Instead, for example, the artists who sculptured the tympanum of Beaulieu in the south of France were later asked by Abbot uger to work on the sculptures of the west front of aint Denis, in present day northern Paris. Although the latter which was finished in 1140 bore close resemblance to the tympanum at Beaulieu, aint Denis offered a new feature i.e., the tall statues which replaced the columns of the recessed orders of the door-jambs (Clapham 104).
In France themes depicted on tympanums of churches presented Christ as a majestic figure, the rules and judge of the universe. English artists during the Romanesque period also illustrated images of the Last Judgment thanks to continental influences which penetrated England towards the middle of the 12th century. One of the most prominent examples is the window in the north transept at Lincoln Cathedral dating from 1220, still with much of its…...

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Stokstad, Marilyn. Medieval Art. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.

Romanesque art." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.  http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rmsq/hd_rmsq.htm 

Romanesque Art in France."  http://www.rmn.fr/Romanesque-art

The true source of drama, then, is in the accounts of the genuine events, or fictionalized versions of true events.
The Nuremberg war crime trials presented many thorny jurisprudential issues, such as the problem of ex post facto criminal law and the issue of how the court obtained jurisdiction over the defendants. In particular, what justification is there for an international (rather than a German) tribunal to try a case in which the offenses were committed by Germans against other Germans?

The trial of the Nazi judges presented additional dilemmas. What of Rolfe's argument that Janning remained on the bench in order to make the system of justice more merciful than it otherwise would have been? Certainly if Janning had resigned he would have been replaced by a more brutal official. Should this be a defense against charges that in some cases Janning had acted in a brutal and lawless manner?…...

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Bibliography

Crowther, Bosley. "The Screen: 'Judgment at Nuremberg': Palace Shows Stanley Kramer Production." New York Times. 20 December 1961. 24 July 2005  http://movies2.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?title1=&title2=Judgment%20at%20Nuremberg%20%28Movie%29&reviewer=BOSLEY%20CROWTHER&v_id=63796&partner=Rotten%20Tomatoes&oref=login .

Judgment at Nuremberg. Dir. Stanley Kramer. Perf. Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, Marlene Dietrich, Maximilian Schell, Judy Garland, Montgomery Clift, Werner Klemperer and William Shatner. United Artists., 1961.

Muller, Ingo. Hitler's Justice: The Courts of the Third Reich. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991.

Nuernberg Military Tribunal, Volume III, Page 1156. 24 July 2005  http://www.mazal.org/archive/nmt/03/NMT03-T1156.htm .

Or if a robbery occurred and among the suspects was a black person, what is the likelihood of people accusing him of the offence. Very high, we would say. This is because of availability and stereotypical connection between people of minorities and crime. In this heuristic again, five kinds of errors or biases can emerge:
1. Some errors are purely theoretical in nature. The two events may not be as related to each other as were initially assumed. For example all Muslims with beard are not fanatic or extremists but there is a likelihood that these two would go together in a person's mind.

2. People with show insensitivity to previous results. They may fail to take into account prior probability outcomes and instead rely on their own judgment based on representative-ness.

3. No attention to the size of the group examined. In other words, people tend to foget about sample sizes.…...

Judgment in Managerial Decision Making:
Availability, representativeness, and affect heuristics

The availability heuristic can best be summed up 'if it is not worth being remembered, it is not important.' In short, if a problem is available (i.e., preoccupying the manager) it is assumed to be more important than one which is not. Sometimes dealing with immediate problems are necessary, such as when managing a crisis or during an organization's busy season. However, it can also lead to a 'seat of the pants' managerial style in which the manager is always putting out fires rather than anticipating problems before they occur. On one hand, emphasizing recent information can be valuable and prevent a manager from remaining stymied in old behavior patterns. On the other hand, it can mean a lack of historical context for the data of which one is using to make a judgment. A manager of an ice cream store might…...

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References

Availability heuristic. (2014). Changing Minds. Retrieved from:

 http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/availability_heuristic.htm 

Giesler, H. (2013). Affect heuristic. Being Human. Retrieved from:

 http://www.beinghuman.org/article/affect-heuristic

Secondly, the manager should consider calculating an expected value for every concluded branch, then each probable node and every decision node as a simple means of identifying expected values for each decision alternative. While the expected value is equal to the payoff, it is also the product of its probability and payoff.
Due to its results, the expected value rule is regarded as the most reliable way of judgment in managerial decision making because of its reliability in maximizing anticipated profit. However, the ability of a manager to reach actual decisions and maximize profit through this tool is based on his/her willingness to accept risk. The expected value rule is reliable because it enables managers to have different attitudes towards risk-taking in the process of making decisions. The different attitudes in turn enable managers to make risky decisions in ways that maximizes expected utility of the valuable or profitable outcomes.

An…...

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References:

Olivas, R. (2007). 3.4. Expected Value. Retrieved April 10, 2014, from http://www.stylusandslate.com/decision_trees/3_0_basic_concepts/3_4_expected_value/3_4_expected_value.html

Thomas, C.R. & Maurice, S.C. (2008). Decisions Under Risk and Uncertainty. In Managerial

Economics (9th ed., Chapter 15). Retrieved from  http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073402818/student_view0/chapter15/

A year later, Soviet's premier in collaboration with Cuba installed nuclear missiles on the Cuban island, a few miles from the U.S. This decision triggered the Missile Crisis in Cuba and many global leaders feared the possibility of a nuclear war (Blight & Kornbluh, 2007).
Focalism / focusing illusion played a part in this failure

As evidenced above, Kennedy's reign offers potent examples of the psychological theory about flawed focusing illusion (group decision-making). Because the group culture overruled the internal agreement, members became unrealistic. In this case, the products of focusing illusions played a part in the failure of the invasion. President Kennedy's poor decision-making practices led to insufficient solutions to the issues of the invasion. Because the president and his advisors limited their discussions to few alternative courses of action, they disregarded further consideration of alternatives, which could have been worthy to the course. The team ignored all viable solutions…...

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References

Blight, J.G., & Kornbluh, P. (2007). Politics of illusion: The Bay of Pigs invasion reexamined. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Pub.

Craughwell, T.J., & Phelps, M.W. (2008). Failures of the presidents: From the Whiskey Rebellion and War of 1812 to the Bay of Pigs and war in Iraq. Beverly, MA: Fair Winds Press.

Higgins, T. (2009). The perfect failure: Kennedy, Eisenhower, and the CIA at the Bay of Pigs. New York: Norton

Some of that came from the sunk costs, but much of it also came from the escalation of commitment between the countries, as well (Beniada, 2006). In other words, if there are two entities working on a project and one of them says it will not back down and will finish the project, the other entity will often do the same to save face and to keep its commitment. That is an important way that companies and individuals continue with the commitments they have made to one another, but it can also be problematic when it leads to an overzealous belief that a project must be completed no matter what, and that both entities working on the project have to focus their entire beings on the project at hand. The Concorde was very expensive, took longer to build than expected, and cost both Britain and France much more than…...

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References

Beniada, F. (2006). Concorde. Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press.

Good judgment is something that comes from careful consideration of the issue and understanding all of the steps that have lead to the development of the particular dilemma faced. No situation arises without context. Consideration of that context provides a means for making better decisions. In Antigone, Creon's poor decision is backed by the chorus. The chorus, however, is not a worthy source of sound decision-making. It provides little in the way of perspective. This shows that good judgment comes from within, not from listening to the inevitable chorus of voices. The chorus is merely loud, not necessarily wise and is unlikely to bear the consequences of the decision, should it be made with poor judgment. Creon thus suffered because he failed to consider the entire context and did not tune out the chorus when it offered…...

Intuition in Judgment and Decision-Making: Extensive Thinking Without Effort: A Summary
This paper looks at a strong argument made by Betsch and Glockner in the paper "Intuition in Judgment and Decision-Making: Extensive Thinking without Effort." Ultimately Betsch and Glockner argue that intuition is a mental process where complex streams of information can be processed without a huge cognitive effort (2010). The authors also argue that the intuitive process of the individual are how information can become integrated, whereas analytic information just guides the search, generation and swap of information (2010). Betsch and Glockner spend the bulk of the paper arguing in favor of this notion and demonstrating that the integration of information and the prioritization of information is something which can be engaged in without cognitive control and which is unfettered by the amount of encoded information or cognitive capacity (2010). The paper thus continues in talking about how these findings…...

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References

Betsch, T., & Glockner, A. (2010). Intuition in judgment and decision-making. Psychological Inquiry, 21, 279-294.

Sato, R. (2008, March 6). Intuition is not pseudoscience, say researchers. Retrieved from Dailygalaxy.com

Ayer on the Nature of Ethical Judgments
Ayer makes a truly original and remarkable statement about moral judgments and ethical judgments which some scholars have summarized as a phenomenon called emotivism. ithin this theory, there is the belief that moral judgments aren't necessarily truthful; they're an expression of sentiments of approval or disapproval (Ayer). Thus, according to this construct saying something like murder, stealing, lying or cheating is "wrong" merely expresses how the speaker feels about it. But to say that something is "wrong" because the speaker doesn't necessarily like something, doesn't mean that the action described is wrong. The only truth exhibited is in the sentiments of the speaker. As Ayer explains, "[I]f I say to someone 'You acted wrongly in stealing that money', I am not stating anything more than if I had simply said, 'You stole that money.' In adding that this action is wrong, I am not…...

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Works Cited

Ayer, A.J. "The Emotive Theory of Ethics." Chapter 10 in Moral Philosophy: Selected Readings. 2nd ed.

Edited by George Sher. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt-Brace, 1996, pp. 120-128.

Pollard, B. (2010). Subjectivity and Objectivity in Moral Judgements. Retrieved from ed.ac.uk:

http://homepages.ed.ac.uk/wpollard/objsubj.pdf

forming judgments, and the development of sound, persuasive arguments. Inquiry helps eliminate first impressions, preconceived notions and biases through a process of investigation of issues. The investigation itself could be either an inquiry into facts or an inquiry into opinions. Given the widespread availability of information, a key aspect to conducting inquiry is the ability to be realistic about how final the answers are likely to be. One good way to determine this is to evaluate when the evidence is sufficient to permit the making of a judgment with certainty or if the evidence gathered is enough to demonstrate that one view of the issue being investigated has the force of probability. Points that need to be borne in mind while forming judgments include the need to distinguish between: typical and atypical personal experiences; the person and the idea; what is said and how it is said; why…...

Similarly, too, concluded Ms. Tutu, God has crated different 'flowers' in His garden. By assessing that all look alike, the individual is only criticizing God. God deliberate created a diverse world. He recognizes that each race has its own particular contribution to afford the world just as its individual, with his own particular talents and characteristics have too. The fact that different colors, cultures, mannerism, way of life, physical features, and so forth exist does not infer that we condemn and denigrate others who are different to us. On the contrary, we should recognize and applaud their differences and seek to learn form them. acism does exist, concluded Ms. Tutu. We have to acknowledge its existence and seek to address the problem.
Ms. Tutu's perspective corresponds to that of the essayist, but I still consider the essayist to be radically slanted in her perspective. Not all individuals do discriminate against…...

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References

Cook, S.W. (1978). Interpersonal and attitudinal outcomes in cooperating interracial groups. J. Res. Dev. Educ.12:97 -- 113

Daily Mail. (2 Feb, 2010). 'Taxi drivers accused of racism for displyign sign saying they are 'English speaking'  http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1247944/Taxi-drivers-accused-racism-displaying-sign-saying-English-speaking.htm 

Helling, J. "Allowing" Race in the Classroom: Students Existing in the Fullness of Their Beings

http://home.avvanta.com/~building/strategies/multicultural/helling.htm

artwork entitled "The Judgment of Paris," by Lucas Cranach the Elder. Specifically, it will briefly describe the subject of the work, and analyze the work in regard to its expressive content. What statement do you think the artist wanted to make? What techniques did the artist use to make this statement? Discuss the composition; the treatment of figures; the use of color, light/shade; scale; the treatment of space; the handling of paint; the organization of space. "The Judgment of Paris" depicts a famous mythological scene with great attention to detail and reality. Cranach's work expresses the myths of old set in his current time of the 15th and 16th centuries. His ability to combine ancient stories with modern settings might have been incongruous, but instead, his paintings are stimulating examples that blend elements to created a coherent and charming whole.
THE JUDGMENT OF PAIS

Lucas Cranach the Elder was a German…...

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References

Editors. "Lucas Cranach the Elder." ArtCyclopedia.com. 2002. 3 April 2003.  http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/cranach_the_elder_lucas.html 

Scherer, Margaret R. The Legends of Troy in Art and Literature. 2nd ed. New York: The Phaidon Press, 1964.

Beauty Beast
Judgment and Superficiality in "Beauty and the Beast": Parsing a Fairytale from a Postmodern Perspective

It is the conceit of nearly every epoch to assume that certain ideas, perspectives, and frameworks are new or unique to the current time, and with postmodernism this has extended to the notion of purposefully and meaningfully fragmented texts. That is, many postmodernists view fragmentation and purposeful alienation from reality -- truly, a questioning of what constitutes reality -- as the quintessential and definitive postmodern element (Erb, 51). hile it cannot be denied that the postmodern period and postmodern works frequently embrace and utilize such fragmentation, and while perhaps no era has used it to the extremes or with the prevalence as the postmodern era, it must also be acknowledged that concepts of alienation from truth and reality are not new to the period, though they were dealt with quite differently in earlier texts. The…...

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Works Cited

Beaumont, Jeanne-Marie Le Prince de. "Beauty and the Beast." Accessed 2 May 2012.  http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/beauty.html 

Craven, Allison. Beauty and the Belles: Discourses of Feminism and Femininity in Disneyland. European Journal of Women's Studies 9(2) (2002): 123-42.

Davidheiser, James C. Fairy Tales and Foreign Languages: Ever the Twain Shall Meet. Foreign Language Annals 40(2) (2007): 215-25.

Erb, Cynthia. Another World or the World of an Other? The Space of Romance in Recent Versions of "Beauty and the Beast." Cinema Journal 34(4) (1995): 50-70.

Miss Brill
Judgment and Otherness in "Miss Brill"

Katherine Mansfield's short story "Miss Brill' appears at first to be a rather simplistic and superficial description of an older woman and her silly infatuation with her fur stole. By the end of the story, however, the reader realizes that there is an irony at work throughout the text on several levels, and the very appearance of superficiality that is so well-crafted early on in the story is revealed to be a misconception contrived equally by the perspective of the story itself and by the reader, who must necessarily employ their standard human perceptions, subjectivities, and judgments in order to engage with the story. Through detailed renderings of character, point-of-view, and setting -- as well as through the rather oblique nature of the story's plot -- Mansfield very poignantly and pointedly explores the theme of "otherness" and the manner in which human beings judge…...

This is a very interesting topic.  Near the end of each year, Lux Research posts a list of transformational technologies to watch in the following year, which might be a good place to start if you are looking for ideas about a specific technology.  However, those are going to be technologies that are already invented.  Inventing a technology that would transform society in a specific country would require an intimate understanding and knowledge of a country’s culture, geography, religion, history, infrastructure, and natural resources; identifying a problem that it has; and combing up with a novel invention....

Title: Should Schools Have a Gender-Neutral Dress Code?

Introduction:
A school's dress code plays a significant role in maintaining a conducive learning environment and instilling discipline among students. However, the need to address gender disparities and promote inclusivity has sparked a discourse around the idea of implementing a gender-neutral dress code. In this essay, we will explore the benefits and potential challenges of adopting such a dress code policy.

Body:

I. Promoting Equality and Inclusivity
A. A gender-neutral dress code eliminates gender-based dress expectations.
1. Students can freely express their individuality without conforming to traditional gender norms.
2. It reduces the stigma faced by....

I. Introduction
A. Definition of life after death
B. Brief overview of different beliefs and explanations
C. Thesis statement: Despite varying beliefs, there is no concrete evidence of life after death

II. Religious beliefs
A. Christianity
1. Belief in heaven and hell
2. Resurrection of the body
B. Islam
1. Belief in an afterlife
2. Reckoning of deeds on Judgement Day
C. Hinduism
1. Concept of reincarnation
2. Karma and rebirth

III. Scientific perspectives
A. Near-death experiences
1. Accounts of individuals who claim to have seen a glimpse of the afterlife
2. Criticism of NDEs as....

1. Create a safe and non-judgmental environment: The structure of group counselling sessions should prioritize creating a safe and supportive space where participants feel comfortable sharing their experiences and struggles with alcohol addiction without fear of criticism or judgement.

2. Establish clear rules and boundaries: Setting clear rules and boundaries for group members can help promote a sense of unity and support, as it ensures that everyone is on the same page and understands the expectations for participation and behavior during the sessions.

3. Encourage active participation: Group counselling sessions should be designed to encourage active participation from all members, as this....