…...

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References:

Cauffmann, E. (2008). Understanding the Female Offender. Juvenile Justice, 18(2). Retrieved

April 17, 2014, from  http://futureofchildren.org/publications/journals/article/index.xml?journalid=31&articleid=44&sectionid=134 

Puzzanchera, C. (2009, December). Juvenile Arrests 2008. Retrieved from Office of Juvenile

Justice and Delinquency Prevention website:  https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/228479.pdf

rights of juveniles in regard to criminal proceedings have been highly debated for a number of years. It is an issue that continues to be debated and the likelihood is that it will remain so. Needless to say, juveniles charged with criminal offenses do not have the same constitutional rights as those afforded adults facing similar charges. In fact, it is has been only in the past several decades that juveniles had any due process rights at all. Beginning in the mid-1960s, the courts began recognizing the need for providing juveniles with some of the same rights given to adults but the granting of these rights came about only after a shift in policy by the courts.
Traditionally, juveniles that became involved in criminal behavior were not charged with violating a criminal statute. Instead, the states set up special courts, usually identified as juvenile courts that handled juveniles as being…...

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References

Holtz, L.E. (1973). Miranda in a Juvenile Setting: A Child's Right to Silence. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 534-556.

In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (U.S. Supreme Court 1967).

Jenkins, R. (2002). An Historical Approach to Search and Seizure in Public Education. Washington State University Law Review, 105- 122.

Juvenile Justice

052 (Barkan & Cohn, p.205).
Death Penalty Attitudes of the Offender

The same literature that shows blacks are less likely to favor capital punishment shows that black offenders are more likely to support shorter sentencing and less likely to agree with capital punishment (Baker, Lambert & Jenkins, 2005). At least, this trend is evident with regard to violent crimes. When approaching individuals and asking about minor crimes, black and white attitudes were similar (Baker, Lambert & Jenkins, 2005). However, this information is to be taken with a grain of salt, because other studies of harsh punishment suggest little differences exist in the opinions of offenders with regard to violent crime and non-violent crime, and with regard to capital punishment (Tsoudis, 2000).

Weitzer (2000) suggests black male offenders (36%) are more likely to support life sentences than they are capital punishment, especially if they come from environments that are poor and where they lack…...

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References

Baker, David N., Lambert, Eric G. & Jenkins, Morris. (2005 Mar) Racial differences in death penalty support and opposition: A preliminary study of white and black college students. Journal of Black Studies, 35(4): 201-224

Barkan, Steven & Cohn, S. (1994). Racial prejudice and support for the death penalty by whites, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31(2): May: 202-209.

Bedau, Hugo a., & Cassell, Paul G. (2004) Debating the death penalty: Should America have capital punishment? The experts on both sides make their best case. New York: Oxford University Press.

Cochran, John & Chamlin, Mitchell. (2006) the enduring racial divide in death penalty support. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(1): 85-99.

This had lead to a growing number of states segregating juveniles and adults within the adult prison. Judges are also taking into account the availability of beds when they determine sentences for juveniles that have been tried as adults and may go so far as putting the youth on probation rather than putting them in an adult prison with adult prisoners (Should Juveniles Be Tried as Adults, 2007).
It is often believed that if a child is old enough to do the crime, then they are old enough to do the time. While young people must be held accountable for serious crimes, the juvenile justice system was set up for precisely that reason. Channeling youth into the adult system does no good and in the end causes harm. Juveniles are not adults, and trying them in an adult court does not make them one. When these youth are tried in…...

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References

Beeler, Lori. (2009). People, They Are Not Adults. Retrieved June 8, 2009, from Web site:

 http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1635352/should_juveniles_be_tried_as_adults.htm 

l?cat=17

Maroney, Terry. (2007). Should Juveniles Be Tried as Adults? Retrieved June 7, 2009, from Vanderbilt Law School Web site:  

According to Prchal, "As the nineteenth century became the twentieth, the United States experienced an unprecedented surge in immigration. Some 3.8 million Italians, 3.4 million Slavs, and 1.8 million ussian and Eastern European Jews -- along with still more from other ethnic groups -- entered the country between 1899 and 1924" (at 189). These enormous numbers of newcomers to the country concerned those who were already here, particularly most native-born Americans; however, the ethnic composition of these new arrivals was the source of even greater concern for many: "Unlike the so-called 'old immigrants,' Prchal says, "who had come from the northern and western regions of Europe (and continued to do so in declining percentages), the majority of these 'new immigrants' were arriving from southern and eastern Europe. The descendants of the earlier immigrant groups often perceived the Italians, Slavs, Jews, and others entering the country as belonging to races…...

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References

Laura K. Abel et al. If You Gag the Lawyers, Do You Choke the Courts? Some Implications for Judges When Funding Restrictions Curb Advocacy by Lawyers on Behalf of the Poor. 29 Fordham Urban Law J. 3, 873 (2002).

L. Anne Babb et al. Adopting and Advocating for the Special Needs Child: A Guide for Parents and Professionals (1997).

Gauri Bhattacharya. The School Adjustment of South Asian Immigrant Children in the United States. 35 Adolescence 137, 77.

Black's Law Dictionary (1990).

life have the ability (and actually do) impact each and every member of society. Crime is one such issue that crosses economic, ethnic, political, religious, and social backgrounds. One reason why crime is such a paramount issue in modern society is that it impacts individuals emotionally, financially, physically, etc. And instills a deep-rooted sense of fear in those who have been victimized. In addition, while there are a multitude of explanations for why individuals (both adults and juveniles) commit crime, no single reason explains all of the complex economic, emotional, psychological, and sociological facets associated with this issue.
In recent years, there have been numerous high profile cases involving juvenile offenders. Some of the most common yet horrifying examples of such crimes include the Columbine shootings (as well as many other school shootings involving teenagers), group killings of teachers as well as peers, etc. Not only have the number of…...

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References

Juszkieicz, Jolanta. "Youth Crime/Adult Time: Is Justice Served?" Retrieved at   On November 9, 2002.http://www.buildingblocksforyouth.org/ycat/ycat.html .

Steinberg, Laurence. "Should Juvenile Offenders be Tried as Adults?" Retrieved at   On November 9, 2002.http://www.jcpr.org/policybriefs/vol2_num3.html .

Frontline: Juvenile Justice: Stats: Does Treating Kids Like Adults Make a Difference?" Retrieved at   on November 9, 2002.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/stats/kidslikeadults.html 

Should Juveniles be Tried as Adults?/Miller & Assoc." Retrieved at November 9, 2002.http://www.juveniledefense.com/pages/tried.aspon

Juvenile Facts

Juvenile-justice experts stress that as juveniles differ developmentally from adults, they should be treated in a different way in the criminal justice system. "Minors are generally less mature, more submissive in the face of police authority, and lack critical knowledge and experience, as compared to adults," Marsha Levick of the Juvenile Law Center in Philadelphia, in a friend-of-the-court brief, stresses. ("How should police...," 2004)

Special Miranda ule for Juveniles?

During October 1995, Detective Cheryl Comstock, Los Angeles County Sheriff's department, contacted the mother of Michael Alvarado, seventeen-years-old, who had been involved in an attempted car robbery resulting in Francisco Castaneda's murder. In turn, Alvarado's parents brought Alvarado to the Sheriff's station and advised Comstock she could interview him. Alvarado, and his parents requested that someone accompany Alvarado during the interview, however, the requests were dismissed. ("How should police...," 2004) egarding the determination of Alvardo's ultimate appeal.".. The substantive matter of whether…...

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References

Bibas, S. (2003). The Real-World Shift in Criminal Procedure. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 93(2-3), 789+.

Buckley, Joseph P., III. "Criminal interrogation techniques on trial.," Security Management, October 1, 1992.

CHILD INTERROGATION UNDER THE GUN ARMED ROBBERY CASE BRINGS TO LIGHT ISSUE OF WHETHER TEENS SHOULD GET TO HAVE PARENTS WITH THEM DURING QUESTIONING.(LOCAL/WISCONSIN)," Wisconsin State Journal (Madison, WI), November 8, 2004.

Fighting Depression. (2006, March 1). Manila Bulletin, p. NA.

Juvenile Gangs
Gangs have been thorns on the flesh of the citizens of the United States no wonder they have occupied a prominent position in American criminological literature. Gang wars between the Crips and the Bloods in Los Angeles are testament to the gang culture among certain communities in the United States. As opposed to the Dutch youth who are interested in music and romance of the West Side Story, especially the video clips and compact disc with gangster rap, the Americans juveniles appear to have negative associations (Klein, 2001). The language of the youngsters perceived to be engaging in juvenile gang activities is characterized by hyperbole and contains refers to competition and violence. The youth style personified by rappers like Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G. who appeared to talk about the hard life in their neighborhoods referred to juvenile gangs. This research paper seeks to review literature on criminal gangs…...

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References List

Defleur, L.B. (1967). Delinquent Gangs in Cross-Cultural Perspective: the Case of Cordoba.

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 4(1), 132-141.

Flores, J.R. (2006). Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report. Retrieved from  http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED495786.pdf 

Klein, M. (2001). The Eurogang Paradox: Street Gangs and Youth Groups in the U.S. And Europe. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Juvenile facilities provide intensive and specialized therapeutic programs with brilliant results. The juvenile placed in juveniles' corrections enjoy an education-centered curriculum and trained staff that functions exclusively with the juvenile offenders' population. On the contrary, those juvenile held in adult jails and prisons do not enjoy these services (Siegel 2009, 671). Understanding that juveniles hold different emotional, safety, social and physical requirements from adult offenders, guidelines requiring certified juveniles to get placements in divergent setting other than adult prisons and jails is paramount. More than sixteen states in America hold certified juveniles in juvenile corrections and not in adult prison until these offenders reach eighteen years.

Six states hold juvenile in juvenile facilities until they attain the age of 21. Pennsylvania and Virginia passed the laws requiring that juveniles, regardless of their crime, get placement in juvenile correction facilities and not in adult jails (Dietch 2011, p.11). This is because juvenile…...

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Reference List

Deitch, M 2011. Juveniles in the adult criminal justice system in Texas. The University of Texas at Austin, school of Public Affairs.pp.1-44.

Elrod, P., Ryder, C 2011. Juvenile justice: A social, historical and legal perspective. Michigan: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Roberts, a., Springer, D 2007. Social work in juvenile and criminal justice settings. Texas: Charles C. Thomas Publisher.

Siegel, L 2009. Introduction to criminal justice. New York: Cengage Learning.

, 2009). While there are schools in the juvenile system, some of these Hispanic children may come in so behind in their educations that they will requires special services to bring them current in their educations. Therefore, educational and mental health concerns are highlighted for Hispanic youth entering into the juvenile justice system.
Conclusion

The juvenile justice system in the United States is out-of-control. While Fairfax County, Virginia's juvenile justice system is not experiencing the same problems as other areas, it would be erroneous to assume that its system is still the best way of dealing with juvenile offenders. Fairfax County has a large Hispanic population, and Hispanic youth are overrepresented in its juvenile justice system. One must assume that a lack of cultural sensitivity has helped contribute to this problem. Ensuring that Hispanic youth and their families have access to the same quality of non-penal services as other youth would help…...

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References

Chambers, B. (2009, June 11). Latino youth in the juvenile justice system -- key facts.

Retrieved October 11, 2011 from Reclaiming Futures website:  http://www.reclaimingfutures.org/blog/node/1028 

County of Fairfax Virginia. (2011). Delinquency (juvenile criminal cases). Retrieved

from  http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/courts/jdr/jdrDelinquency.htm

Juvenile Total Institutions
Total Institutions ( prisons/jails) juveniles. A. Discuss history B. Goals C. programming youth held . D. Issues/Problems Present facilities Below Guideline paper. 1. Students expected draw information class material scholarly sources journal articles, government websites, NPO websites.

Bortner and Williams (1997)

define a total institution as a physical location such as a prison or a reformatory where all the total needs of the residents are met. The needs of the individuals are mostly physical such as health, clothing, nutrition, shelter, etc. For juveniles, total institutions must be able to meet their educational and psychological needs as the youth. For an institution to quality as a total institution, the totality of the care that is provided in the institutions must be reflected in the round the clock confinement of the residents including holidays and weekends Shoemaker, 2009.

Goffman (1961)

argues that in many different ways, correctional institutions also serve as total institutions because…...

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References

ABA Division for Public Education. The History of Juvenile Justice. In ABA Division for Public Education (Ed.), Dialogue on Youth and Justice (pp. 1-8). Chicago, IL: American bar association.

Austin, J., Johnson, K.D., & Weitzer, R. (2005). Alternatives to the Secure Detention and Confinement of Juvenile Offenders (pp. 41). Rockville, MD: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Dept of Justice.

Bortner, M.A., & Williams, L. (1997). Youth in Prison. New York: Rutledge.

Commonwealth v. Fisher, No. 213 48 (1905).

Juvenile Corrections
Juvenile delinquency is a common phenomenon in the globe today. Owing to the severe crimes, committed, different states handle the matter differently. On one hand, some states utilize the "punitive approach" that prioritizes crime control, punishment, and incarceration; on another, the restorative model, which stresses human rights, youth development research, and restoring the community. In the United States, the law does not tolerate juvenile delinquency; this explains the utilization of the "punitive approach" when handling juveniles. In addition, policies in the U.S. are becoming more punitive; therefore, juveniles have found themselves tried in the adult legal system. However, in the recent past, the U.S. has re-considered the death and life without parole sentences for juveniles, which it has termed as unconstitutional. Apparently, the state is gradually applying some human rights principles in relation to juvenile justice policy, a positive move, indeed (Caldwell, 2011).

Background

During the 19th century, juveniles received similar…...

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References

Abrams, L.S., Kim, K., & Anderson-Nathe, B. (2005). Paradoxes of treatment in the juvenile corrections. Child and youth car form, 34(1), 7-25.

Caldwell, B. (2011). Punishment vs. restoration: A comparative analysis of juvenile delinquency law in the United States and Mexico.

Hirth, D. (2001). Early intensive help for high-risk juveniles. Corrections today, 80-83.

Perlin, M. (2013). Collaborative justice. Criminology and Law Enforcement, 1-3.

According to some authors, divorce is a problem when it comes to delinquency. Others do not see a strong correlation. For example, "The variables that predict male delinquency were found to be different from those that predict female delinquency. Characteristics of the parents' marriage play an important role for boys, while misbehavior of girls is more strongly predicted by variables measuring parent-child interaction and parental control." comes from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1982.tb01014.x/abstract and appears to say that only boys are affected by factors in their parents' marriage when it comes to delinquency. However, this article: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J087v39n01_07#.UnhDkOLufLY states that divorce is a cause of....

The Toulmin Model refers to a way of making arguments.  It breaks the argument into six parts: claim, grounds, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, and backing.  The first three parts, the claim, grounds, and warrant are considered the fundamental parts of the argument, with qualifier, rebuttal, and backing considered as supplementary to the argument.  The claim refers to what you are trying to prove.  In this assignment, you would either be trying to prove that curfews are beneficial or detrimental. 

One of the difficulties with your assignment is that it is not clear what type of curfews you need to....

Forensic psychology refers to applying psychology to legal issues.  Forensic psychology can be applied to civil and criminal legal cases but is most commonly associated with criminal cases.

Ten possible essay topics / titles for forensic psychology are:

1. Future Dangerousness: Can Forensic Psychologists Assess Future Risk
2. Beyond Criminal Profiling: How Forensic Psychologists Help Law Enforcement
3. Legally Crazy Versus Mentally Ill
4. Victim Profiling: What Makes Some People Targets
5. The Psychology of Policing
6. Best Interests of the Child: How Forensic Psychologists Can Help in Child Custody Cases
7. Inherently Unreliable: The Problem with Eyewitness Testimony
8. Undeveloped Brains: Why Juveniles Should Not Be in the....

1. The impact of probation on recidivism rates: Does probation effectively reduce the likelihood of offenders committing future crimes?

2. The effectiveness of probation programs in promoting rehabilitation and reintegration into society for offenders.

3. Challenges and opportunities in probation supervision: How can probation officers effectively monitor and support individuals on probation?

4. The role of evidence-based practices in probation: How can research be used to improve the outcomes of probation programs?

5. The future of probation: What innovations and advancements are being made in the field of probation supervision and how will they shape the future of criminal justice?

6. The intersection of probation....