Juveniles
In basic terms, handling juvenile offenders remains the key purpose of juvenile courts. Hence these courts are designed not to punish but to treat and guide. However, though juvenile courts have been in operation for over a hundred years, some juvenile offenders still find themselves being tried in adult courts. The question that arises in this case is; should juvenile offenders go through the same criminal justice system as their adult counterparts? More specifically, should juveniles be considered too young to be charged with the same offenses adults are charged with i.e. murder?

Too Young to Murder?

Some times in October 1997, a young boy borrowed a rifle and later on in the evening shot at a stranger killing him instantly. The location of the incident was Detroit. The shooter in this case was an 11-year-old boy by the name Nathaniel Abraham. For this, Nathaniel was found guilty of murder after being…...

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References

Bradsher, K. (1999, November 17). Michigan Boy Who Killed at 11 Is Convicted of Murder as Adult. Retrieved April 13, 2012, from The New York Times website:  http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/17/us/michigan-boy-who-killed-at-11-is-convicted-of-murder-as-adult.html?ref=nathanielabraham 

Cole, G.F. & Smith, C.E. (2007). Criminal Justice in America (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

Juvenile offenders have grown to become a serious problem in many countries, especially the United States. Like adult offenders, juvenile offenders are more likely to reoffend, especially without the proper guidance and assistance they need in order to live a law abiding life. esearch within the last five years has led to identification of specific program models as well theory-based intervention approaches that not only assist juvenile offenders in leading productive lives but also keeps them from potentially re-offending. This paper will focus on rehabilitation programs for juvenile offenders and prevention programs that help in lessening the number of potential juvenile offenders by proposing alternative means of coping with hardship and stress.
Farrington's Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory will be examined within the context of juvenile offenders and how this framework may be applied to understanding Juvenile motivations for engaging in criminal activities Importance of rehabilitation will be emphasized because juvenile…...

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References

Baglivio, M., Wolff, K., Piquero, A., & Epps, N. (2015). The Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and Juvenile Offending Trajectories in a Juvenile Offender Sample. Journal Of Criminal Justice, 43(3), 229-241.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.04.012 

Barnes, A., Campbell, N., Anderson, V., Campbell, C., Onifade, E., & Davidson, W. (2015). Validity of initial, exit, and dynamic juvenile risk assessment: An examination across gender and race/ethnicity. Journal Of Offender Rehabilitation, 55(1), 21-38.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2015.1107004 

Borduin, C., Dopp, A., & Taylor, E. (2013). Evidence-Based Interventions for Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders. An Evidence-Based Approach To Assessment And Treatment, 192-210.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118320655.ch11 

Brooks, M., & Khan, R. (2015). Psychosocial influences that motivate young offenders to engage in a non-custodial community intervention. The Journal Of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 26(3), 351-367.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2015.1013973

Juvenile Offenders, an Intervention Analysis
The challenge of juvenile offenders, what prompts them into crime and what factors contribute to the repeat of same misdemeanors that led them to the juvenile prison are issues that have for long attracted protracted discussions and even detailed researches. There has been little attention however given to the possible role of mentor programs in keeping the young people off crime. This research proposal hence looks into the role that such a schedule can play in ensuring there is lesser juvenile delinquency.

The research will delve into the possibility of having each juvenile delinquent identifying the hero or mentor in their life at the time that they are being booked in to the rehabilitation facilities and then the facility officials contacting the mentor with the aim of having them regularly visit the juvenile in the facility to help in mentoring them into their dream career. This will…...

Missouri has seen a rise in African-America juveniles tried as adults. Statistics from 2009 state 64% of the juveniles tried as adults were of African-American descent. This is almost double of the amount in 2001 which was 36%. (Cooper) This brings to light an increase in racial disparity and the nature of prosecution in Missouri. Many of the cases of the African-American juvenile offenders certified as adults are prosecuted in St. Louis. "From 2001 to 2009, St. Louis certified 39% of the black juveniles prosecuted as adults statewide. St. Louis County accounted for 29%." (Cooper)
One such case is Ledale Nathan Jr. At the age of 16, Nathan and an accomplice broke into a house in St. Louis' LaSalle Park neighborhood back in October of 2009. Nathan killed a 34-year-old woman by the name of Gina Stallis and wounded a firefighter and off-duty city police officer. His conviction resulted in life…...

juvenile offenders' ability to understand their legal rights and one issue related to their ability to participate effectively in their own defense.
Ability to understand legal rights: Competency

Ability to participate effectively in their own defense: Treating juveniles differently

According to U.S. criminal law, part of the right to counsel includes the notion that a defendant must be able to participate in his or her defense (Sandborn 2009: 137). However, schizophrenics, persons with low IQ, and many other individuals who might seem otherwise unable to discern right from wrong have been found competent to assist in their own defense, even persons later found to be insane. The question of juvenile competency is particularly vexing given that juveniles have an innately 'different' status under the law. The focus of the juvenile justice system is rehabilitation, and to a lesser extent, restitution, while the focus of the adult justice system is usually equal amounts…...

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Juveniles in the juvenile justice system often lack an understanding of Miranda Rights. This is the first contact most juveniles have with the legal system. Empirical studies investigating juveniles' comprehension of the Miranda warning indicate that they tend not to understand the warnings, which has significant implications for a " knowing and intelligent" waiver of such rights under the totality of circumstances test (Colwell, 2005).

According to Erik Erikson, normal psychosocial development includes the development of trust (birth to 12 months), autonomy (1 to 2 years), initiative (3 to 5 years), industry, identity (12 to 18 years), intimacy, generativity, and ego integrity (60s and above) (Crain, 2011). Development begins in infancy and progresses as the infantile ego interacts with the environment (Crain, 2011). In order for a child to progress from one stage to another requires full mastery of the previous stage. Attributes of autonomy in psychosocial maturity are self-reliance, work orientation, and identity (Greenberger, 1984). Attributes of social responsibility are social commitment, openness to sociopolitical change, and tolerance of individual and cultural differences (Greenberger, 1984).

When evaluating psychosocial maturity, juvenile justice professionals must be able to full understand the juvenile. Examples of questions a professional might ask include: Do you accept responsibility without being reminded or pressured? Are you sympathetic and responsive to what others need? Do you cope with change? Do you show confidence to handle situations that come

elevance
Juvenile offenders and reoffenders are an important problem facing the United States criminal justice system. For more than one hundred years, states held the belief that the juvenile justice system acted as a vehicle to safeguard the public via offering a structure that enables the rehabilitation of children growing into adulthood. States identified the difference of children committing crimes versus adult offenders (Loeber & Farrington, 2012). For example, the states saw them as less blameworthy with a higher capacity for longstanding, true change. Therefore, states have founded a distinct court system especially for the handling and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders along with a separate and different youth-based service delivery system that offers additional aid not found in the adult justice system.

The juvenile justice system offers the study of criminal justice an important area to develop proper rehabilitation techniques that will help juvenile offenders and reoffenders find a means of becoming…...

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References

Baglivio, M. & Jackowski, K. (2012). Examining the Validity of a Juvenile Offending Risk Assessment Instrument Across Gender and Race/Ethnicity. Youth Violence And Juvenile Justice, 11(1), 26-43.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204012440107 

Baglivio, M., Wolff, K., Piquero, A., & Epps, N. (2015). The Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and Juvenile Offending Trajectories in a Juvenile Offender Sample. Journal Of Criminal Justice, 43(3), 229-241.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.04.012 

Burfeind, J. & Bartusch, D. (2015). Juvenile delinquency (p. 158). Routledge.

Cale, J., Smallbone, S., Rayment-Mchugh, S., & Dowling, C. (2015). Offense Trajectories, the Unfolding of Sexual and Non-Sexual Criminal Activity, and Sex Offense Characteristics of Adolescent Sex Offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal Of Research And Treatment.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215580968

Juvenile Justice
Xander, an Illinois Juvenile Criminal Justice Case Study

The Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority (ICJIA, 2012) operates under a statutory mandate to improve the administration of the criminal justice system in the State of Illinois. In order to perform this function the agency must be aware of all the operational details related to the Illinois juvenile criminal justice system (ICJIA, n.d.). The Illinois juvenile criminal justice system consists of 102 county systems that operate semi-independently from state agency oversight; therefore, the procedures of probation, detention, and corrections are the responsibility of the county juvenile systems. A distinct juvenile criminal justice system (JCS) in Illinois is relatively new, having been created in 2005 by the state legislature to separate adults from juvenile offenders within prisons and jails. A few years earlier (1998), legislation was passed that mandated a criminal justice policy of balanced and restorative justice.

According to the ICJIA (2012)…...

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References

Bostwick, L. (2010). Policies and Procedures of the Illinois Juvenile Justice System. Chicago, IL: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. Retrieved 1 Apr. 2014 from  http://www.bwla.org/Uploads/1/docs/1-17%20Roundtable%20Policies%20and%20Procedures%20of%20the%20Juvenile%20Justice%20System_2010.pdf .

Cook County Juvenile Court. (2009). Juvenile Justice in Cook County. Report of the Cook County Juvenile Court. Retrieved 1 Apr. 2014 from  http://www.cookcountyjustice.org/sites/www.cookcountyjustice.org/files/assets/JJ%20Annual%20Report_Final_Printer.pdf .

ICJIA. (n.d.). Juvenile Justice System. Retrieved 1 Apr. 2014 from  

Though these factors can be an influence on the juvenile's choice to commit a crime, the ultimate cause of the crime was the juvenile's own cost-benefit analysis, according to this model.
A practical exploration of this model can be done using Jacob Ind, one of the five Colorado teenagers sentenced to life in prison without parole in Frontline's documentary, "Kids Who Get Life" (Bikel 2007). Ind was convicted of killing his mother and stepfather after years of sexual abuse. Ind defended himself saying that he did not understand the permanency of murder and just wanted the abuse to end (Bikel 2007). While other models may suggest that the cause of Ind's violent offense was his abuse and his misunderstanding of the consequences of murder, ational Choice Theory would contend that the abuse and misunderstandings influenced his behavior, although they did not cause it. What caused his behavior, the theory would…...

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References

Boehnke, Klaus and Dagmar Bergs-Winkels. (2002). Juvenile Delinquency Under Conditions of Rapid Social Change. Sociological Forum. 17 (1), 57-79.

Bikel, Ofra. (2007). When Kids Get Life. [Frontline]. Boston: Washington

Educational Foundation.

Hemer, Karen. (1997). Socioeconomic Status, Subcultural Definitions, and Violent

Juvenile delinquency has been an ever-evolving issue in the United States. From aims focused on prevention and rehabilitation that resulted in the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974; to a reverse trend beginning in the mid-1970's, the present has brought on a more prevalent tendency to try juveniles as adults. No more have courts taken to giving juveniles delinquents a second chance through rehabilitation (Schmalleger, 2016). In recent years, juveniles have faced life sentences without parole like an adult would. If the trend continues, will the number of juveniles tried as adults grow? Is it the responsibility of the juvenile justice system to prevent crime by enacting harsh penalties on the troubled youth of the country? From a Judeo-Christian perspective, everyone in one way or another, sins. It is up to the government and the community to help sinners see their wrongs and allow them a chance for…...

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References

Casey, S., & Day, A. (2015). Accountability in Juvenile Justice: A Framework to Assess Client Outcomes. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(14), 1645-1668. doi:10.1177/0306624x15586767

Kretschmar, J. M., Butcher, F., Flannery, D. J., & Singer, M. I. (2016). Diverting Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth With Behavioral Health Issues From Detention. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 27(3), 302-325. doi:10.1177/0887403414560885

Mody, S. (2008). Juvenile Justice. Childhood Education, 1-3.

Schmalleger, F. (2016). Criminal justice today: An introductory text for the twenty-first century (14th ed.). NJ: Pearson Education.

Public Policy and Sentencing GuidelinesIn California, the sentencing guidelines for burglary and murder are set forth in the states Penal Code. Burglary is defined as unlawfully entering a structure with the intent to commit a crime, and murder is defined as unlawfully killing another person with malice aforethought. The sentence for burglary depends on the severity of the crime, but can range from probation to up to six years in prison. For murder, the sentence is either life in prison without the possibility of parole, or 25 years to life. These sentencing guidelines are based on the seriousness of the crimes and are intended to deter would-be criminals from committing them. However, the specific sentence that is imposed in each case depends on a number of factors, including the severity of the crime, the age of the victim, and the criminal history of the offender. In general, the Guidelines recommend…...

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References

Johnson, T., Quintana, E., Kelly, D. A., Graves, C., Schub, O., Newman, P., & Casas, C. (2015). Restorative Justice Hubs Concept Paper. Revista de Mediación, 8(2), 2340-9754.

LAO. (2005). Retrieved from  https://lao.ca.gov/2005/3_Strikes/3_strikes_102005.htm 

Lluis. (2020). California 3 strikes law. Retrieved from  https://www.lluislaw.com/california-3-strikes-law/

Crime
Juvenile Offender in Hong Kong

Juvenile Offenders

Juvenile Offender in Hong Kong

The increase in juvenile delinquency has become a world-wide phenomenon, especially in many developed countries. This trend is also evident in cities like Hong Kong and can be seen in a recent report which asserts that the age of juvenile offenders in Kong is getting younger. This study by Pang (2008) states that, "Some juvenile delinquents are now as young as 10 and 11..." (Pang, 2008).

According to the Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups, another disturbing indication of the increase in youth crime was the number of crimes committed by young females, which increased in 2006. "The young girls, mostly aged 13 to 14, usually like to commit crimes with their friends, like stealing accessories or cosmetics"..." ( Pang, 2008). Furthermore, this study notes that there was a thirteen percent increase in crimes committed by children between the ages of twelve…...

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References

Broadhurst R. ( 2000). Crime Trends in Hong Kong. Retrieved from  http://www.crime.hku.hk/rb-crimetrends.htm 

Cagape E. ( 2008). Why I think juvenile offenders are getting younger. Retrieved from  http://asiancorrespondent.com/17054/why-i-think-juvenile-offenders-are-getting-younger/ 

Edwin H. Sutherland: Differential Association Theory. Florida State University.

Retrieved from http://criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/sutherland.html

juvenile offender case you selected from news reports in your own community. Synthesize how your state's (or locale's) juvenile laws and codes would apply to your selected case. Be specific and cite your state's (or locale's) relevant laws and codes.
Juvenile justice in Indiana: Trying juveniles as adults

One of the most controversial issues in juvenile justice is the question of when a juvenile can and should be tried as an adult. In the state of Indiana, children as young as age ten can be tried in adult court. "That's younger than many states, but then some states have no age limit" (King 2012). One of the most controversial, recent examples of this phenomenon in Indiana is the case of Paul Henry Gingerich, who was convicted of murder when he was only twelve years old. Paul "pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit murder after he and a friend fired four bullets…...

Dugan: Should be on its own page.
Juvenile recidivism is a prevalent problem in the criminal justice system. Tackling reoffending remains a complex task requiring several strategies and aims. It involves research, acknowledgement of causes, factors, exploration, and evaluation of subgroups to generate long-term, positive changes in the lives of juvenile offenders. From gang violence to Interactive, Constructive, Active, and Passive (ICAP), researchers discover some of the reasons why juveniles reoffend and the kinds of intervention methods that may help or worsen the problem of juvenile recidivism. Intervention philosophies like surveillance, discipline, close monitoring may increase recidivism rates. estorative programs, counseling, skill building programs, as well as multiple coordinated services decrease recidivism rates. Comment by Max Dugan: I would put evaluation at the end of the list vs. first. Comment by Max Dugan: Need to spell out all acronyms before using in APA format.

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Juvenile offenders and reoffenders are an important…...

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References

Aalsma, M., White, L., Lau, K., Perkins, A., Monahan, P., & Grisso, T. (2015). Behavioral Health Care Needs, Detention-Based Care, and Criminal Recidivism at Community Reentry From Juvenile Detention: A Multisite Survival Curve Analysis. American Journal Of Public Health, 105(7), 1372-1378.  http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2014.302529 

Baglivio, M. & Jackowski, K. (2012). Examining the Validity of a Juvenile Offending Risk Assessment Instrument Across Gender and Race/Ethnicity. Youth Violence And Juvenile Justice, 11(1), 26-43.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204012440107 

Baglivio, M., Wolff, K., Piquero, A., & Epps, N. (2015). The Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and Juvenile Offending Trajectories in a Juvenile Offender Sample. Journal Of Criminal Justice, 43(3), 229-241.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.04.012 

Bates, K. & Swan, R. (2013). Juvenile delinquency in a diverse society (1st ed.). SAGE Publications.

Factors Influencing ecidivism among Juvenile OffendersApproved by:_____________________________________Spring 2021Table of ContentsTitle Page. 1Table of Contents 2Abstract ...... 3Chapter One: Introduction... 4Statement of the Problem............................................................................. 4Justification of the esearch 6Purpose of the esearch... 7Chapter Two: Literature eview. 8Variables Influencing the isk of ecidivism .... 8Unemployment and ecidivism.. 10Gaps in esearch. 12Chapter Three: Theoretical Framework... 13Social Learning Theory 13Application in esearch....... 13Justification for Selected Theory 15Chapter Four: Methodology 16Project Deliverable.. 16ationale for Selected Deliverable.. 16Sample Population... 17Stakeholder ecruitment. 18Methods of Obtaining Stakeholder Input.... 18Additional Information 19Chapter Five: Conclusion 20esults 20elevance to esearch Questions .. 21Strengths and Limitations of Deliverable .. 22Implications for Social Work Practice 23eferences... 24Appendices. 27Appendix A Church Leaders Interview Guide ... 27Appendix B Social Workers Interview Guide 28Appendix C Juvenile Detention Center Staff Interview Guide.. 29Appendix D Intervention Manual using TIDie checklist 30AbstractThe American Civil Liberties Union reports that nearly 60,000 youth under…...

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ReferencesAlper, M., & Durose, M.R. (2018, May 17). 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014). U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics.   G., Cerritelli, F., & Urrutia, G. (2016). Using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) as a Tool for Improving the Design and Reporting of Manual Therapy Interventions. Manual Therapy, 24(1), 85-89. Barett, D. E., & Katsiyannis, A. (2015). Juvenile offending and crime in early adulthood: A large sample analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(4): 1086-97. Bhuller, M., Dahl, G., Loken, K., & Mogstad, M. (2016). Incarceration, BGC Durham (2020). Youth Justice Department. Boys and Girls Club of Durham. Retrieved from https://www.bgcdurham.com/programs--2/youth-justice-departmentRecidivism and Employment, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working paper 22648. Boaz, A., Hanney, S., Borst, R., O’Shea, A. & Kok, M. (2018). How to engage stakeholders in research: Design principles to support improvement. Health Research Policy and Systems, 16.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0337-6 Brown, E., & Smith, A. (2018). Challenging mass incarceration in the City of Care: Punishment, community, and residential placement. Theoretical Criminology, 22(1), 4-21.California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (2015). Recidivism Report for Youth Released from the Division of Juvenile Justice in Fiscal Year 2014-15. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Fiscal Year 2014-15. Chetty, R., & Nathaniel, H. (2017). The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility II: Country-Level Estimates”. NBER Working Paper No. 23003, Reviewed Version. Davis, L. M., Bozick, R., Steele, J. L., Saunders, J., & Miles, J. (2013). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education: A Meta-Analysis of Programs that Provide Education to Incarcerated Adults. RAND corporation.Elrod, P., & Ryder, R. S. (2020). Juvenile justice: A social, historical, and legal perspective. Jones & Bartlett PublishersGifford, R. (2016). Research Methods for Environmental Psychology. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. Gilman, A. B., Hill, K. G., & Hawkins, J. D. (2015). When is a youth’s debt to society paid? Examining the long-term consequences of juvenile incarceration for adult functioning. Journal of developmental and life-course criminology, 1(1), 33-47.Grunwald, H. E., Lockwood, B., Mennis, J., & Harris, P. W. (2010). Influences of Neighborhood Context, Individual History, and Parenting Behavior on Recidivism among Juvenile Offenders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(1): 1067-79. Hunter-Reel, D. (2013). Interpersonal Factors and Addictive Disorders. Principles of Addiction, 1(1), 293-301. IDOC (2018). Juvenile Recidivism 2018. Indiana Department of Corrections (IDOC). Retrieved from  https://www.in.gov/idoc/files/2018JuvRecidivismRpt.pdf Mallett, C. A. (2013). Factors Related to Recidivism for Youthful Offenders. Criminal Justice Studies, 26(1): 84-98. Mukku, V. K., Benson, T. G., Alam, F., Richie, W. D., & Bailey, R. K. (2012). Overview of substance use disorders and incarceration of African American males. Frontiers in psychiatry, 3, 98.Mulder,E., Brand, E., Bullens,R., & Marle, H.V. (2010). A Classification of Risk Factors in Serious Juvenile Offenders and the relation between Patterns of Risk Factors and Recidivism. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 20(1): 23-38. Nally, J. M., Lockwood, S., Ho, T., & Knutson, K. (2014). Post-Release Recidivism and Employment among Different types of Released Offenders: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study in the United States. Official Journal of the south Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology, 9(1), 16-34. New Jersey Department of Corrections. (2016). Release Outcome 2011: A Three-Year Follow-Up. New Jersey Department of Corrections.  https://www.state.nj.us/corrections/pdf/offender_statistics/2016/Release_Outcome_Report_2011.pdf Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2017). Law Enforcement and Juvenile Crime. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.  https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/crime/qa05103.asp?qaDate=2017 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2017). Literature Review: A Product of the Model Programs Guide. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.  https://www.ojjdp.gov/mpg/litreviews/Aftercare.pdf Pereira, M. B., & Maia, A. (2017). Persistence in Crime in Young Adults with a History of Juvenile Delinquency: The Role of Mental Health and PsychosocialSalkind, N. J. (2010). Encyclopedia of Research Design. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Appendices Appendix A: Church Leaders’ Interview guideThe interview is scheduled to take 30 minutes and is to be focused on obtaining answers to the following questions in line with your role as a local church leader. Please be free to be as truthful as possible as the information provided will only be used only for purposes of this study and cannot be traced back to you.1. What age groups of youth mostly attend church service?2. What would you say is the extent of youth’s resilience or acceptance of spirituality form those that you interact with?3. In your view, is there any relationship between spirituality and criminality or recidivism?4. What programs or supports does the church offer youth to minimize their risk of delinquency?5. Are there any existing programs focused on rehabilitating and assisting previously-incarcerated youth to prevent them from recidivating? 6. What religious interventions (existing or potential) do you think the church could offer to reduce criminal tendencies among the youth in Durham? Thanks for your time and willingness to participate Appendix B: Social Workers’ Interview guideThe interview is scheduled to take 30 minutes and is focused on obtaining answers to the following questions in line with your role as a social worker in a local support organization (Insert Name). Please be free to be as truthful as possible as the information provided will only be used only for purposes of this study and cannot be traced back to you. 1. From your experience and interactions with juvenile delinquents, what factors do you believe have the greatest influence on criminality and recidivism among juveniles in Durham?2. Is there any specific age bracket at which most of the juveniles you deal with become delinquent? 3. Does your organization engage in any programs or supports geared at rehabilitating delinquent youth and fostering positive behavioral change? 4. Do you believe that you are doing enough to support juvenile delinquents in your area, and what changes (if any) would you propose to improve the current programs? Thanks for your time and willingness to participate Appendix C: Juvenile Detention Center Staff Interview guideThe interview is scheduled to take 30-40 minutes and is focused on obtaining answers to the following questions in line with your role at the Durham County Youth Home. Please be free to be as truthful as possible as the information provided will only be used only for purposes of this study and cannot be traced back to you. 1. What, in your view, are the risk factors for criminality and recidivism among juveniles from the experiences that you have had? 2. What are the crimes that are most commonly committed by juveniles?3. In your estimation, what proportion of juveniles reoffend within 1 year of release from the facility and to what factors do you attribute this reoffending? 4. Are there specific classes of juveniles that are more likely to reoffend?5. What services or placements are offered to juvenile delinquents during their stay at the facility and upon release to rehabilitate them and minimize the risk of reoffending?6. I your view, are the existing programs (if any) effective, and what changes (if any) would you propose? Thanks for your time and willingness to participate Appendix D – Intervention Manual using TIDieR templateBrief Name: 6-month Residential aftercare programs for juvenile delinquents Why: To foster positive behavioral change and minimize the risk of recidivism among juvenile delinquents Materials: magazines and publications on the negative effects of involvement in crime, publications on signs of mental health, videos on criminality and its negative impact on the individual and community, and testimonials from community champions and celebrities who changed from a life of crime. All these materials are to be made physically available to participants. Procedures (Strategies): Talks and seminars by role models and champions of behavioral change such as ex-offenders who turned from criminality and are now leading positive lives Spiritual talks and teachings to foster Godly behavior Involving participants as peer educators in school forums and community events to sensitize youth on the negative effects of engaging in crime Counseling services to help participants address mental health issues that could be risk factors for recidivism Workshops and talks geared at instilling basic life and job-related skills Apprenticeship opportunities for youth who show immense behavioral change Who Provides Intervention: juvenile detention center staff and chaplains, youth leaders, celebrities who changed from lives of crime, social workers, religious leaders, professional counselors How: teachings are to be provided to participants in a group setting through face-to-face delivery Where: at selected residential facilities to be constructed by private organizations and non-governmental organizations through donor support within major towns in Durham. To begin with, the program will be carried out at an old church hall at the World Overcomers Church, which has the capacity to house 20 participantsWhen and at How Much: intervention is to begin immediately a juvenile delinquent is released from incarceration or a juvenile detention facility. The aftercare program will serve as the channel for juvenile delinquents’ transition from the criminal justice system into the community and participants will be resident for a period of 6 months. The program is to be run by non-governmental organization through donor funding, and will thus be offered to participants free of charge Tailoring: talks and workshops will be provided based on the needs of participants at the time Modifications: program coordinators will be allowed to make relevant changes to the program curriculum if need be How well Planned: the intervention is executed based on primary input from key stakeholders who interact with juvenile delinquents in Durham and can thus be assumed to be both relevant and objective How well implemented: the impact of the intervention program and how well it was implemented is to be assessed at the end of every year. Success will be measured by the number of participants who obtain employment upon completion of the program and the number of participants who recidivate as a proportion of the total number of participants in a given year. The program coordinators expect that at least 75 percent of participants who go through the aftercare program will attain complete positive behavioral change https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=6266 Alvarez,

Juvenile facilities provide intensive and specialized therapeutic programs with brilliant results. The juvenile placed in juveniles' corrections enjoy an education-centered curriculum and trained staff that functions exclusively with the juvenile offenders' population. On the contrary, those juvenile held in adult jails and prisons do not enjoy these services (Siegel 2009, 671). Understanding that juveniles hold different emotional, safety, social and physical requirements from adult offenders, guidelines requiring certified juveniles to get placements in divergent setting other than adult prisons and jails is paramount. More than sixteen states in America hold certified juveniles in juvenile corrections and not in adult prison until these offenders reach eighteen years.

Six states hold juvenile in juvenile facilities until they attain the age of 21. Pennsylvania and Virginia passed the laws requiring that juveniles, regardless of their crime, get placement in juvenile correction facilities and not in adult jails (Dietch 2011, p.11). This is because juvenile…...

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Reference List

Deitch, M 2011. Juveniles in the adult criminal justice system in Texas. The University of Texas at Austin, school of Public Affairs.pp.1-44.

Elrod, P., Ryder, C 2011. Juvenile justice: A social, historical and legal perspective. Michigan: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Roberts, a., Springer, D 2007. Social work in juvenile and criminal justice settings. Texas: Charles C. Thomas Publisher.

Siegel, L 2009. Introduction to criminal justice. New York: Cengage Learning.

Juvenile delinquency is a prevalent issue in society, with many young individuals becoming involved in criminal activities at an early age. In response to this problem, the Juvenile Act was established to address the unique needs and circumstances of juvenile offenders. This essay will explore the history and purpose of the Juvenile Act, as well as its impact on the juvenile justice system. Additionally, it will examine the effectiveness of the Juvenile Act in rehabilitating young offenders and preventing recidivism. By understanding the principles and provisions of the Juvenile Act, we can better comprehend its significance in promoting juvenile justice....

Impact of the Juvenile Act on the Criminal Justice System
The Juvenile Act is a legislative framework that governs the treatment of juvenile offenders in the United States. It has profoundly impacted the criminal justice system by introducing specialized procedures, diversion programs, and rehabilitative measures designed to protect and rehabilitate young offenders.
Specialized Procedures
Confidentiality: Juvenile proceedings are typically closed to the public to protect the privacy of the child and their family.
Due Process Rights: Juveniles have the same constitutional rights as adults, including the right to an attorney, the right to a fair trial, and the right against self-incrimination.
Transfer....

The Human Rights Act 1998: A Comprehensive Tort Statute
The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) is a landmark piece of legislation that has profoundly impacted the legal landscape in the United Kingdom. It has been hailed as the most significant tort statute ever enacted, revolutionizing the way human rights are protected and enforced within the domestic legal system.
Statutory Provisions and Incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights
The HRA incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) into UK law. It provides courts with the power to interpret and apply the ECHR in adjudicating cases, creating a direct connection between domestic....

Recent Supreme Court decisions have had a significant impact on the criminal justice system in the United States. Some key ways these decisions have influenced the system include:

1. Limits on police power: The Supreme Court has issued rulings that place limits on police power, such as requiring warrants for certain types of searches and seizures or restricting the use of certain interrogation techniques.

2. Sentencing reform: The Court has made decisions that impact sentencing practices, such as ruling that mandatory minimum sentences are unconstitutional or limiting the use of juvenile life without parole sentences.

3. Reform of the bail system: The Court....