An all-too-common example of this is the Vietnam war, which may have been entered simply because, after the McCarthy Witch Hunt, no politicians were brave enough to avoid publically condemning communism for communism's sake: "As a consequence of McCarthyism, no U.S. politician [was] willing to appear to be 'soft' on Communism." Going to war was a reactionary measure, and by the time a concrete goal was formulated, it was: how can we get out without losing face?

Perhaps the most complicated precept of Just War heory is that the war should do more good than harm. he difficulties lie in the definition of good and harm, as obviously the definitions of the two parties at war are at odds, or there would not be a war. During the American Civil War, the North was obviously convinced that slavery was an abomination and should be halted, and the South was just as…...

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The Vietnam War. Article online. Available at  http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html .

The Civil War. Article online. Available at  http://www.civilwar.com .

Wilde, Robert. Overview: The First World War. Article online. Available at  http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/worldwar1/a/ovww1.htm .

Just war theory is based on a doctrine that was "largely inspired by the religious tenets of Christianity" during the time of Saint Augustine, according to Jeffrey hitman, writing in the peer-reviewed journal Public Integrity (hitman, 2007, p. 26). The theory evolved thanks to the narratives presented by Saint Thomas Aquinas and Francisco de Vitoria -- and later fine-tuned by Hugo Grotius -- and today the principles of the just war theory "enjoy the status of positive widely accepted, international law," hitman asserts (26). The just war theory has three main goals, which together seek to find common ground between pacifism and "realism," the author explains. The first goal is to "limit the frequency of war" (jus ad bellum translates to "justice of war standards"); the second goal is designed to "limit the brutality of war" (jus in bello -- "justice in war"); and the third goal of the just…...

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Works Cited

Whitman, Jeffrey P. (2007). Just War Theory and the War on Terrorism: A Utilitarian

Perspective. Public Integrity, 9(1), 23-43.

Just ar Theory
Sweeping changes in the way wars are fought have brought current scholars' attention to the ethical concept of the Just ar. The concept of the Just ar is nearly as old as war itself; it is perhaps best codified in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian ar. There have historically been two main approaches to deciding what is, in fact, fair in war: deontological and consequentialist. In short, these opposing poles represent: on the one hand, duty, what war "ought" to be, and the notion that war requires a moral motivation and morally justifiable means; on the other hand, realpolitik, pragmatic considerations, and an account based on justifiable ends rather than means. The deontological approach takes many cues from Kant's ethics, while the consequentialist or Realist school finds its roots in John Stuart Mill, among others.

Recent work in political philosophy and ethics has attempted to place international terrorism,…...

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Works Cited

Walzer, Michael (1991). Just and Unjust Wars: 2nd Edition. New York: Basic Books.

Kaufman, Whitley. "Rethinking the ban on assassination: Just war principles in the age of terror." Rethinking the Just War Tradition. Ed. Michael W. Brough et al. Albany: SUNY Press, 2007.

Tirimanna, Vimal. "Mass Media and its Effects on Just War Criteria in the Gulf War." New Blackfriars. 73.859 (1992): 235-246.

Oliver, Kelly. "Bodies against the law: Abu Ghraib and the War on Terror." Continental Philosophy Review. 42.1 (2009): 63-80.

Just War Theory and Pacifism
This paper seeks to establish a working description of pacifism. Then, it gives a short description of the just war tradition. In addition, it compares and contrasts the principles of just war theory and pacifism in conflict resolution. In the end, it shows that pacifism is preferable to just war, both in the outcome and in principles.

The definition of pacifism relates to the dispute within and between states. Pacifists believe that even defense of self or others are not justification for war (Charles, 2009). However, in this case, we cannot question the right of people to defend themselves and those close to them against threats. The problem here is the application of force by states during a conflict. It is argued that we must reject the idea that pacifism is an entirely rejection of violence. Arguably, the very word "pacifism" has been coined to denote anti-war-ism.…...

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References

Cahill, L. S. (1992). Theological Contexts of Just War Theory and Pacifism: A Response to J. Bryan Hehir. The Journal of Religious Ethics. Vol. 20, No. 2: 259-265

Charles, J. D. (2009). Between Pacifism and Jihad: Just War and Christian Tradition. New York: InterVarsity Press

Fiala, A. G. (2008). The Just War Myth: The Moral Illusions of War. New York: Rowman & Littlefield

Johnson, J. T. (2014). Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry. New York: Princeton University Press

Up until the point that the United States dropped the second atomic bomb on Japanese citizens, World War II was a just war. However, dropping the second bomb, perhaps even the first bomb, on innocent civilians, removed the war out of traditional rules of warfare and brought the world into a new phase of combat. Up until that time, the general rules of war prohibited using civilian targets. In fact, Germany was the first one to break this rule and this unjust act was one of the reasons the United States entered the war.
At the time the second bomb was dropped, the war ceased being just. However, after the bomb was dropped, new rules and regulations were created to accommodate this new face of war, therefore changing the rules of the game and thus the definition of a just war.

ibliography

ailey, S. Prohibitions and Restraints in war. Oxford: Oxford University…...

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Bibliography

Bailey, S. Prohibitions and Restraints in war. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.

Childress, J. "Just War Theories." Theological Studies. 39 (1978), 427-45.

Martin, Glenn R. Prevailing Worldviews of Western Society Since 1500. New York: Triangle Publishing, 2006.

Just War
THE TWO FACES OF WAR

The Theory

The basic and universal sentiment is that war assaults people's rights to life, security, subsistence, peace and liberty (Lacewing, 2012). Some contend, however, that war is just under certain conditions, which morally justify it. This Theory consists of three parts, namely the justice of resorting to war or jus ad bellum; just conduct in war or jus in bello; and justice at the end of war or jus post bellum. The justice basis of resorting to war is grounded on six criteria, which justify it. It has a just cause. It has the right intention. It is made through the proper authority. It is made as a last resort. It has a probability of success. And it has a proportionate response. Justice in war refers to the treatment of the enemy. There is justice if weapons prohibited by international law are not used. Only…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Buell, J. (2002). Just war theory and the wars of the 20th century. Vol 11, Yale-New

Haven Teachers Institute. Retrieved on June 16, 2012 from http://www.yale-edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2002/3/02.03.01.x.html

Chavez, F.B. III (2012). Legitimate use of military force. eHow: Demand Media, Inc.

Retrieved on June 16, 2012 from http://www.ehow.com/facts_6869777_legitimate-use-military-force.html

The 2001 incidents also made other nations act supportive toward U.S.'s decision to wage war against Iraq, with the international public apparently believing that the Americans had been entitled to fight terrorism everywhere. In spite of the fact that the idea of the U.S. waging war in Iraq had a rather vindictive nature, little nations actually appeared willing to condemn the actions performed by the Bush administration.
The U.S.'s decision to go to war against Iraq appears to be unjustified, considering the fact that there had been no rational grounds for such an act. The main issue to be addressed relating to the event is whether it is reasonable for a nation to invade another on the basis that the latter either owns weapons of mass destruction or has the capability to produce them. Taking into account the fact that the U.S. had probably been suspicious concerning Iraq's intention is…...

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Works cited:

1. Himes, Kenneth R. "Intervention, Just War and U.S. National Security." Theological Studies, Vol. 65, 2004.

2. Wogaman, J. Philip. (1993). "Christian ethics: a historical introduction." Westminster John Knox Press.

Wogaman, J. Philip. (1993). "Christian ethics: a historical introduction." Westminster John Knox Press.

Wogaman, J. Philip. (1993). "Christian ethics: a historical introduction." Westminster John Knox Press.

Just ar
Is the ar in Iraq Justified?

This paper will explore the concept of war from the point-of-view of the just war theory. In order to better understand war, one must look at the concept from all angles including the point-of-view of peace movements. hat is the Just ar Theory and what are its principles? hat does the theory represent and who believes in this theory? By answering such questions, one can better understand the state of the war's current conflicts that are resulting in death and destruction. More specifically, this paper will look at the current war in Iraq and beg the question: is the war in Iraq justified? This paper will look at sources that attest to both sides of the issue in hopes to find that the war is not justified at this moment. Part of the problem with discussing the war in Iraq is that it causes…...

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Works Cited:

"CAIR: U.S. Muslims Say War on Iraq Not Justified." U.S. Newswire (2003) February

23.

Hill, Brandon, D. "A Christian Perspective on War." Your Guide to Christian Teens

(2005) May.

First, the relative quiet produced by the surge permits the United States to withdraw its forces far more safely than if the country were in flames; if this opportunity is seized, the surge will have made an important contribution" (Zelleke & Dujarric 2008). The United States has ultimately striven to bring regional stability to Iraq and to Afghanistan, not to establish a permanent presence, and such stability is to be welcomed by all, particularly those who live in these nations who desire peace.
The means of a just war must be limited by proportionality to the offense.

The offense is a potentially future attack, "one we have good reason to believe is coming, then we can prevent it with what it takes to prevent it in proportion to how reasonably we can expect it and what means would be involved in such a potential attack" (Pierce 2005). Given the extent of…...

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Works Cited

Greenway, HDS. (2005, March 31). Afghanistan, the poor stepsister to Iraq. The Boston Globe.

Retrieved April 12, 2009 at  http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/03/25/afghanistan_the_poor_stepsister_to_iraq/ 

Pierce, Jeremy. (2005). Just war theory and Iraq. Parablemania. Retrieved April 12, 2009 at  http://parablemania.ektopos.com/archives/2005/12/just_war_theory_1.html 

Principles of just war. (2009). Mt. Holyoke. Retrieved April 12, 2009 at  http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pol116/justwar.htm

just war seems to be an issue of discussion that people are very passionate about. The excuses given for the starting of a war as well as the reasons for why a war continues to go on is something that can vary. The reason why a war begins may not persist a given amount of time later, nor may it be the same reason why it comes to an end. According to the Just War Theory (Christopher 2003), there are four tenets that should be considered most important.
First of all, a war must only be started after all other attempts of resolving an issue have failed (Christopher 2003). Discussions by the two opposing parties must be had in order for a war to even be thought of. This means that if a declaration of war is to be made, it is because it is literally the last resort to…...

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References:

Christopher, P. (2003). The Ethics of War and Peace: An Introduction to Legal and Moral Issues. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Roxane, Justin, and Patrick sounds like a sensible one, but the simple fact is that Roxane's position is insane, Justin's position is out-of-touch with the reality of twenty-first century warfare, and Patrick offers a traditional pacisism in the mold of Gandhi. I hope to demonstrate that Michael Walzer's conclusion on the justice of warfare -- that it is almost impossible to justify -- it is expensive -- runs double for the peacetime attack.
Roxane's kneejerk jingoism is entirely devoid of merit. The dictator of country Z. has a terrible reputation because he slaughters civilians and has threatened to invade neighboring states -- Roxanne's proposed solution is that the U.S. should actually invade the far-away state of Z, and slaughter their civilians. To pretend that there is any ethical consistency in Roxanne's suggestion here is nonsense. Her notion that Japan became a peaceful and stable ally of the U.S. because it…...

traditional principles of just war guide states in fighting terrorism, or do new rules have to apply?
War has been waged much in the same manner, barring technological advances, for centuries. Wars are fought between sovereign nation states and the regimes that control them or against civil challenges to sovereign nation states from within, and yet the current so called war on terror is very obviously a different animal all together than any previous war. Yet, like so many other national and international challenges there is a reluctance to change.

The questionable link that the ush administration established between its war on terror and its military intervention in Iraq, as well as its apparent willingness to suspend fundamental rights if the 'war' requires it (exemplified by its practices in Guantanamo ay and its exhortations to extradite terror suspects across Europe), have contributed much to the striking fact that many citizens in…...

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Bibliography

Arquilla, J. (2007). The End of War as We Knew It? Insurgency counterinsurgency and lessons from the forgotten history of early terror networks. Third World Quarterly, 369-386.

Michta, A.A. (2008, January). Double or Nothing. National Interest, 58-61.

Monar, J. (2007). The EU's approach post-September 11: global terrorism as a multidimensional law enforcement challenge. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 20 (2), 267-283.

Richard H. Fallon, J. (2010). The Supreme Court, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror: an Essay on Law and Poltical Science. Columbia Law Review, 352-398.

687).
Many reasons for the war were offered by both the United States and British governments at various times. In the months leading up to the war, there were a plethora of reasons offered that made it difficult to rationalize and understand exactly why the war was necessary. The argument regarding weapons of mass destruction was one of the most argued points; however, there was much debate as to whether these alleged weapons of mass destruction even existed (Iraq Survey Group 2004). Another point of contention with the war in Iraq was whether or not there were right intentions. According to many scholars and lay persons, reiterated by Fishar and Biggar, there was serious opposition because the disarmament of Iraq seemed only the beginning of a larger agency established by the U.S., UK and their allies. Reasonable belief that weapons of mass destruction existed, for many, was not enough to…...

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Works cited

American Unbound: the Bush Revolution in foreign policy. Washington DC. Web. 2003.

Biggar, N. "Invading Iraq: what are the morals of the story?" International Affairs, 87.1

(2011): p. 29-30.

Davies, N. Blood on our hands: the American invasion and destruction of Iraq. Web. 2010.

Just War" Theory
The idea of a 'just war' is a conundrum. How can one group of people consider their actions 'right' or 'just' to apply military force against an another group. When can one group's actions, which will create devastation, economic difficulty, and death to thousands of people, be considered 'right?' In a civilized society, the concept of a 'just war' has become the centerpiece of many discussions, and has acted as a gate keeper, restraining hawkish tendencies of nations who pride themselves in freedom, and individual liberty. In order for a nation to engage in an activity which creates harm for another group, there must be a justifiable reason.

Just-war theory deals with the justification of how wars are fought, and attempts to give answers for why. Often the justification is based in either theoretical (ethical arguments) or in long standing historical hostilities between peoples. The theoretical aspect is…...

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Bibliography

Arner, L. History Lessons from the End of Time: Gower and the English Rising of 1381. CLIO, Vol. 31, 2002

Augustine, The City of God (New York: Random House, 1950), Books 1, 3, and 4.

Holy Bible, King James Editions. Philadephia: WW Kirkbride and Co.1969.

Mosely, Alex. Just War Theory. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed 30 March 2004. Website:  http://www.iep.utm.edu/j/justwar.htm

Ethics of ar: Justified and Unjustified ar
hen countries launch hostile military actions against other nations to the point where war occurs, the belligerents will inevitably have fundamentally opposing views concerning the legitimacy of the conflict and each opposing side will offer its poignant justification for its respective moral, legal and political positions regarding the conflict. In many cases, all belligerents in a war may have equally compelling just causes, and these causes can change from just to unjust even as the war is being fought. Indeed, scarcity of resources is frequently at the heart of many wars, but virtually all wars throughout history have also been justified on the basis of both sound and spurious rationales, the veracity of which depends on who is asking and who is being asked, questions that quickly become heated when religious reasons are included in the mix. To get at the heart of the…...

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Works Cited

Alexandrov, Stanimir A. (1997, January 1). "Self-Defense against the Use of Force in International Law." The George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics 30(2/3): 605-610.

Dagi, Ihsan. (2013, Winter). "Editor's Note." Insight Turkey 15(1): 4-5.

Elshtain, Jean Bethke. (2005, October). "Against the New Utopianism: Response to 'Against the New Internationalism.' Ethics & International Affairs 19(2): 91-93.

Nardin, Terry. (2002, April). "The Moral Basis of Humanitarian Intervention." Ethics & International Affairs 16(1): 57-63.

1. The Concept of Justice in Rawls and Nozick's Political Theory:
- Analyze and compare John Rawls' and Robert Nozick's theories of justice.
- Discuss the implications of their views on social and economic equality.
- Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their respective arguments.


2. Utilitarianism vs. Deontology: A Comparative Analysis:
- Compare and contrast the ethical theories of utilitarianism and deontology.
- Explore the strengths and weaknesses of each theory in terms of their application to political decision-making.
- Discuss the relevance of these theories in contemporary political debates.


3. The Legitimacy of Political Authority:
- Examine different theories of....

I. Introduction
- Introduce the topic of war and the need for justification
- Briefly mention some historical examples of justified wars

II. Definition of Justification of War
- Define what it means to justify a war
- Explain the criteria for a war to be considered justified

III. Moral Justification of War
- Discuss the concept of a "just war" in moral philosophy
- Explain the conditions for a war to be considered morally justified
- Discuss the idea of self-defense as a justification for war

IV. Legal Justification of War
- Describe the legal framework for justifying war, such as the UN Charter and international....

Essay Outline: Justification of War

I. Introduction

A. Thesis statement: War is a complex and controversial issue that raises profound moral and ethical questions. This essay will explore and evaluate various justifications for war, examining their validity and implications.

II. Historical and Philosophical Perspectives

A. Just War Theory (Justa Bellum):
1. Criteria for just war (jus ad bellum): legitimate cause, right intention, last resort, proportionate means
2. Criteria for conduct during war (jus in bello): proportionality, discrimination, non-combatant immunity
B. Pacifism:
1. Absolute rejection of war based on moral and religious grounds
2. Advocacy for nonviolent resistance and negotiation

III. Realist Justifications

A. Realism in International Relations:
....

1. Military ethics play a crucial role in shaping soldiers conduct and decision-making by providing a moral compass that guides their actions in combat and everyday life.

2. The principles of military ethics, such as honor, integrity, and respect for human dignity, help soldiers navigate complex situations and make ethical choices on the battlefield.

3. Training in military ethics instills a sense of duty and responsibility in soldiers, reinforcing the importance of upholding moral values even in the face of adversity or temptation.

4. Ethical decision-making frameworks, such as the Just War Theory, provide soldiers with a structured approach to evaluating the morality....