Ibn Sina
The great Avicenna or Abu Ali al-Husayn Ibn Abdullah Ibn Sina, born in 980 was often known in the est by this Latin name. Among all the Islamic philosopher-scientists this Persian physician became not only the most famous but also an influential figure (Edward G, 1921). He was awarded royal favor for treating the Kings of Bukhara and Hamadan for illness which other physicians were unable to neither diagnose nor cure. He died in 1037 in Hamadan, where his grave is maintained (Edward G, 1921).

Out of his 450 works, only 240 have survived and among those surviving works, 150 are on philosophy, while the remaining majority 40 works are dedicated to medicine. Thus, his major contribution was in these two fields. However, he has also written on psychology, logic, mathematics, geology and astronomy (atan Afghanistan).

Although, he was educated and trained in the field of physics, he made his…...

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Works Cited

Edward G. Browne (1921) Arabian Medicine, London, Cambridge University Press.

Philip K. Hitti (1970) History of the Arabs, 10th ed, London, Macmillan, pp 367-368

M.A. Martin (1983) in The Genius of Arab Civilization, 2nd ed, Edited by J.R. Hayes, London,

Eurabia Puplishing, pp 196-7

pottery making art islamic civilization. Please illustrative timeline. Please include outline beginning.
Islamic pottery is an essential part of the Islamic culture

Early beginnings of Islamic pottery

Historical and geographical challenges

Pottery as a necessity, not an art

Islamic pottery transformed from an activity to an art

The periods of the Islamic pottery

Middle period

Influences of Chinese pottery

Color

Materials

Graphics

Improvements of techniques and materials

ole of calligraphy and technical discoveries

Increase of the value of pottery for the Islamic culture

The Islamic art is one of the most significant parts of the Islamic culture and of the world heritage. Islamic pottery has in this sense an important place in the structure of the Middle Eastern art.

The history and development of Islamic pottery is representative for the development of Islamic art and reflects the influences of external cultures on the evolution of art in the region.

Given the geographical position as well as the scarce natural resources available for this type of activity,…...

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References

Atwood, R. (2005) "Basra's Inventive Potters" in Archaeology, Vol. 58, No 2, March / April, available at  http://www.archaeology.org/0503/reviews/basra.html 

Grube. E (n.d.) "The Art of Islamic Pottery." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. Available at  http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258167.pdf.bannered.pdf 

Jenkins, O. (2000). "Emergence and Evolvement of the Islamic Tin-glazed Pottery," The 8th Research Seminar on the History of Middle Eastern Ceramics. Available at  http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/IAS/HP-e2/eventreports/44ceramics8IM.html 

Luter, J. (1974) "The Potters of Islam." Saudi Aramco World. Available at  http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197404/the.potters.of.islam.htm

Islam in the Age of Globalization
The three major religions in the 21st century are all Abrahamic in historical basis. These religions, Judaism, Islam and Christianity remain at the edge of political, social, and cultural issues, particularly now in that globalism has become so predominant. These religions are noted as Abrahamic because each uses the basic teachings of the Prophet Abraham in their general world view. All three faiths are monotheistic and together account for over half the world's population, or combined in excess of 4 billion people. Within these three religions, despite much public disagreement, there are many areas of commonality (The Top 10 Organized eligions in the World, 1998). From a non-religious perspective, however, globalism has brought about some change in the perception of these religions based not necessarily on religion, but on marketing and consumerism.

One of the consequences of globalism in the world is the availability of a…...

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REFERENCES

The Top 10 Organized Religions in the World. (1998, August 4). The Christian Science Monitor, p. B2.

Islamic Consumer Protest Hits West Where it Hurts. (2002, November 7). Retrieved from The Guardian UK:  http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2002/nov/07/internationalnews 

Food, Fashion and Faith. (2007, August 2). Retrieved from The Economist:  http://www.economist.com/node/9587818 

How to Live According to the 5 Pillars of Islam: The Foundation of Islam Cannot be Laid in a Day. (2008). New York: Quick and Easy Guides.

The capital was moved from Syria to Iraq, where they founded Baghdad, shifting the power to the east. The Abbasids transformed the empire into a multinational Muslim empire, as Persians and Khurasanians traveled to the area for learning. The cause of this pull was the Abbasid's creation of Islamic intellectualism, brought about by the construction of observatories, libraries, educational institutions providing instruction on medicine, astronomy, logic, math, and philosophy, all in the Arabic language. A new system of math, using nine numerals and the zero revolutionized math. Further, trade along this route was safer, freer, and far more extensive than other areas, drawing even more individuals.
The result of this educational advancement in the Islam civilization, along with the increases in trade abilities, was that far more individuals were exposed to Islam than ever before, in ways that were positive in substance. As missionaries traveled with traders, and as scholars…...

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References

McKay, J., Hill, B., Buckler-Ebrey, P. History of World Societies. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin Company, 2004.

Apparently, Islamic terrorists are the media marketing executives.

Once more, the tendency is to project American viewpoints and values on to supposed Islamist enemies. The same individuals and groups that are utterly alien to America's most cherished beliefs are also masters of manipulating Americans' views of themselves and of using the media to their own advantage. The idea that Islamist groups might possess some sort of legitimate grievance, or might be railing against actual conditions is dismissed in favor of complex marketing ploys. Terrorism is a product, just like everything else that is promoted on American television and in American newspapers and magazines. The only difference is that the Islamist product is a bad product. Other estern media too have taken up the general theme of Islamic terrorism as but the ultimate expression of Islamic failure to grasp the potentialities of the modern world. As presented in the French Canadian press,…...

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Works Cited

Albritton, James S. "The Technique of Terrorism." Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table (2006).

Belkhodja, Chedly, and Chantal Richard. "The Events of September 11 in the French-Canadian Press." Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal 38.3 (2006): 119+.

Dunsky, Marda. "Missing: The Bias Implicit in the Absent." Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ) 23.3 (2001): 1.

Vaisman-Tzachor, Reuben. "Psychological Profiles of Terrorists." The Forensic Examiner 15.2 (2006): 6+.

Unlike mathematics or physics, history is not an exact science. However, since early modern times, chroniclers of the past and present have attempted to craft some sort of systematic analysis of human behavior and evolution within specific geographical and historical contexts. This has not always been the case. Many ancient historians such as Herodotus interwove fact and fiction, reality and myth, with a storyteller's ease. Other historians, such as Plutarch, did not focus on events that they had witnessed, but on the collective testimony of the past and on the biography of "great men" rather than of society as a whole. These tendencies towards the fantastic and the fictional rather than the realistic and the analytical were exacerbated with the influx of Christianity into Europe, which often encouraged the fusing of elaborate accounts of the holiness of the saints onto historical struggles of the present. For a more systematic analysis…...

Essay Topic Examples 1. The Humanity of rophet Muhammad: An Exemplar for the Ages:
    This essay would delve into the human aspects of the rophet Muhammad, exploring how his character traits, such as compassion, forgiveness, and humility, have inspired generations of Muslims and non-Muslims alike. It would draw from historical accounts and Hadith to analyze his conduct in various facets of life, from family relationships to leading an emerging community.

2. The Migration to Medina: Turning oint in Islamic History:
    Focusing on the significance of the Hijra, or migration, from Mecca to Medina, this essay would examine the event's pivotal role in the establishment of the first Muslim community, the challenges faced by the rophet and his followers, and the long-term implications for the spread of Islam.

3. The Role of rophets in Islam: rophethood of Muhammad Compared with Other rophets:
    This topic would provide a comparative study of the Islamic concept of…...

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Primary Sources

The Qur\'an

\"Qur\'an.\" Translated by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, Oxford UP, 2004.

Hadith collections of Sahih al-Bukhari

al-Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Ismail. \"Sahih al-Bukhari.\" Translated by Muhammad Muhsin Khan, Darussalam, 1997.

Hadith collections of Sahih Muslim

Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. \"Sahih Muslim.\" Translated by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui, Kitab Bhavan, 2000.

Ibn Ishaq\'s Sirat Rasul Allah (The Biography of the Prophet)

Islam and Byzantine
The interaction of the Byzantine empire with the Islamic world from the time of the later Iconoclast Emperors to the Crusades is largely characterized by a struggle for power and dominance. Prior to the later Iconoclast Emperors, Byzantine had gained a great deal of power from the Islamic world through the actions of Leo III. In the ninth century the weakening of centralized Islamic government saw the growth of the Byzantine Empire in Asia minor. This influence was short lived, as the Seljuk Turks began to regain Asia minor in the late 1000s. Ironically, it was the Christian Crusades, which were ostensibly aimed at the destruction of the Muslim empire that ultimately led to the destruction of the Byzantine empire.

The Islamic civilization arose largely out of the teachings of the prophet Mohammed (Emayzine). By the time of the later Iconoclast emperors, the Islamic world was a powerful cultural,…...

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Works Cited

Emayzine. The Byzantine Empire, Early Russia, and Muslim Expansion. 09 May 2004.  http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/byzmuslm.html 

Hooker, Richard. The Byzantine Empire. Washington State University. 09 May 2004. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MA/BYZ.htm

Infoplease. The Crusades. 09 May 2004.  http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0814157.html 

New Advent. Iconoclasm. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VII. 09 May 2004.  http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07620a.htm

Islam and the Clash of Civilizations
orld civilization has known in the last decades some of the most important political, economic, and in particular cultural developments of the 20th century. The era after the end of the Cold ar determined a series of events that triggered numerous conflicts around the world, from the war in Kuwait in the early 1990s, to the genocide in Rwanda, human rights abuses and apartheid in South Africa, to the escalation of the terrorist phenomenon to dimensions never attained before.

The peak of the terrorist threat was reached on September 11, 2001 when the attacks on the orld Trade Center in New York fully demonstrated the power, influence, and capacity terrorist groups can master. Along with the terrorist phenomenon, the other regional conflicts still ongoing in parts of the Middle East and Africa, point out the increased differences that exist throughout the world between different types of…...

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Works cited

Baxter, Kylie; Akbarzadeh, Shahram. 2008. "U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East." Routledge.

Huntington. S. 1993."The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs, Summer.

Inglehart, Ronald, and Norris, Pippa. "The True Clash of Civilizations." Foreign Policy, Mar/Apr2003, Issue 135

Krishna, S. 2008. Globalization and post colonialism. Hegemony and resistance in the twenty first century. Rowman, Littlefield Publishers, New York.

Prophet Mohammad understood the importance of implementing sharia and therefore as soon as any conquest was made, he and his companions would first focus on enforcing shariah. Shariah law was a way of uniting Muslims so they would all stand united under one system of law. There wouldn't be any difference in laws that existed in Iraq or in Spain.
Between about 800 and 900 the main trends of thought on legal matters hardened into schools or rather rites -- the latter word is preferable when referring to in practice rather than in theory. Some of these rites, such as the Zahirite which had a notable exponent in Spain, died out after a time. Among the Sunnites, or main body of Muslims, four rites came to be recognized as permissible variants -- the Hanafite, the Malikite, the Shafite and the Hanbalite. So far as al-Andalus is concerned the only one…...

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References

W. Montgomery Watt, a History of Islamic Spain (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1965)

Charles Reginald Haines. Christianity and Islam in Spain (756-1031) LONDON

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH & CO., PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1889

Watt p.1

Islam
The coming of Islam

After the penetration of Islam, the sub-Saharan African culture was impressed by it. Islam linked the people of Africa to the Eurasian system of business and gave them some new concepts regarding commerce, political organization and religion.

Northern Africa, before the advent of Islam was based on the principles of Christianity. But, after the arrival of Islam in Northern Africa, a large part of the Berber population converted from Christianity to Islam and made Sijilimasa and Fez as their regional states. The Islamic principles of equality and brotherhood put all the Berbers, Arabs and Africans on equality (John P. McKay, Ebrey, Beck, & Crowston., 2009).

.After blending of Islam with the culture of Africa, many states of Africa was created in the grasslands south of the Sahara. The influence of Islam came in Africa through the Indian Ocean, the savanna and the Atlantic. Main African states were developed in…...

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References

Insoll, T. (2003). The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.

John P. McKay, B.D., Ebrey, P.B., Beck, R.B., & Crowston., C.H. (2009). A History of World Societies, Volume A: From Antiquity to 1500, Volume 1. Boston, Mass.: [Basingstoke: Bedford; Palgrave Macmillan].

The presence of a parliament does not a democracy make.
Mernissi's assertion that the Third orld has enabled much of Arab and Muslim societies to be cut off from the philosophical underpinnings of democracy can easily explain why Islam seems incompatible with secular humanism. Arabs, "like the rest of the citizens of the third orld, have never had systematic access to the modern advances rooted in" the Enlighenment (Mernissi 46-47). Mistrust of colonial overlords has fueled an anti-estern sentiment. This also prevents democracy as a worldview from taking root, let alone democracy as a reality. The result is that people in the Muslim world are experiencing "modernity without understanding its foundations, its basic concepts," (Mernissi 47).

In the Arab world "the state and its public schools...remain the only means of creating and propagating democratic culture and educating tolerant citizens," (Mernissi 47). The goal is to interject democratic principles into teachings of…...

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Works Cited

Berman, Paul. "The Philosopher of Islamic Terror." The New York Times. March 23, 2003.

Eickelman, Dale F. Bin Laden, the Arab "Street," and the Middle East's Democracy Deficit."

Klausen, Jytte. Faith and politics. Chapter 3 in the Islamic Challenge. Oxford, 2005.

Mernissi, Fatema. "Fear of Democracy" Chapter 3 in Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World. 2002.

The doom tree is presented as a mythical eagle, an ancient idol, the river -- "a sacred snake, one of the ancient Gods of the Egyptians"(Salih).
People in this remote and stuck in time village have dreams about the past, some prophetic dreams and some other dreams that are yet to be interpreted. The efforts to reconcile modern life, represented by the city and tradition, represented by the village are seen through the lenses of religion. The villagers did not need the teachings of another preacher, and it seemed that every time when the government sent someone to bring something new in there, it was doomed to fail. On the other hand, the villagers thought they new and had everything already and this appears to be a mistake as well.

The water pump, the stopping place for the steamer, the new agricultural scheme and other symbols of the evolution of technology…...

The first five books were separated from the whole about 400 B.C. As the Pentateuch. Jean Astruc in the eighteenth century noted that the Pentateuch is based on even earlier sources. The two chief sources have since been identified in Genesis on the basis of their respective uses of Yahweh or Elohim in referring to the deity. They are called J. For the Jehovistic or Yahwistic source and E. For the Elohistic source, and P. For the Priestly source was later separated from the E. source (Miller and Miller 698-699).
Consider just the complexities involved in the construction of the first book of the bible, Genesis, in its present form. It is believed that at an early time in human history, perhaps as early as the eleventh or tenth century B.C., someone put together the stories of God's dealing with the fathers from oral forms then in circulation. Such a…...

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Works Cited

Blair, Edward P. Abingdon Bible Handbook. New York: Abingdon Press, 1975.

BrJhier, Louis. "Crusades." The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IV. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.

Dimont, Max I. Jews, God and History. New York: Mentor, 1994.

Jomier, Jacques. How to Understand Islam. New York: Crossroad, 1991.

Yet it is somewhat biased, due to the author being a strict fundamentalist.
Said, Edward. "The Clash of Definitions." Emran Qureshi & Michael a. Sells, eds. The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003, 70-80.

This essay presents a very divergent viewpoint as compared to that of political theorist and practitioner Samuel P. Huntington whose views on the "Clash of Civilizations" is now being questioned and examined with much scrutiny. Along with the other essays, this book provides a wide range of viewpoints from all sectors of sociology, history and the humanities.

Spencer, Robert. Religion of Peace? Why Christianity Is and Islam Isn't. New York: Regnery Publishing, 2007

The main question posed in this book is which is the real "religion of peace," Christianity or Islam. However, after reading this work, it is clear that Spencer is biased toward Christianity, due in part to his comparison of Christianity's…...

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Bibliography

Corbett, Julia M., Ed. The Coming Religious Wars. Boston: G.K. Hall, 2003

Although this topic has been discussed many times over past decades, Corbett has managed to provide a number of new viewpoints based on some very substantial scholarship and an examination of past religious wars, such as the Crusades and what she calls the coming war between Christianity and Islam, due to the events of 9/11 and the further actions of Al Queda and other terrorist groups.

Lewis, Bernard W. Islam and the West. UK: Oxford University Press, 2002

Islamic scholar and historian Bernard W. Lewis has put together a very interesting and viable collection of essays in this book, many of which explore the often overlooked heritage shared between Western culture and Islamic culture and how the histories of both cultures have become intertwined over the last two hundred years. These essays also focus on the current conflicts between the West and Islam and offer a number of viable solutions.

Bay Bithaman Ajil: A Review of Islamic Finance Literature

Introduction
Bay Bithaman Ajil (BBA) is a type of deferred payment sale transaction commonly used in Islamic finance. This literature review explores how Islamic finance literature interprets BBA transactions, examining its key characteristics, permissibility, and practical applications.

Historical and Conceptual Background
BBA originated during the early days of Islamic civilization as a means of facilitating trade and meeting financial needs. The term "Bay" refers to a sale contract, while "Bithaman" means "for a price" and "Ajil" means "deferred." In a BBA transaction, the seller sells an asset to the buyer for a price that is....