"
Similarly, a contemporary of Joan of Arc's, her page and secretary, wrote that, "Whereas before, the spiritless and cowed people hung their heads and slunk away if one mentioned War to them, now they came clamoring to be enlisted under the banner of the Maid of Vaucouleurs, and the roaring of war-songs and the thundering of the drums filled all the air." According to Dumas, on her banner,.".. To which she was entitled by her military rank, was painted the King of Heaven holding an orb, together with the words, 'Jesus Maria.' Thus equipped, she set out to join the army at lois for the relief of Orleans."

When Joan led her troops to victory by raising the siege of Orleans (discussed as one of her prophecies further below), her page and secretary also reported that Joan of Arc was the sole individual who was responsible for motivating the French to…...

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Bibliography

Alden, Jean Francois. Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (New York: Harper & Brothers), 1899, 206

Dumas, F. Ribadeau. "Joan of Arc," in Richard Cavendish (Ed.), Man, Myth & Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural, Vol. 11 (New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation), 1970, 1518.

The Holy Bible, New International Version.

Lea, Henry Charles. A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, Vol. 3 (New York: Harper & Brothers), 1888, 339.

Joan of Arc Before Referencing
Pernoud, Regine with Marie-Vbronique Clin. Joan of Arc, Her Story. Revised and translated by Jeremy du Quesnay Adams. Edited by Bonnie Wheeler. New York: Palgrave, 1999. pp336. $11.96.

The young French girl Joan of Arc only lived to see her 19th birthday. She did not even attain the age of adulthood by the modest standards of her own era. Yet Joan's brief life has spawned many historical and literary interpretations, often reaching far beyond the touchingly simple facts known about her actual existence. Joan has been made a canonized Catholic saint, portrayed by writers as a victim of persecution by one of the earliest known political witch hunts, been hailed a feminist military leader, and even diagnosed posthumously as a schizophrenic. In Joan of Arc, Her Story by Regine Pernoud and co-author Marie-Vbronique Clin, the authors attempt to let Joan speak for herself in the extant historical…...

open? How is this woman's history framed? With today's society would Joan of Arc's message be heard? How would it be different or told another way?
People, during the Middle Age, were taught about leadership, primarily through great men's biographies. Irrespective of the number of mathematical models produced, the discipline must accommodate inspirational accounts of ideal leaders and gruesome cautionary ones of those who were bad. Since the astounding recruitment of French soldiers by Joan of Arc to join her in battle, the world has yielded to charismatic and outsized leaders (ennis, 2007). A key idea revealed in the movie is: the era might have been a lot more lurid and frenzied than one imagines. Nothing occurs slowly despite the tempo being tedious. Joan is, initially, portrayed as a maniacally cheery child, capering so merrily through fields that the sheep get scared (Maslin, 1999).

The Messenger (with Milla Jovovich playing the…...

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Bibliography

Adichie, C. (n.d.). Danger of a Single Story.

Barstow, A. L. (1985). Joan of Arc and Female Mysticism. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 29-42.

Bennis, W. (2007). The Challenges of Leadership in the Modern World. American Psychological Association, 2-5.

Federman, M. (2004). What is the Meaning of the Medium is the Message. Retrieved from  http://individual.utoronto.ca/markfederman/MeaningTheMediumistheMessage.pdf .

Joan of Arc Using Intersectionality
Medieval Europe provides a significant number of examples of women who developed to become leaders and popes at a time when women were increasingly oppressed. The conventional self-image of women during this period was characterized by low self-esteem, which was influenced by increased oppression that disadvantaged women. However, the rise of some women to become influential leaders demonstrates their visionary experience in breaking up the conventional female self-image. An example of a woman who developed to become an influential leader in medieval Europe through visionary experience and breaking up the conventional female self-image is Joan of Arc. Joan's development to become an influential leader was influenced by her prophesy for a king and ability to become the central actor in her vision. Joan of Arc can be understood as a unique character in the context of other female mystics using intersectional analysis.

Brief Background of Joan…...

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References

Barstow, A.L. (1985). Joan of Arc and Female Mysticism. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 1(2), 29-42.

Butler, J. (1988, December). Performance Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory. Theatre Journal, 40(4), 519-531.

"Femininity During Medieval Times." (n.d.). Medieval Gender. Retrieved December 7, 2015, from  http://www.medievalgender.org.uk/about/ 

Hertz, S. (2014, April 9). Joan of Arc: Scourge of Modern Feminists. The Remnant -- A National Catholic Newspaper. Retrieved December 7, 2015, from http://remnantnews***.com/web/index.php/articles/item/503-joan-of-arc-scourge-of-modern-feminists

Inquisition / Jeanne D' Arc (Joan of Arc)
1412 was the time of civil war and military unrest between France and England. And 1412 was the year Jeanne d' Arc was born. hen she was 17 she commanded a battle against the English domination and made efforts to unite France in the Hundred Years ar, but her fate at the age 19 put her on a trial for heresy and witchcraft by a church court. She had an Inquisition from the church and was burned at stake.

During the 15th century France and England, the personality of Jeanne or Maid of Orleans had an exceptional impact upon the political as well as the military situation wherein she turned the war in to the favor of Charles VII and this she accomplished as just a peasant girl. hat her trial and conviction represents is the unacceptability of the medieval era of the deviation…...

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Works Cited

Avalon Project available at  http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/treatise/jean_darc/intro.htm 

Bingen, St. Hildegard von; Scivias; Mother Columba Hart and Jane Bishop (translators); Paulist Press, New York, 1990 cited at  http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/joanofarc_male_clothing_theology.html 

Guenee, Bernard (1991) Between Church and State; The Lives of Four French Prelates in the Late Middle Ages, transl. By Arthur Goldhammer, University of Chicago, Chicago/London.

Heath, Ian (1982) Armies of the Middle Ages, volume 1; The Hundred Years War, the Wars of the Roses and the Burgundian Wars, 1300-1487, Wargamers Research Group, UK.

Joan of Arc
Thanks to the many media representations of her, Joan of Arc has become somewhat of a household name. Also known as Jeanne or Jehanne D'Arc, this extraordinary young woman fearlessly led the French Army to victory at a time when it became obvious to all but her that they would lose. In addition to devising military strategies that would ultimately lead them to victory, Joan of Arc also boosted the morale of her soldiers to such an extent that they rapidly came from a deep depression about their possibilities as an army towards a unified front that few could defeat. In the end, however, and perhaps this is the most well-known part of her story, Joan of Arc came to her tragic end by being burned at the stake as a heretic at best or a witch at worst. Today, this story has culminated in many speculations. Joan…...

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References

Graham, G. (2010). The disordered mind: An introduction to philosophy of mind and mental illness. New York: Routledge.

Keko, D. (2011, May 29). Joan of Arc: The Visions. Examiner.com. Retrieved from:  http://www.examiner.com/article/joan-of-arc-the-visions 

National Post (2014). Joan of Arc's Secret. Retrieved from: http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=18ce2b05-67d7-402a-833e-f0618da5c4e6

history western civilization a book called THE MAKING OF THE WEST.
Joan of Arc

Prior to becoming made into a saint in the early part of the 20th century, Joan of Arc was one of the primary causes of France's many victories in the Hundred Years War. The woman, who only lived to be 19 before she was eventually burned to death after being captured by the British, helped liberate many parts of France from British occupation during a relatively brief period of time, all of which took place during the 1420's prior to her death. Joan told several members of the French population that she was divinely inspired by visions from God to help her defeat the British and reclaim France's territory. With some dissent from France's military leaders, she was able to play an influential role in the Siege at Orleans, which was largely proceeded by several months' worth…...

Abstract
This paper examines the death penalty as a deterrent and argues that states have not only the right but the duty to apply the death penalty to criminal cases because it is incumbent upon states to back the law with force. The death penalty acts as a forceful and compelling consequence for those who should choose to violate the law and commit murder. For that reason it can be said to be a deterrent. This paper also examines the opposing arguments and shows that those would say it is not an effective deterrent cannot offer any quantitative proof for this argument because no measurements exist that could possibly render such a claim factual or provable. The paper concludes by showing that the death penalty should only be administered in states where there is harmony between social justice and criminal justice.

Introduction

While it may seem ironic that the death penalty should be…...

Romantic and Neoclassical Paintings
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and Eugene Delacroix were contemporaries -- but they practiced two very different styles: the former was a Neoclassical painter and the latter a Romantic painter. Neoclassicalism emphasized symmetry and simplicity and found its inspiration in the ancient art of Greece and Rome: its practitioners celebrated the artistic styles of the Greco-Roman world, rejecting the drama of the Baroque and adopting a more intellectualized approached to the visual arts. The subjects of these paintings were often political, social historical and classical -- a portrait of the Horatii, for example, or of a scene in Homer's Iliad. The visual style was decorous, concise, restrained, balanced, rational, and sometimes witty: it appealed to the Enlightenment thinkers of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Romanticism on the other hand was more emotional: its subjects were more often focused on nature, the individual, the common man, the spirit of…...

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Works Cited

"Ars Quatuor Coronatorum." Freemasonry.

 http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/aqc/napoleon.html 

"The Lady with an Ermine." Italian Renaissance.  http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Lady-with-an-Ermine.html

Memory: The Statue of Liberty
The 7-volume French Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past and its condensed 3-volume English translation examine French History through "collective memories" of powerful French symbols. Editor Pierre Nora sums up France's History as "neither a resurrection nor a reconstitution nor a reconstruction nor even a representation but, in the strongest possible sense, a 'rememoration" (Nora and Kritzman xxiv). In Nora's theory, History involves memory as "the overall structure of the past within the present" (Nora and Kritzman xxiv) and co-editor Kritzman asserts, "Our knowledge of the past is less a question of our empirical grip on the past than on our apprehension of the past as we represent it through the lens of the present" (Nora and Kritzman xii).

Examining famous French symbols such as the Eiffel Tower and Joan of Arc (Nora and Kritzman xii), Nora's and Kritzman's work illustrates that the "realm of…...

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Works Cited

Ken Burns America Collection: The Statue of Liberty. Dir. Ken Burns. PBS Documentary. 2004. DVD.

Nora, Pierre and Lawrence D. Kritzman. Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. Book.

The Nationalism Project: Nationalism Studies Information Clearinghouse. Benedict Anderson: The Nation as Imagined Community. 2007. Web. 4 December 2011.

Eleanor and Henry did not live "happily ever after," though, and King Louis was reportedly enraged that the marriage went forward without his consent which the king would undoubtedly have refused to given had he been asked anyway.
A historian of the day, obert de Torigny, noted that it was unclear whether the Eleanor and Henry's marriage was the result of spontaneity or if the two had actually colluded to achieve this result. Cavendish points out that one of Eleanor's most recent biographers, Alison Weir, believes that Eleanor and Henry had been conspiring ever since they had met in Paris the year before and Eleanor had deliberately encouraged the annulment of her marriage to Louis. "Either way, when Henry succeeded to the throne of England in 1154, the effect was to give the rulers of England a domain in France stretching from the English Channel to the Pyrenees and covering…...

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References

Anderson, Carolyn. 1999. Narrating Matilda, 'Lady of the English,' in the Historia Novella, the Gesta Stephani, and Wace's Roman De Rou: The Desire for Land and Order. CLIO, 29(1): 47.

Barratt, Nick. 2004. Lackland. History Today, 54(3): 32, March.

Black's Law Dictionary. 1990. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.

Cavendish, Richard. 2002. Eleanor of Aquitaine Marries Henry of Anjou: May 18th, 1152. History Today, 52(5): 64, May.

mythology is important for both individualistic and collective reasons. On an individual level, mythology could teach moral or human truths, whereas on a collective level mythology could be used to keep people in touch with their origins. Mythological stories could then be used to teach children values such as hard work, diligence and obedience. Role models are created through mythological figures. Also, the mythology of different cultures can serve to teach the student about the values of that culture. This is particularly important in the world today, since advancing technology and phenomena such as globalization has brought foreign cultures much more frequently in touch with each other than was previously the case. It is therefore important to study mythology for the values that it can teach both children and adults, and also for understanding the heritage inherent in these stories.
Defining Mythology

Mythology derives from the complexity of the human mind…...

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Bibliography

Oregon Mediation Center. "Dispute Resolution Mythology." 2004.  http://www.to-agree.com/medres/pg23.cfm 

Miller, Ken. "An Introduction to the Mythology of the Druids." Oct.-Nov. 2002. Bandarach Council of Druids. http://www.bandarach.org/Paper002.htm

Feminists, like Christine Pizan, who stressed the importance of female education and some of her male feminist contemporaries would mainly remain on the fringes as the classical form of education was reaffirmed as the standard.
In the 1970s, much of the challenge to female education was answered as the tradition of educating all people was accepted early in the development of the U.S. educations system, though it was not an easy transition and according to most inequalities still existed even in the late modern era. In fact there was no official federal department of education until 1979, yet this did not stop the progress of education.

Stallings 677) the marked entrance of women into higher education is thought by most people to be the beginning of the end for male exclusive education but pre-secondary education was available for women from the early part of the foundation of education as a community…...

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Works Cited

Brown-Grant, Rosalind. Christine de Pizan and the Moral Defence of Women: Reading beyond Gender. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Clark, Donald Lemen. John Milton at St. Paul's School: A Study of Ancient Rhetoric in English Renaissance Education. New York: Columbia University Press, 1948.

Clinton, Catherine, and Christine Lunardini. The Columbia Guide to American Women in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

Furniss, W. Todd, and Patricia Albjerg Graham, eds. Women in Higher Education. Washington, DC: American Council on Education, 1974.

She epitomizes pragmatic reality, and by so doing, in a certain manner assumes tangible metaphysical form. ather than being apart and indistinct from humans, the Lady has become absorbed in the Mexican culture and has become such an endearing figure precisely due to the fact that she is seen as part of their suffering and as corporal liberal embodied in incorporeal form that is part of -- the essence of -- their very being. In that way, she is more animate than inanimate and possesses enduring capacity.
Part II. Major theological themes that can be infered from the works of Jeanette odriguez and Nancy Pineda-Madrid on Our Lady of Guadalupe

Various replicative theological themes can be inferred from the works of these authors. The essay elaborates on them.

1. Empowerment:

Mary's relationship to the American-Mexican woman, i.e. As symbol that is stereotyped by a supercilious, dominating majority, but that appears to them as…...

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References

Pena, M. (1995). Our Lady of Guadalupe: Faith and Empowerment among Mexican-American Women Gender and Society, 9, 32-47.

Pena, M. & Frehill, L.M. (1998). Latina religious practice: Analyzing cultural dimensions in measures of religiosity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 620-629

Pineda-Madrid, N. (March 2005). Interpreting Our Lady of Guadalupe: Mediating the Christian Mystery of Redemption. Graduate Theological Seminary, Berkeley, CA,

Pineda-Madrid, N. (2008). On Mysticism, Latinas/os, and the Journey: A Reflection in Conversation with Mary Engel, Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 24, 178-183.

On October 23, 1783, Deborah was honorably discharged "as a great soldier, with endurance and courage, something much needed in the military at that time" but was only granted a veteran's pension at the end of her life ("Deborah Sampson Gannett: American Patriot," American Revolution, 2007). "Sampson's superiors all agreed that she was an excellent soldier...it was her reliability, intelligence, and bravery that made it possible for her to go undetected for so long" (Saxon, 2004). She risked her life to save her country and to fight for her country, and even risked her life to remain a soldier.
Sampson's life "bears out a theory that Margaret R. And Patrice L.R. Higonnet developed to describe the effects of war and peace on gender. They imagined a system in which men and women are positioned as if they were opposing ribbons of a double helix, which, no matter the circumstances, always…...

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Works Cited

Deborah Sampson Gannett: American Patriot." American Revolution. 2007. 24 Jun

 http://www.americanrevolution.com/DeborahSamson.htm 

Henretta, James a. "Unruly Women": Jemima Wilkinson and Deborah Sampson Gannett

Biographies from Early America." Published in America's History. Ed. By James a. Henretta, Elliot Brownlee, David Brody, Susan Ware, & Marilynn Johnson. 3rd Ed., Worth Publishers Inc., 1997. Reprinted in the Early American Review. Fall 1996.

The Hundred Years' War: A Tumultuous Conflict that Shaped Medieval Europe

The Hundred Years' War was a protracted conflict between England and France that spanned from 1337 to 1453, leaving an indelible mark on the political, social, and military landscapes of medieval Europe. The term "Hundred Years' War" is a modern historiographical designation, as contemporaries referred to the conflict as the "Great War" or the "English War."

Origins and Causes:

The roots of the war can be traced to the complex feudal relationships between the French monarchy and the English kings, who held extensive lands in France. Edward III, King of England (1327-1377),....