S. Although this concern has remained, nowadays, the agenda of such agencies features a wider range of issues, especially the relationship between the American Jewish community and Israel, as well as that with other Jewish communities all over the world (Chanes: Advocacy Organizations). The Jewish Education Service of North America (JESNA) and the Coalition for the Advancement of Jewish Education (CAJE) are national bodies dealing with Jewish education (Ibid.: Educational and Cultural Organizations).
Social services have always been one of the strengths of the American Jewish community. Central to the Jewish community, the first federation was established in 1895 and functioned thanks to its volunteers who managed to link philanthropic institutions and Jewish social services in a very efficient fund-raising effort. The growth of the community also brought about the development of the federations which have achieved considerable power and influence within the Jewish community. Today, federations around the country raise…...

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2006 Annual Survey of Jewish-American Opinion. American Jewish Community.  http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=846741&ct=3152877 

National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01. United Jewish Communities of North America.  http://www.ujc.org/page.html?ArticleID=46411 

Religious Affiliations 2000. Association of Religion Data Archives. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/US_2000.asp

("Golden Age of Jewish Culture" 2005) The Jewish community faced a second and harsher wave of prosecution at the end of the Muslim rule in Spain when, as a result of the Inquisition, sevaral hundred thousand Jews were expelled from Spain and Portugal; most of them fled to the Balkan peninsula under Ottoman Empire.
Money Lending Jews and Isolated Existence

The Jewish communities that settled in various parts of Europe usually kept to themselves (or were forced to do so by others). Most Jews became merchants and money lenders since Usury was declared illegal by the Church for Christians. Although many Jews prospered in this way, their isolated existence and money-lending role made them easy targets as scapegoats for misfortune of others.

Prosecution During Crusades

Although the Christian crusades in the Middle Ages were primarily directed against their arch enemies -- the Muslims, they frequently degenerated into massacres of an easier target --…...

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References

Golden Age of Jewish Culture." (2005). From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on November 04, 2005 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain 

History of the Jews." (n.d.) History World. Retrieved on November 04, 2005 at  http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=413&HistoryID=aa42 

Jews in the Middle Ages." (2005). From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on November 04, 2005 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages 

It was only in 1974 that the Vatican formally declared that the Jewish people are not to be held collectively responsible for the death of Jesus

parenting styles in the Jewish community differentially correlate with alcohol use of Jewish College Freshmen males (18-26)?
Underage and college drinking is an increasing problem for youth. This later phase of adolescence is one where pressure and a desire to act as an independent individual are overwhelming, and can convince college students to opt toward excessive alcohol usage (Bahr & Hoffman, 2012; Changalwa et al., 2012; Peckham & Lopez, 2007). The degree to which parenting styles correspond to college age drinking frequency within the Jewish community remains unknown.

The given research is intended to investigate and measure whether there is a relationship between the parenting styles experienced by a Jewish child during childhood and the potential to develop an alcohol intake frequency during late adolescence. It is evidenced that there is a considerable relationship between the parenting styles and the degree of alcohol consumption in college aged adolescents and young adults…...

working for the Osher Jewish Community Center has been one of the most meaningful endeavors of my life.
While completing 92 community service hours over the last three years, I have not only had the opportunity to affect the lives of others, but I have also grown as a person. Through my community service, I have learned the value of making a real contribution to society without expecting anything in return.

I have used my time in a productive way, and I am much more aware of the problems other people face. Perhaps the most important benefit of working for the center was preparing for a lifetime of helping others. Through this experience, I found that I not only have an aptitude for working in the community, but I have a duty to do so as well.

Unlike another type of job or activity, working for the center gave me the opportunity…...

Menorah and Its Symbolism to the Jewish Community
The menorah, originally a seven-branched candelabrum used in the Temple, is one of the oldest symbols used by the Jewish faith. In contrast to the ancient menorah of Exodus is the Chanukkah menorah with eight candles, which is used today. The use of eight candles celebrates the miracle that a small amount of oil lasted for eight days.

Today's nine-branched menorah is used to celebrate Chanukkah, the festival of lights which occurs near the winter solstice. A ninth candle, the shamesh, is used to light the other eight, one night at a time, for the eight days of Chanukkah.

The Symbolism of the Menorah

It has been said that the menorah is a symbol of the nation, in this case meaning the nation of Israel. The term "nation" is used in the classical sense, meaning a group of people with a shared history and a…...

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Bibliography

Allen, Mike, et al. "Subject: Question 11.9.5: Symbols: What is a Menorah?" Internet FAQ Consortium. 10 March 2002. http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/05-Worship/index.html

Calter, Paul. "Number Symbolism: Menorah." Geometry in Art and Architecture Unit 4: Dartmouth College. 1998.  http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.geometry/unit4/unit4.html 

Hirsch, S.R. "The Menorah." The Hope. 6 March 2001. http://www.thehope.org/menorah.htm

Huberman, Ida. "The Seven-Branched Menorah: An Evolving Jewish Symbol." Jewish Heritage Online Magazine. 2001. http://www.jhom.com/topics/seven/menorah.html

Ritual Murder Accusation at Blois
Ephraim Ben-Jacob wrote an article titled "The Ritual Accusation at Blois" during the "History of the Relationship" era. The excerpts from the book have been acquired from "A Book of Historical Records," and "The Jew Medieval orld," pages 127 to 130. The writing of the article is precisely during the medieval era. The author started the article with questions like "hat shall we say before God? hat shall we speak? How can we justify ourselves?" He appears to claim and justification that "God must have found out our iniquity" (Rose 62).

In late May of 1171, the Jewish community living in Blois is massacred because they were believed to have carried out a ritual murder on a Christian child. This is the first blood rebel example within the European during this time. This act came soon after Jews living in Norwich had been accused of having crucified…...

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Works Cited

Johnson, Hannah R. Blood Libel: The Ritual Murder Accusation at the Limit of Jewish History. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2012

Rist, Rebecca. Popes and Jews, 1095-1291., 2016

Rose, E M. The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe., 2015

Jewish Identity in Modern Times: Jonathan Sacks, in an article Love, Hate and Jewish Identity appropriately sums up the dilemma of Jewish self-identity in modern times by stating: "Until the beginning of the 19th century, Jews defined themselves as the people loved by God. Since then most Jews...have defined themselves as the people hated by Gentiles." This is probably because in pre-modern times, the Jewish child felt no significant 'identity conflict' as he grew up into adulthood in isolated, self-contained Jewish communities. This state of relatively secure Jewish 'self-identity' was, however, severely disrupted by the advent of enlightenment in modern times, which forced the Jewish community to interact with the political, cultural, and economic forces outside their limited, self-contained Jewish society.

Jewish self-identity in modern times, however, is not as simplistic as stated by Sacks. According to Michael a. Meyer, apart from enlightenment (which is an ongoing process), the other two…...

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References

History of the Jews." (n.d.) History World. Retrieved on April 5, 2007 at  http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=413&HistoryID=aa42 

Meyer, M.A. (1990). Jewish Identity in the Modern World. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Sacks, J. (1997, November). "Love, Hate and Jewish Identity." First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life 26+.

The negative Jewish identity also gave rise to Jewish self-hatred; Karl Marx, himself a Jew, once wrote that Judaism was not a religion or a peoplehood but the egoistic desire for gain, and the love of money. (Meyer, 40)

Towards of the goal of fulfilling the mission to "help those we care for to experience the best life possible," nursing services provided at the Sarah Neuman Center include:
Twenty-four nursing in a secure residential setting.

Twenty-four medical coverage supported by onsite and on-call physicians.

Onsite medical specialist consulting services.

Individualized therapy sessions, to include speech therapy, physical therapy, art and music therapy.

Nutritional services supported by staff dietitians.

Onsite pharmaceutical and laboratory services. (Sarah Neuman, para. 9)

Patients that require long-term residential care are often transferred to the Bronx nursing home which provides all of the above services, in addition to highly individualized care services and therapies for "more complex clinical needs" (Bronx, para. 4). These needs include-but are not limited to-progressive Alzheimer's, severe vision impairment, severe speech and swallowing impairments, and chronic kidney disease requiring hemodialysis.

Structural Support of Mission

That each facility essentially provides the same services in various degrees helps to support the mission…...

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Works Cited

"Bronx." jewishhome.org. Jewish Home Lifecare, 2010. Web. 01 January, 2011.

"Manhattan." jewishhome.org. Jewish Home Lifecare, 2010. Web. 01 January, 2011.

"Sarah Neuman." jewishhome.org. Jewish Home Lifecare, 2010. Web. 01 January, 2011.

"Research Institute on Aging." jewishhome.org. Jewish Home Lifecare, 2010. Web. 01 January,

For those like Ezra, such a situation threatened the very survival of the nation and faith itself. However, in addition to the idea of the "imperiled nation" embedded in the Jewish psyche during the time (and, perhaps during modern time as well), it also pointed to the lax state of Jewish life and ritual in Jerusalem during this period -- as well as the turmoil that must have existed at the time these reforms were implemented.
Although it might be imagined that at the very lease the social reform concerning mixed marriages would result in emotional turmoil -- it also resulted in real danger. This is because following his declaration that mixed marriage should be immediately dissolved, the Samaritans and other involved groups were understandably offended to a degree in which violent attack against the Jewish community became a real possibility. As a result, Ezra decided to embark on rebuilding…...

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Bibliography

Bible Web. "Ezra and Nehemiah." 2004. Retrieved from Web site on October 2, 2004 http://www.bibleweb.org/BibleOverview/bo12.htm

Donnel, J. Rabbi. "What Does God Pray?" (2004) Web site. Retrieved on October 2, 2004  http://www.tbsoc.com/sermons/donnellyk5763.html 

Mechon Mamre. "Ezra / Nehemiah -- translated from the Hebrew Bible" 2004. Retrieved from Web site on October 2, 2004  http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et35.htm 

Medial, D. "Ezra." Web Page. 2002. Retrieved from Web site on October 2, 2004, from http://www.medialdea.net/historyguy80538/ezrajerus.htm

Jewish-American Intermarriage
The United States of America has become a symbol of freedom to the rest of the world. People from nations everywhere come to this country in pursuit of the "American Dream," for America grants people opportunities that are hard to find elsewhere. In the past few centuries, our country has become a melting pot for many different ethnicities and cultures; while groups still maintain their diverse identities, many of them adapt to an American way of life. This has been the case for Jewish-Americans. Once a major target of anti-Semitism, American Jews have truly established themselves in this nation and have even earned the respect and acceptance of many. This assimilation of Jews into American society has caused a substantial increase in intermarriage, ironically increasing the possibility of destroying what is left of Jewish identity and unity.

On a positive note, the intermarriage of Jewish-Americans has become a sign that…...

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Works Cited

Feagin, Joe R., and Feagin, Clairece B. Racial & Ethnic Relations: Seventh Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2003.

Sailor, Steve. "Interracial Marriage Gender Gap Grows." 14 March 2003. ModelMinority.com. 24 Nov. 2003 http://modelminority.com/article338.html.

A Jewish joke is, as Raskin suggests, one that transcends time. The Jewish joke may even transcend cultural context because the family of Jews spread around the world can use humor as a thread of connection. However, Jewish jokes do not stagnate. They evolve in order to reflect the lives and culture of the people who understand them.
Another common feature of Jewish jokes is that they reflect pain and suffering by turning sorrow into laughter. To the authors who address Jewish humor in Freudian terms such as Abrami, Jewish humor is defined by masochism. The anger that Jews could be directing externally is instead redirected at the self and at the community. Freud would have understood the phrase self-hating Jew, and wrote extensively about the ways Jewish jokes transfer anger related to political and social oppression into humor. Some authors focus on the ways Jewish humor capitalizes on stereotypes,…...

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Works Cited

Abrami, Leo M. "Psychoanalyzing Jewish Humor." My Jewish Learning. Retrieved online: http://mobile.myjewishlearning.com/culture/2/Humor/What_is_Jewish_Humor/Defining_Jewish_Humor/Psychoanalyzing_Humor.shtml

Bermant, Chaim. What's the joke?: A study of Jewish humour through the ages. Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1986.

Raskin, Richard. Life is Like a Glass of Tea: Studies of Classic Jewish Jokes. Aarhus University Press, 1992

Spalding, Henry D. Encyclopedia of Jewish Humor. Middle Village, 2001.

Jewish religion also known as Judaism -- is the religion of the Torah, which begins with the "Five Books of Moses and encompasses the Old Testament" (Neusner, 1992, 8). Judaism honors its beginnings as part of the creation of the whole world, Neusner explains. Jews believe that God created the world "…and for ten generations, from Adam to Noah, despaired of creation." Following those ten generations, from Noah to Abraham, God was waiting for humans to finally "…acknowledge the sovereignty of one God," who was authentically the unseen power that created heaven and earth (Neusner, 9).
Most historians explain that Judaism is a "monotheistic faith" (there is but one God) and Jews in turn often find this God "…beyond [humans'] ability to comprehend" and nevertheless Jews believe God is present in everyone's life every day (Pelala, 2013). Moreover Jews believe that each person was created "b'tzelem Elohim" (meaning "in the image…...

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Works Cited

Kol Emeth. (2012). About Us. Retrieved April 15, 2013, from  http://www.kolemethskokie.org .

Neusner, Jacob. (1992). A Short History of Judaism: Three Meals, Three Epochs. Minneapolis,

MN: Fortress Press.

Pelala, Ariela. (2013). What do Jews believe? Jewish Beliefs. About.com. Retrieved April 15,

Jewish Faith in Life and Death
Of the main components of the human life cycle, dying is probably the one most people prefer to avoid or at least ignore until the last possible moment. Nevertheless, even though many of us prefer not to think about it, death is as much part of humanity as birth and life. Hence, every religion has its particular views on death and rituals to help those who have passed on their way to whatever concept of the afterlife exists in that religion. In this, the Jewish religion is not unique. Centuries of tradition still survive today as modern Jews practice the ancient art of their religion, both in life and when death occurs. When considered in terms of Foucault's "Technologies of the Self," one might say the elaborate Jewish rituals surrounding dying and death can be seen from the viewpoint of both self-care and self-renunciation.

One of…...

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References

Diamant, A. (1998). Saying Kaddish: How to comfort the dying, bury the dead, and mourn as a Jew. New York: Shocken Books.

Foucault, M. (1988). Technologies of the Self. Retrieved from:  http://heavysideindustries.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Michel-Foucault-Technologies-of-the-Self.pdf 

Lamm, M. (2000). The Jewish Way in Death and Mourning. New York: Jonathan David Publishers, Inc.

Both Bermant and Raskin show how all Jewish humor, and for Raskin, individual jokes, can be traced to Biblical times in light of Talmudic and other Rabbinical writings. Raskin addresses rabbinic judgment, man vs. God, ethnic disparagement, and even the humor in the Ten Commandments. Jewish mother jokes cannot be ignored in any analysis of Jewish humor, and both authors address the role of Jewish mother jokes and how they can be traced to the Bible. Raskin discusses the original function of Groucho Marx's resignation joke and places it also within a historical framework that extends back in time to the Bible and forward to oody Allen. The meaning of life is a rich topic of discussion in Jewish humor, traced through to the Bible and played out in variations of the joke of the dying Rabbi.

The connection between Jewish humor and Biblican humor is not immediately apparent to the…...

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Works Cited

Bermant, Chaim. What's the joke?: A study of Jewish humour through the ages. Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1986.

Raskin, Richard. Life is Like a Glass of Tea: Studies of Classic Jewish Jokes. Aarhus University Press, 1992

Spalding, Henry D. Encyclopedia of Jewish Humor. Middle Village, 2001.

Telushkin, Joseph. Jewish humor: What the best Jewish jokes say about the Jews. Harper Collins, 1998.

Jewish-ussian heritage. The writer details the emergence of the Jewish faith in ussia, the radical actions taken to stop its growth and existence and the more recent developments that have created it to begin a resurgence. The writer used ten sources to complete this paper.
Jewish-ussian heritage

In the past two decades the former Soviet Union has gone through many different changes, with the biggest one being the dismantling of its very existence and government and the slow process of rebuilding it from the ground up. In the former Soviet Union there were many strict rules and the heavy arm of Communism was felt throughout the state. One of the things that was heavily mandated was the freedom of religion. The Jewish faith had encountered severe opposition in the Soviet Union for many years and all but the most stubborn Jews had been driven out of the land many years ago.…...

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REFERENCES

Messianic Jews gaining ground in Russia By Alexandra Alter http://www.jrn.columbia.edu/studentwork/cns/2003-04-27/233.asp

Jewish heritage in Russian children's literature Olga Maeots Russia ( http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla66/papers/107-152e.htm )

The Fate of Jews immediately after the Russian Revolution http://csf.colorado.edu/mail/psn/oct97/0100.html

The revolutions across Europe

Essay Outline: Bat Mitzvah Experience

I. Introduction
A. Definition of Bat Mitzvah and its significance in Jewish tradition
B. Thesis statement: Describe the transformative nature of the Bat Mitzvah experience and its lasting impact on the author's life

II. The Journey to Bat Mitzvah
A. Preparation and study: Describe the rigorous academic and spiritual training undertaken to prepare for the ceremony
B. Personal growth: Discuss the introspection and self-discovery that occurred during this time
C. Significance of reaching maturity: Explain the symbolic and emotional significance of officially becoming a Jewish adult

III. The Ceremony
A. The ritual: Describe the traditional elements of the Bat Mitzvah ceremony, such as the....