Upon leaving the military Robison found work with the Negro League Kansas City Monarchs. The orld ar II years marked the heyday of the Negro Leagues. ith black and white worker flooding into Northern industrial centers, with relatively full employment, and with a scarcity of available consumer goods, attendance at all sorts of entertainment events increased dramatically. In 1942 three million fans saw Negro League teams play, and the East-est game in 1943 attracted over fifty-one thousand fans
In 1945, during his only season with the Monarchs, Robinson played shortstop, and excelled on the bases. His success with the Monarchs determined sportswriter endell Smith to arrange a tryout with the Boston Red Sox for Robinson and two other African-American players from the Negro Leagues. However, they were not signed, and the Red Sox would become the only Major League team to integrate, in 1959 when they would enroll their first…...

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Works Cited

Dorinson, Joseph and Joram Warmund. Jackie Robinson: race, sports, and the American dream. M.E. Sharpe, 1998.

Demo, David H. And Michael Hughes.. Socialization and Racial Identity Among Black Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly 53 no.4 (1990): 364-374.

Fenster, Kenneth R. Earl Mann, Nat Peeples and the Failed Attempt of Integration in the Southern Association. Nine, Vol. 12 (2004): 23-41.

Heaphy, Leslie. Shutout: A Story of Race and Baseball in Boston. Nine 14 (2005).

Breaking Barriers: The Legacy of Jackie Robinson
Introduction

Jackie Robinson is a name that has become synonymous with courage, determination, and breaking down barriers. As the first African American to play in Major League Baseball, Robinson paved the way for future athletes and broke the color barrier that had long segregated the sport. His impact extended far beyond the baseball diamond, as he became a symbol of hope and inspiration for the Civil Rights Movement.

Born on January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia, Robinson grew up in a time when racial segregation was deeply entrenched in American society. Despite facing discrimination and obstacles throughout his life, Robinson excelled in multiple sports and eventually attended UCLA, where he became the first student-athlete to win varsity letters in four sports. His athletic talent caught the attention of Branch Rickey, the general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, who signed Robinson to the team in 1947.

Robinson faced…...

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References

Dorinson, Joseph, and Joram Warmund. \"Jackie Robinson: Race, Sports, and the American Dream.\" M.E. Sharpe, 1998.

Lamb, Chris. \"Blackout: The Untold Story of Jackie Robinson\'s First Spring Training.\" University of Nebraska Press, 2004.

Levy, Peter B. \"The Great Uprising: Race Riots in Urban America during the 1960s.\" Cambridge University Press, 2018.

The history of baseball, widely recognized as America's national pastime, is a rich tapestry woven with legends, lore, and the cultural evolution of the sport over time. Although the exact origins of baseball are difficult to pinpoint, it is clear that the game developed from older bat-and-ball games such as cricket and rounders, which were played in England and brought over to North America by settlers (Thorn, 2011).
The earliest known reference to baseball in the United States was in a 1791 Pittsfield, Massachusetts, bylaw banning the game near the town's new meeting house (Block, 2005). By the mid-19th century, baseball was played throughout the United States, but there were no standardized rules. The game was played by local custom and varied wildly from one locale to another (Rader, 2008).

The breakthrough for baseball came in 1845 when a group of New York City men led by Alexander Cartwright formed the Knickerbocker…...

")
hen Johnson defeated Jeffries, however, it unleashed white violence against blacks nationwide. "In ashington, D.C., the ashington Bee reported, 'hite ruffians showed their teeth and attacked almost every colored person they saw upon the public streets'."

Similar events occurred in New York City and tiny towns in the deep South. By the time Jackie Robinson left the Negro Leagues, the backlash was not nearly so pronounced. Arguably, the Negro Leagues kept violence at bay, while producing athletes of exceptional quality without risking Jim Crow law violence.

That, of course, is shining a favorable light on a tradition that is not worthy of accolade, and that arguably prevented numerous black ballplayers from receiving a fraction of their worth.

Today, few people understand the sociological factors that prevented black and white baseball players from competition with each other, as opponents or as members of racially mixed teams. They therefore know even less about those who…...

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Works Cited

Ayers, Edward L. 1993. The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press. Place of Publication: New York.

Bennett, Lerone, Jr. 1994. "Jack Johnson and the great white hope: historic boxer. Ebony, April. Available from www.findarticles.com. Accessed 7 February 2005.

Big Labor Day Celebration," (original document) Norfolk Journal and Guide, 8 September, 1917; available at   Accessed 7 February 2005.http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5054/ .

Bill 'Bojangles' Robinson." 2004. International Tap Association, 13 December. Available from.   Accessed 9 February 2005.http://www.tapdance.org/tap/people/bojangle.htm .

But he didn't tell me that my aunt would help them do it'" (Gaines, 79). Grant believes at this point that dignity is something he can only find -- and is supposed to find -- outside of his community and away from the relationships and ties that he has there, including his maternal bond to his aunt.
As the novel progresses, however, Grant begins to realize how necessary the community is to his own happiness, if not his very survival. This transformation is not complete by the end of the novel, but Grant has begun to change or at least question many of his beliefs, including his attitude towards God and religion, and certainly in his attitude, hopes, and feelings for Jefferson. Perhaps most telling in Grant's search for dignity and identity within his community is his relationship with Vivian. Though she is still married and the relationship is therefore…...

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Works Cited

Gaines, Ernest J. A Lesson Before Dying. New York: Random House, 1994

But despite these strides, the negative as well as the positive legacy of sports in American culture cannot be ignored.
eferences

About Title IX. (2010). University of Iowa. etrieved September 20, 2010 at http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutE.html

Douglas, Scott. (2005). unning through Kenya. Slate.com. etrieved September 20, 2010 at http://www.slate.com/id/2117122/entry/2117123/

Gettleman, Elizabeth. (2006, July). eview of William C. hoden's Forty Million Dollar Slaves.

Mother Jones. etrieved September 20, 2010 at http://motherjones.com/media/2006/07/forty-million-dollar-slaves

Johnson, Jenna. (2010). NCAA graduation rates. The Washington Post. etrieved September 20,

2010 at http://voices.washingtonpost.com/campus-overload/2010/03/another_ncaa_bracket_player_gr.html

Lehrer, Jonah. (2010, August 24). How to raise a superstar. Wired Science. etrieved September 20, 2010 at http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/08/how-to-raise-a-superstar/#ixzz107NwUSGh

Lovett, C. (1997). The fight to establish the women's Olympic marathon race. Olympic Marathon, Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., Westport, CT. etrieved September 21,

2010 at http://www.marathonguide.com/history/olympicmarathons/chapter25.cfm

Williams, Kam. (2006). eview of William C. hoden's Forty Million Dollar Slaves. AALBC.

etrieved September 20, 2010 at http://aalbc.com/reviews/forty_million_dollar_slaves.htm

Witt, Jon. (2006). The big picture. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Youth sports pushing kids, parents too far. (2010,…...

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References

About Title IX. (2010). University of Iowa. Retrieved September 20, 2010 at  http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html 

Douglas, Scott. (2005). Running through Kenya. Slate.com. Retrieved September 20, 2010 at  http://www.slate.com/id/2117122/entry/2117123/ 

Gettleman, Elizabeth. (2006, July). Review of William C. Rhoden's Forty Million Dollar Slaves.

Mother Jones. Retrieved September 20, 2010 at  http://motherjones.com/media/2006/07/forty-million-dollar-slaves

ports and popular culture (NFL/NBA)
Prelude

Pop Culture

Popular culture entails all forms of mass communication such as:

Newspapers

Radio

Magazines

Music

Books and Cartoons and comics

Advertising

It is somewhat different compared to higher forms of cultural art such as:

Classical music

Artworks

Conventional theatre

In terms of mass communication, popular culture means messages which are intellectually and artistically limited primarily designed to entertain and humor the viewers (Hollander, 2014). Following the industrial revolution, the people had a lot of time to spare which led to a huge demand for entertainment and amusement and gave height to media. The increasing supply of goods also made it necessary for the advertisers to attract the consumers and mass media could reach a large number of audiences at the same time (Hollander, 2014).

ports

The physical activities have always been in the life of human beings in the form of different leisure activities. These activities consisted of hunting and war-like nature as well as dancing and other activities.…...

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Sports have played a huge role in the American society on the whole as they have become a necessary part of the popular culture. American football is quite a popular game which brings NFL (National Football League) in limelight. NFL is same to same as other sports have an off season too when they are on a season break. Leagues such as NBA (National Basketball Association), MLB (Major League Baseball) and NHL (National Hockey League) follow the same pattern which builds the hype for them (Lee, 2012). It enables the public to forget all about sports for a while until it swings back in action again. The off season usually consists of training sessions, gym, trading players, NFL Combine and NFL Draft. These activities are heavily kept watch of by loyal fans followed by intense discussions (House, 2012).

Super Bowl is intensely popular in United States. Even the non-followers are somehow influenced by it as they hear news about it or by viewing it. The news channels mention regularly and social media is definitely on fire with news and updates. A famous band plays during halftime while a draw exists for watching the advertisements during the game and halftime (Lee, 2012). Companies are compelled to dish out loads of cash to display advertise themselves as the Super Bowl progresses. These ads are usually creative and funny and sometimes mixed. People for the sake of fun choose a particular team and cheer it till the end or otherwise friends pick a team and contend that it will win the title. It's sort of a public gathering event where food is enjoyed and drinks are taken in huge quantities. Tostitos and Doritos are chips found mostly at super Bowl parties while in case of drinks Coke, Pepsi and Budweiser. For the sports fans, it's their day off as they spend the entire day in front of a TV or mocking the opponent's team for fun. TV shows often give reference to Super Bowl just as Christmas and Halloween. Betting on a high level is also involved for the winning team, people are cut some slack from office, schools and colleges as it's the biggest event of the year (Hollander, 2014).

In 'Popular culture and the rituals of American Football' by Mark Axelrod, several cultural practices in America regarding football are mentioned. Before the ports went global, there were a lot of rituals and myths

And while those parts in the movie were partially fictional, it made honest, historically valid points. In fact Matthew Broderick played the role of Col. Robert Gould Shaw, and this was a true representation of an actual Union Army officer who led the 54th.
Another message this movie conveyed was that racism was almost always present in society in the 19th century; that is, white soldiers in many cases were racist against the black troops even though they were fighting on the same side. The black and white soldiers were both fighting to rid the nation of slavery and yet there was reluctance on the part of some white soldiers to accept black men as equals in battle. Seeing the film this week after having seen "42," the story of Jackie Robinson getting into Major League Baseball, I see strong parallels. Even though Jackie was a great player, some white…...

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Works Cited

Massachusetts Historical Society (2002). 54th Regiment! Retrieved July 28, 2013, from  http://www.masshist.org .

Roles, Duties, and Influence of uffalo Soldiers in the United States
Despite the fact that uffalo Soldiers and their accomplishments may not be known by many, they played an integral role in the construction and expansion of the United States as it is known today. While the uffalo Soldiers as a cavalry only lasted from 1866 to 1944, their influence has had a lasting impact. Furthermore, they helped to pave the way for future African-American leaders and deserve to not only be recognized for their valuable services, but also need to be remembered as role models.

On July 28, 1866, the United States Congress passed legislation to establish two segregated cavalry units, the 9th and 10th regiments, and four segregated infantry regiments, the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st, which were to be made up of black, enlisted men.[footnoteRef:1] These six different units were later consolidated into four black regiments in 1869:…...

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Bibliography

Buffalo Soldiers Research Museum. "Who Were the Buffalo Soldiers?" Accessed June 11, 2013.  http://www.buffalosoldiersresearchmuseum.org/who.htm 

Davis, Stanford L. "Buffalo Soldiers & Indian Wars." Accessed June 11, 2013.

 http://www.buffalosoldier.net/ 

Glasrud, Bruce A. "Buffalo Soldiers." Oklahoma Historical Society. Accessed June 11, 2013. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/b/bu005.html.

Hank Aaron is a household name in baseball, one of the most important and influential players in any sport. The reasons for Hank Aaron's success go far beyond his athletic abilities and talents as a player -- for which he is obviously renowned -- but to his sportsmanship, his civil rights activism, and for his overall character. Aaron contributed tremendously to the sport of baseball by injecting his values and ideals into the game.
Born Henry Louis Allen, Hank was born in Mobile, Alabama in what has widely been described as a "humble" and economically underprivileged circumstances ("Hank Aaron," n.d.). Segregation and overt, politically and socially sanctioned racism was a part of life in the America that Hank knew. Hank admitted he was bitten by the baseball bug at a young age, and was already "showing prowess" when he was just four years old (Vascellaro 2). Clearly a child prodigy athlete,…...

I plan to begin my engagement of a degree in the healthcare profession at Rochester this coming fall semester, guided by the desire to gaining knowledge and experience in a demanding but vital field.
My experiences in coming to understand the challenges inherent to the healthcare profession will be a compass as I seek my future path. The symbiotic relationship between the brain and the body is not only fascinating in its dynamic but is also a crucial element of our increasingly more powerful capacity as a species to treat human illness, both physical and neurological. An extremely potent agent of circumstance, the mind's well-being is as relevant a part of one's willingness to endure and recover from malady as is the body's responsiveness to medicine, treatment and other healthcare measures. The effective medical practitioner of the future will be equipped to take into consideration both the body and the…...

The article remarks with respect to asphalt that "a baseball will get ruined on a surface like this: it's too dense and hard for asphalt or brick, and the canvas-like surface of the ball will get chewed up. Not to mention other problems: in densely populated areas, there are a lot houses near school yards with glass windows, and we all know what happens when a baseball hits a glass window. To sum it up: while baseball is a romantically American game, and was without question our most popular pastime for about 50 years, you can't play it in the city." (Beccary, 1) Foregoing this blanket statement -- given the evolution of inner-city athletic youth programs in recent decades -- the point of Beccary's remarks remains useful. Namely, the unique game that was stickball would come to fruition in response to the desire to play baseball and the absence…...

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Works Cited:

Beccary, G. (2007). A Complete History of Stickball. Greg's Words of Wisdom. Online at  http://gregswords.wordpress.com/2007/04/07/a-complete-history-of-stickball/ 

Curry, J. (1989). Beyond Nostalgia: Reviving a Tough Game of Stickball. The New York Times. Online at  http://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/09/nyregion/beyond-nostalgia-reviving-a-tough-game-of-stickball.html 

Devlin, B. (2009). Making a Phillies Fan: Always Imagining You Were a Phillie. The New York Times. Online at  http://bats.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/30/making-a-phillies-fan-always-imagining-you-were-a-phillie/ 

Greene, M. (2004). Stickball Hall of Fame. Streetplay. Online at  http://www.streetplay.com/stickball/halloffame/

A work of non-fiction does not have to be about a person, however. Non-fiction work can include theories of social studies, presented in interesting and new ways. Non-fiction is tremendously helpful in lesson planning because the prose elucidates issues in subjects like science and social studies.
Question 6: Although she is not remembered as a major figure in the Civil Rights Movement, Marian Anderson's life contributed to some of the reforms that African-American citizens demanded. Discuss how her voice "challenged" a nation.

Marian Anderson was an accomplished African-American singer. Anderson broke the color barrier in the arts, just as Jackie Robinson did in sports. Anderson's success challenged prevailing social norms, as she became a visible figure in America's most elite concert halls. Anderson began indirectly using her voice as a political tool, channeling her success into achieving broader civil rights goals.

Question 7: Describe how the city of Philadelphia, its residents and…...

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Works Cited

American Library Association. "Terms and Criteria." Retrieved Dec 8, 2009 from  http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberyterms/newberyterms.cfm 

"Yellow Fever Attacks, 1793" Eye Witness to History. Retrieved Dec 8, 2009 from  http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/yellowfever.htm

Simple exposure to diversity is not an adequate method for eliminating the perception of racial divisions. In fact, studies that examined the levels of integration in schools found that the more diverse a student population was, the more likely the students were to self-segregate based on race. That is, with more people of other races around them, students of all races were more likely to be friends solely or primarily with members of their own racially identified group. Larger studies have concluded that white males in high school list another white male as their best friend ninety-two percent of the time, with African-American males coming in at an only slightly lower percentage of 85% towards self-selecting friends of their own race. All of this leads the authors to suggest that children be talked to about race the same way they are talked to regarding gender, with regular reinforcement of equality…...

American history [...] changes that have occurred in African-American history over time between 1865 to the present. African-Americans initially came to this country against their will. They were imported to work as slaves primarily in the Southern United States, and they have evolved to become a force of change and growth in this country. African-Americans have faced numerous challenges throughout their history in this country, and they still face challenges today.
After the Civil War ended in 1865, African-Americans were freed from slavery. However, that did not end their struggle for freedom. In fact, in many ways, it only made their situation worse. Many slaves who were in fairly decent situations were thrust out to fend for themselves, or they became sharecroppers for their former masters, barely making enough money to stay alive. This was the time of "reconstruction" in the South, and it was recovering both politically and economically…...

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References

Adeboyejo, B. (2005, May/June). Q & A: Curating African-American history for the nation. The Crisis, 112, 7.

Dagbovie, P.G. (2006). Strategies for teaching African-American history: Musings from the past, ruminations for the future. The Journal of Negro Education, 75(4), 635+.

Editors. (2010). African-American history timeline. Retrieved 15 Nov. 2010 from the Peterson Education Web site:  http://www.infoplease.com/spot/bhmtimeline.html .

Editors (2008). African-American odyssey. Retrieved 15 Nov. 2010 from the Library of Congress Web site:  http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart7.html .

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