Irritable owel Syndrome (IS) is the common intestinal and chronic disorder most frequently reported to and encountered by gastro-enterologists. It is also called irritable or spastic colon. The incidence of IS has been reported to be anywhere from 9-22%, 10-22% or 20% of the American population (Masand 1998). Computing, these numbers suggest that about one out of five Americans suffers from it (Nutrition Forum 1997).
Comparative studies also show that IS occurs more in women than men at a 2.5:1 ratio (one 2001), starts in early adolescence, reaches a mean of 46 and seldom begin after 50 (Nutrition Forum). No significant differences in demographic characteristics have been observed, although most of those who sought medical assistance had high school education and mostly working (Masand). Nothing indicates that there are differences of marital status among those studied.

IS occurs most frequency at times of emotional stress and these studies furthermore say that IS…...

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Bibliography

1. American Family Physician. (2001). Women's Health Report on Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Women's Health Resource Center: American Academy of Family Physicians.

A accessed 27:03:03).  http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m3225/6_63/71579200/print.jhtml 

2. Bertram, Susan. (2001). The Patient's Perspective of Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Journal of Family Practice. (accessed 27:03:03). http://www.findarticles.cxom/cf_o/m0689/6_50/75995850/print.jhtml

Chronic GI/GU Condition Case Studies Scenario 1
The primary diagnosis in the present scenario would be gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The diagnosis in this case has been made on the strength of the presenting symptoms. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases – NIDDK (2014), some of the symptoms associated with GERD include a “regular heartburn, a painful, burning feeling in the middle of your chest, behind your breastbone, and in the middle of your abdomen.” The 46-year-old male in this case presents the very same symptoms. In essence, the symptoms that the patient presents are as a consequence of the flow-back stomach contents/stomach from his stomach into his esophagus. Given that this is something that has been happening over the past couple of months, the lining of his esophagus is irritated – hence the need for immediate medical attention to ease symptoms. The differential diagnosis in…...

Advanced Health Assessment: Ulcerative Colitis PatientThe client is a 47-year-old male ulcerative colitis (UC) patient admitted to the emergency room with extreme abdominal pain. He does not have prescription or medical insurance and has not taken his medication for several months.Relevant Additional Subjective InformationSources contend that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are often embarrassed to discuss their symptoms with their physicians or nurses (Hibi et al., 2020). To optimize individual treatment, therefore, physicians and nurses may have to actively query their patients about all possible symptoms (Hibi et al., 2020).To adequately capture the history of present illness (HPI), therefore, the nurse will include information on whether the patient has experienced any other symptoms of UC, including diarrhoea, fecal incontinence, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea associated with mucus or blood, constipation, and tenesmus, among others. Understanding the full range of symptoms would provide the nurse with a clearer view of the extent…...

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References

Hibi, T., Ishibashi, T., Ikenoue, Y., Yoshikara, R., Nihei, A., & Koboyashi, T. (2020). Ulcerative Colitis: Disease Burden, Impact on Daily Life, and Reluctance to Consult Medical Professionals: Results from a Japanese Internet Survey. Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases, 5(1), 27-35.

Lamb, C. A., Kennedy, N. A., Raine, T.,…& Hawthorne, A. B. (2021). British Society of Gastroentorology Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Adults. BMJ Open, 68(1), s1-s106.

McDowell, C., Farooq, U., & Haseeb, M. (2021). Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing

Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Religious and Ideological Movements: The Effects of Nationality and Ideological Preference
Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a very common illness. Research shows that the large bowel or colon is the site of a lot of various beneficial bacteria. Also, may many may be aware that a good colon gives a lot of detail on the way the colon and its bacteria work in unison in order to provide our bodies with particular health profits. On the other hand, the colon is the site for numerous of the symptoms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients. Because this organ is where all fiber and other food leftovers arrive, it would seem rational that some parts of food we eat could play a part in the signs of IBS, which for the majority, are a reflection of an excessively complex colon that is sensitive. As stated by the International Foundation for…...

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Works Cited

Anand, Bhupinder. Irritable Bowel Syndrome. 8 June 2013.   29 September 2014.http://www.emedicinehealth.com/irritable_bowel_syndrome/page10_em.htm .

Cunha, John P. MedicineNet.com. 7 May 2012.   29 September 2014.http://www.medicinenet.com/irritable_bowel_syndrome_ibs/page6.htm .

Vorous, Heather Van. "The First Year: IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) -- An Essential Guide for the Newly Diagnosed." New York City: Da Capo Press; 2005 edition, 2001. 1-242.

Zuckerman, M.J., Nguyen, G., Ho, H., Nguyen, L., & Gregory, G.G. "A survey of irritable bowel syndrome in vietnam using the rome criteria." Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 51.5 (2009): 946-51.

On a basic level, patients can make attempts to restructure their diet and general lifestyle choices to promote a more positive, health body in general. If this approach does not work, there are many sorts of antibiotics, painkillers, laxatives or anti-diarrhea pills that one can take to negate the effects of noxious symptoms. Corrective surgery is also an option, although it does not always work.
Some of the treatments for inflammatory bowel disease can work for irritable bowel syndrome, such as the taking of antibiotics, anti-diarrhea medicine, and fiber supplements. Additionally, corrective measures to one's diet and lifestyle to attempt to procure a stress free environment may work as well. Treatments specific to this condition, however, include antidepressants and counseling to assist with stress. Additionally, medications such as lubiprostone and alosetron also pertain strictly to this condition, and not to inflammatory bowel disease.

PATIENT FACTO: AGE

Age certainly has a detrimental effect…...

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References

Pace, F., Molteni, P., Bollani, S., Sarzi-Puttini, P., Stockbrugger, R., Porro, Bianchi, Drossman, D.A. (2003). "Inflammatory bowel disease vs. irritable bowel syndrome: a hospital-based, case-control study of disease impact on quality of life.." BMC Gastroenterol. 38 (10): 1031-1038.

Porter, C.K., Brooks, D.C., Pimentel, M., Akinseye, a., Riddle, M.S. (2012). "Risk of inflammatory bowel disease following a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome." BMC Gastroenterol. 12: 55. Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3444908/

Digestive Disorders: Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome It is important to note that in some instances, the symptoms patient present could be tied to a myriad of disorders. This has in some quarters led to misdiagnoses. Both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) present a number of similar symptoms. IBD includes a number of inflammatory conditions whereby sections of a person’s digestive system are attacked by his or her immune system. The said conditions are inclusive of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. IBS, on the other hand, “is a problem that affects the large intestine” (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2018). In essence, the movement of food in the intestines is enhanced by the relaxation and contraction of the intestines. When the said contraction as well as relaxation does not follow the normal pattern, symptoms of IBS are likely to present.
In basic terms, the pathophysiology of…...

Fibromyalgia
The objective of this study is to examine the condition of Fibromyalgia. Toward this end, this study will conduct a review of current literature in this area of inquiry.

Fibromyalgia is a syndrome reported as common and one in which the individual has pain throughout their body as well as joint, muscle, tendon and soft tissue tenderness on a long-term basis.

Causes of Fibromyalgia

While the cause of Fibromyalgia is uncertain it has been linked to such as fatigue, problems sleeping, headaches, anxiety, and depression. Factors that are believed to be potential triggers of fibromyalgia include: (1) physical or emotional trauma; (2) abnormal responses to pain in areas of the brain; (3) disturbances in sleep; and (4) infection although no specific virus has been identified as being responsible for causing Fibromyalgia.

Occurrence of Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is known to occur most in women ages 20 to 50 years of age. Conditions that may appear the same…...

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Bibliography

Demirbad, B. And Erci, B. (2012) The Effects of Sleep and Touch Therapy on Symptoms of Fibromyalgia and Depression. Iran J. Public Health. 2012;41(11):44-53. Retrieved from:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed 

Fibromyalgia - Fibromyositis; Fibrositis (2012) Summary of Cochrane Review. PubMed Health. Retrieved from:

Contraindications include false sugar readings in diabetic patients. This medication can also cause a black tongue or dark stool.
Irritable bowel syndrome is another gastrointestinal disorder. Irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS, is a problem that affects mainly the bowel, which is also called the large intestine. The bowel is the part of the digestive system that makes and stores stool. The word syndrome means a group of symptoms. IBS is a syndrome because it can cause several symptoms. For example, IBS causes cramping, bloating, gas, diarrhea, and constipation. Two medications that are used to treat irritable bowel syndrome are: 1.) laxatives and 2.) antispasmodics. Oral laxatives are medicines taken by mouth to encourage bowel movements to relieve constipation, which is a common symptom of IBS. Side effects include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, cramping, gas, and increased thirst. A contraindication of any laxative is dehydration. Advice to the patient and the patient's…...

Ulcerative Colitis
Initial presentation

The patient is an 18-year-old of the Filipino-American origin. He has no known family history of ulcerative colitis or chronic illnesses similar to colitis. He is a high school senior student.

Historical information

The patient complains of diarrhoea 3-4 times a month although it has been on and off for one year. There is no known allergy that the patient experiences.

Presenting Symptoms

He experienced rectal bleeding, rectal pain and often had an urgent need to empty his bowels. His diarrhoea had bloodstains with mucus at least once a month. This led to few red blood cells due to the low level of iron, which resulted from the bloody stool. He had belly pains, which he described as cramping and his belly felt sore if touched. He experienced constipation, but it was less frequent than diarrhoea. He had no signs of vomiting or nausea, but he had a loss of appetite. Sometimes…...

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References

Baumgart, D. (2012). Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: From epidemiology and immunobiology to a rational diagnostic and therapeutic approach. New York: Springer.

Bayless, T.M., & Hanauer, S.B. (2010). Advanced therapy of inflammatory bowel disease: Volume 1. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

Hanauer, S.B., & Marteau, P. (2001). Ulcerative colitis: Focus on topical treatment. Paris: J.

Libbey Eurotext.

Fibromyalgia
One might consider fibromyalgia to be one of the most confounding conditions around today. It is debilitating. It results in several quality of life issues. The confounding aspect of this condition is that it is difficult to diagnose. It is also difficult to treat. Most treatment modalities today recourse to treating one or more specific symptoms -- but there is no treatment that can comprehensively treat all the symptoms. (NIAMS, 2004) More holistic treatment modes however, are being researched, explored and considered. Fibromyalgia often presents symptoms of other diseases. Essentially therefore, fibromyalgia is characterized by widespread pain that cannot be localized to any part of the body. It is also associated with fatigue and other specific (though not necessarily widespread) symptoms that will be discussed later in this work.

Fibromyalgia syndrome is often referred to in its abbreviation FMS. Some of the symptoms (though not all) enjoy significant overlap with other…...

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Bibliography

Adiguzel, O., Kaptanoglu, E., Turgut, B., & Nacitarhan, V. (2004). The possible effect of clinical recovery on regional cerebral blood flow deficits in fibromyalgia: a prospective study with semiquantitative SPECT. South Med J, 97, 7, 651-655

Baldry, P. (1993). Complementary medicine. The practice of acupuncture needs tighter safeguards. Bmj, 307, 6899, 326

Baumgartner, E., Finckh, A., Cedraschi, C., & Vischer, T.L. (2002). A six-year prospective study of a cohort of patients with fibromyalgia. Ann Rheum Dis, 61, 7, 644-645

Bennet, Robert. (2000). The Scientific Basis for Understanding Pain in Fibromyalgia. Myalgia.com. Retrieved August 21, 2004, from the World Wide Web:  http://www.myalgia.com/Scientific%20basis.htm

e recommended the remedy Natrum muriaticum, as it applies readily to Roy's symptoms, including his responsiveness to massage, his suppressed emotion, and his tendency to keep his feelings concealed from those around him. e asked that Roy not alter anything about his exercise regime during the course of treatment. Six months after Roy started taking the remedy, he returned to us for follow-up. Roy's posture was noticeably improved and he sat upright in spite of having returned from a business trip just that morning. hen asked, Roy stated that he had been increasingly aware of his negative emotions and was making a conscious effort to consciously own up to his feelings by being more assertive at work, and by simply admitting to himself that he was angry. Roy's back problems had waned; although last week he had a sudden relapse, he could readily attribute the setback to a stressful…...

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Works Cited

Homeopathy Index." Vitacost.com. Online at http://www.vitacost.com/science/hn/Index/Homeo.htm.

Article 14 claims centered on children's health and reduction of disease for a iomed probiotic called lactoral and its three strains. The submitted studies supported the health claim of the strains but not to the bacterial strains of the probiotic. iomed's phenotypic testing were not accepted as sufficient to properly identify the bacterial strains. The claim, "natural intestinal microflora during travel," had not been sufficiently characterized. On the four other claims, the panel said that in vitro trials cannot sufficiently predict in vivo efficacy in human subjects of experiment (Starling).
A Yakult spokesman, however, said that their products still had to be assessed

(Starling 2009). According to him, their company's claims for Lactobacillus casei Shirota probiotic strain had strong evidence for its health benefits from more than 70 human studies and more than 70 years of research (Starling). The World Health Organization itself recognized probiotics as "live micro-organisms & #8230;which provide…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bailey, Ron. Prebiotics and Probiotics in Japan. Nutraceuticals World: Rodman

Publishing, 2008. Retrieved on November 21, 2009 from  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb223/is_3_11/ai_n29421476 

Cooper, Ben. A Bad Few Weeks for Good Bacteria. Just Food: Just-Food.com.

Retrieved on November 22, 2009 from  http://www.just-food.com/article.aspx?id=108402

Treatments
EST TREATMENTS

Constipation, Hypertension, Seizure

Constipation

This is the infrequent or difficult bowel evacuation (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012). While there are no strict standard for bowel elimination, it is generally believed that fewer than thrice a week constitutes constipation. Stools are usually hard and dry. Other common symptoms associated constipation include excessive straining during bowel evacuation, a sense of rectal blockage, a sense of incomplete evacuation and the need to perform manual measures to evacuate the bowels. Constipation may be the consequence of insufficient fluid intake or dehydration, inadequate fiber in the diet, foregoing elimination, irritable bowel syndrome, lack of physical activity, illness, abuse of laxatives and certain medical conditions. Those more likely to develop constipation are older adults, those who are sedentary, confined in bed, dehydrated, on low-fiber diet, on certain medications and undergoing chemotherapy. It is more common in women and children. Causes for alarm include fewer than thrice a week…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Makoff, D. (2012). High blood pressure. MedicineNet: MedicineNet.com. Retrieved on March 7, 2012 from  http://www.medicinenet.com/high_blood_pressure/page 

Mayo Clinic Staff (2012). Constipation. Mayo Clinic: Mayo Foundation for Medical

Education and Research. Retrieved on March 7, 2012 from  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/constipation.DS0063/METHOD=print&DSECTION=all 

PubMed Health (2011). Seizures. ADAM Medical Encyclopedia: ADAM, Inc. Retrieved

Direct to Consumer Advertising
HISTRY F DRUG ADVERTISING

THE DTC ADVERTISING PHENMENN

CREATING DEMAND

DECEPTIVE ADVERTISING - A WLF IN SHEEP'S CLTHING

CAUSE F DEATH

PRFIT

UTILIZATIN, PRICING, AND DEMGRAPHICS

LEGISLATIN, PLITICS AND PATENTS

LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES REGARDING DTC

RECALLED and/or DEADLY DRUGS

In order to provide the most efficient method of evaluation, the study will utilize existing stores of qualitative and quantitative data from reliable sources, such as U.S. Government statistical references, University studies, and the studies and publications of non-profit and consumer oriented organizations. Every attempt will be made to avoid sources of information sponsored by or directly influenced by the pharmaceutical industry.

Existing data regarding the history, levels, content and growth of direct-to-consumer advertising will be examined. In addition, the industry's composition prior to and after the proliferation of direct-to-consumer advertising will be examined, with regard to market share, type of substances sold, benefits of substances sold, and consumer benefit (or lack thereof). Perceptions regarding direct-to-consumer advertising will be revealed,…...

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On January 9, 2002, Dr. Darlene Jody, Vice President of Medical Marketing for Bristol-Myers Squibb, issued a manufacturer's "Important Drug Warning Including Black Box Information." The Important Drug Warning advises healthcare practitioners that "cases of life-threatening hepatic failure have been reported in patients treated with SERZONE." The manufacturer's Warning indicates that numerous persons have or will suffer liver failure, death or transplantation. The manufacturer's Warning also indicates that the current estimate of the rate of liver failure associated with Serzone use is "about 3-4 times the estimated background rate of liver failure." A new Warning is being added to the Serzone prescribing information, advising that "patients should be advised to be alert for signs and symptoms of liver dysfunction (jaundice, anorexia, gastrointestinal complaints, malaise, etc.) and to report them to their doctor immediately if they occur." According to Warnings, Serzone should be promptly discontinued if signs or symptoms suggest liver failure.

Vioxx belongs to a class of drugs known as COX-2 inhibitors. When the drugs were introduced a few years ago, COX-2 inhibitors were thought to be safer and more effective than other drugs such as Aspirin and Ibuprofen. However, several studies have questioned the cardiovascular safety of Vioxx. Studies indicate that people taking Vioxx have four times the risk of a heart attack.

In May 2002, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a Talk Paper about new label warnings for the popular arthritis and pain drug know as Vioxx (rofecoxib). The new label warnings are based on the results of the Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research (VIGOR). According to the FDA, recent studies demonstrate that Vioxx is associated with a higher rate of serious cardiovascular thromboembolic adverse events (such as heart attacks, angina pectoris, and peripheral vascular events). Based on the recent study, the FDA agreed with the Arthritis Advisory Committee recommendations February 8, 2001 that the label for Vioxx include gastrointestinal and cardiovascular warning information. Serious side effects attributed to Vioxx are heart attacks, seizures, strokes, or liver/kidney problems.  http://www.recalleddrugs.com

…Occupational Stress and Scientific MonitoringLiterature eview2.1 IntroductionThe definition of the term occupational stress is derived from the definition of its two constituent words. In this context, occupational refers to anything that is related to the workplace while stress is defined as a natural body reaction from physical, mental or emotional strain in an individual. Thus, occupational stress can be defined as any mechanism by which the body attempts to adapt to the workplace environment. These include normal mechanisms for dealing with workplace stress, commonly known as the fight or flight response as well as any expected or unexpected reactions in response to the workplace. These include eyestrain because of staring at computer screens for too long, emotional and physical stress, depression, anxiety, aggression, cognitive impairment such as degraded memory or reduced concentration span, etc. All of these reactions can lead to poor work output, increased employee turnover, higher absenteeism, cardiovascular…...

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Anxiety: A Psychological and Physiological Exploration

The Evolution of Anxiety Disorders: A Historical and Cultural Perspective
- Trace the historical development of anxiety disorders, examining societal and cultural influences.
- Analyze the role of genetics, environment, and individual factors in the etiology of anxiety.

Neurobiological Basis of Anxiety: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
- Explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying anxiety disorders.
- Discuss the role of brain regions such as the amygdala and hippocampus in anxiety formation.
- Examine the cognitive biases and maladaptive behaviors associated with anxiety disorders.

Psychological Interventions for Anxiety Disorders: A Comparative Analysis
- Compare and contrast different....

Proper nutrition and lifestyle choices play a critical role in maintaining the health of the digestive system. The digestive system is responsible for breaking down and absorbing nutrients from the food we eat, as well as eliminating waste from the body. When this system is not functioning properly, it can lead to a variety of digestive issues such as bloating, gas, diarrhea, constipation, and even more serious conditions like irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease. By making smart choices about what we eat and how we live, we can help support the health of our digestive system and prevent....