The solution is easy. According to Eddie Boyle IA'a primary objective is to upset the opponent's routine of life and the economy of the North. They will act in a manner to make certain the Army is all the while endeavoring to second guess the IA and ascertain what is scheduled to occur the forthcoming moment. It is the objective of the IA to restore social equality, self-rule, equity, harmony and sovereignty to every people of Ireland. The manner in which this will be attained is in case the English gives up its control on Ireland and hands it over to the Irish. As they perform this, the entire stretch of Ireland shall for the first time in eight centuries, be independent to choose their future of their own. The media depicts the IA volunteers as hooligans, ordinary killers, minor offenders and killers. They are of not that type.
In…...

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References

Grant, Ted. IRA decommissioning is no solution. Retrieved at Accessed on 12 December, 2004http://www.marxist.com/Europe/ira_decommissioning1001.html.

Majzner, Robbie. U.S.-Ireland Alliance. January 2004. Retrieved at   Accessed on 12 December, 2004http://www.us-irelandalliance.org/journals/robbie_majzner_0104.phtml .

Pratt, Larry. IRA: Terror for Profit. Retrieved at Accessed on 12 December, 2004http://www.eco.freedom.org/el/20040502/pratt.shtml.

RIRA Televised Interview. February 2003. Retrieved at Accessed on 12 December, 2004http://irelandsown.net/rira3.html.

Roman Catholics, who made up around one-third of the population of Northern Ireland, were largely opposed to the partition (Intelligence pp).
The IRA declined swiftly from internal dissentions and due to a loss of popular support because of its violence and pro-German agitation during orld ar II (Irish 2004). The attainment of republican objectives in 1949 and government measures against its illegal activities also contributed to its decline (Irish 2004). It was eventually outlawed by both Irish governments and thus became a secret organization, responsible for bombing attacks in Belfast, London, and at the Ulster border during the 1950's, but then became quiescent until the late 1960's (Irish 2004).

The Irish Republican Army split into two groups in 1969, the majority or "officials" who advocated a united socialist Ireland but disavowed terrorist activities, and the "provisional" who claimed terrorism as a necessary catalyst for unification (Irish 2004). The provisionals began a…...

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Works Cited

Irish Republican Army

http://brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/i/ir/irish_republican_army.html

Irish Republican Army

The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 4/22/2004

The Tactics of the British Intelligence against the IRA History of the IRA
The Provisional IRA formed in response to a war between the Irish Republican Army and the British state in Northern Ireland from 1969 to 1998. The IRA or what is commonly referred to as the IRA in the West was actually a breakaway from the Army and is better known as PIRA in Ireland. However, because it stood as the fighting force and face of the Irish resistance, it is typically referred to as IRA for short. The IRA was a formal fighting force up until the 1970s when fears of British infiltration caused the IRA to become a secret organization with a cell structure. The IRA published its Green Book, which laid out the rules of being an IRA volunteer. Meanwhile, on the political front was Sinn Fein, which negotiated behind the scenes with the British state throughout…...

It has also set off bombs in towns in the North of Ireland. The group is said to be the only military group in Ireland never to have yet killed or targeted a civilian. As of 2004, the CIRA is not believed to have an established presence or capability of launching attacks on the island of Great Britain. In 2004 the U.S. government believed the CIRA to consist of fewer than fifty fully active members. The U.S. government suspected the CIRA of receiving funds and arms from supporters in the United States. It is also believed that, in cooperation with the "Real" IRA, the CIRA may have acquired arms and material from the Balkans.
The Irish Republican Army first emerged as the army of the Irish Republic that had been declared at the Easter Rising of 1916 and affirmed by the irst Dail in January 1919. It was an amalgamation…...

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For a minority of nationalists, the home rule conceded was judged to be too little, too late. In the Easter Rising of 1916, these nationalists staged a rebellion against British rule in Dublin and in some other isolated areas. Weapons had been supplied by Germany, under the auspices of a leading human rights campaigner, Sir Roger Casement. However the plot had been discovered and the weapons were lost when the ship carrying them, the Aud, was scuttled rather than allow the arms to fall into British hands.

The rebellion was largely centered on Dublin. The leaders seized the Dublin General Post Office (GPO), raising a green flag bearing the legend "Irish Republic," and proclaiming independence for Ireland, though ironically some republicans in the GPO talked of making Prince Joachim of Prussia the King of Ireland if Germany won the First World War. Although many Irish people believe that the Rising and its leaders had public support, in reality there were calls for the execution of the ringleaders coming from the major Irish nationalist daily newspaper, the "Irish Independent" and local authorities. Dubliners not only cooperated with the British troops sent to quell the uprising, but undermined the Republicans as well. Many people spat and threw stones at them as they were marched towards the transport ships that would take them to the Welsh internment camps.

Public opinion gradually shifted, initially over the summary executions of 16 senior leaders, some of whom, such as James Connolly, were too ill to stand. Opinion shifted even more in favor of the Republicans in 1917-18 with the Conscription Crisis, when Britain tried to impose conscription on Ireland

The economy is market-oriented, and highly technologically advanced. Primary sectors include petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, consumer goods, aerospace, and telecommunications (CIA the World Factbook, United States).
Both Ireland and the United States have a high degree of economic freedom. The Heritage Foundation ranks Ireland as the world's 7th freest economy, with high levels of investment, financial, business, and property rights freedom. However, labor freedom is the weakest area for Ireland (Heritage Foundation, Ireland).

The Heritage Foundation ranks the United States as the world's 4th freest economy. Interestingly, the Hertiage Foundation notes "America could do slightly better in fiscal freedom and freedom from government" (Heritage Foundation, United States), while Ireland has more freedom from government (Heritage Foundation, Ireland).

eferences

CIA the World Factbook. 2007. Ireland. https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/ei.html

CIA the World Factbook. 2007. United States. https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/us.html

Heritage Foundation. 2007. Ireland. http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?ID=Ireland

Heritage Foundation. 2007. United States. http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?ID=Unitedstates

Commanding Heights, PBS. United Kingdom. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/uk/uk_political.html...

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References

CIA the World Factbook. 2007. Ireland. https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/ei.html

CIA the World Factbook. 2007. United States. https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/us.html

Heritage Foundation. 2007. Ireland.  http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?ID=Ireland 

Heritage Foundation. 2007. United States.  http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?ID=Unitedstates

The RIRA on occasion attacks a British army base, or bombs a civilian site just to show it is still out there while FARC is a powerful force that the government has no choice but to negotiate with. Also, the RIRA does not recruit young children for its violent terrorist activities, while FARC recruits and kidnaps thousands of young boys and trains them in guerrilla warfare. The RIRA does not have thousands of acres of poppies (to make into cocaine) that it can within its territory -- the RIRA has no established territory -- that it can exploit (tax) in order to raise money. That said, the RIRA does do some drug smuggling, according to credible sources.
There is an interesting connection between FARC and the RIRA: Evidence shows that the RIRA has been training FARC in "new technology" (bombs/mortars) (www.bbc.co.uk).

orks Cited

Center for Defense Information. (2007). Revolutionary Armed Forces of…...

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Works Cited

Center for Defense Information. (2007). Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).

Retrieved Feb. 6, 2009, from  http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/terrorist-groups.cfm .

Global Security. (2008). Real Irish Republican Army. Retrieved Feb. 5, 2009, from  http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/nira.htm .

Global Security. (2009). Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia -- FARC. Retrieved Feb.

Conflict esolution and Peacemaking
The conflict presented in the article is focused on the tense relations between British and Irish groups that held deeply divisive beliefs about a range of differences between the two cultures. There were significant tensions in the social divisions not only with the British, but also within Ireland itself which were primarily the result of sectarian divides in the population (White, 2013). Many of the warring factions had a strong sense of identity with their cultural heritage along the lines of their religious preferences for either Catholicism or Protestantism and much of the struggle perpetuated between those who viewed themselves as the oppressed and/or colonized and their oppressors (Lane, 1998). The oyal Irish Constabulary (IC) was an armed colonial style of police force and was viewed by much of the Irish population as being the administrative thugs that were doing the bidding of the British government.

The…...

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References

Arthur, P. (2015). The Role of Civil Society in the Northern Ireland Conflict. Palestine - Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture, 96-101.

Hayward, K. (2003). The Region between State and Nation: British and Irish conceptions of Northern Ireland as a European Region1. Perspectives on European Politics & Society, 417-443.

Lane, J. (1998). Police co-operation and internal conflict resolution strategies: The case of Ireland. Innovation, 267-276.

White, T. (2013). Generational Change and Redefining Identities: Post-conflict Peacebuilding in Northern Ireland. Peace Research, 95-117.

Terrorism
Tragedies from deadly terrorist attacks have made the international communities to pervasively fear and loath terrorism. Terrorism is undertaken by individual with motivations that are complex for the understanding of security agencies and individuals. Definition according United States statutes states terrorism to be politically motivated, premeditated, violence against noncombatant individuals, private property by clandestine agents or subnational groups, with an intention to obtain audience (Launtenberg, 2011). This definition is adopted for purposes of this paper.

Attempts to shed some light on terrorism highlight the motives of the perpetrators while they give some appropriate measures to resolve the problem. The organizations linked to supporting terrorism by State Department stood at 22 in the year 2001. In three years' time, the list of identified terrorist groups had grown to 36 with more groups being listed as unofficial terrorist organizations. One might mistake terrorism industry for a thriving economic entity or the definitions…...

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References

Launtenberg, F. (2011). Homeland Security and Fighting Terrorism. Retrieved 19th October 2013, from http://lautenberg.senate.gov/issues_update/homesec_terror.cfm

McCarthy, Timothy, P., & McMillian, J. (2008). The Radical Reader: A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition. (Vol. New Press): New York.

Morag, N. (2004). The Economic and Social Effects of Intensive Terrorism: Israel 2000 -- 2004. Retrieved 19th October, 2013, from  http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2006/issue3/jv10no3a9.html 

Ridgeway, J. (1990). Blood in the Face: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads, and the Rise of a New White Culture. New York: Thunder's Mouth,.

Michael Collins- Terrorist or Freedom Fighter?
The name Michael Collins has very different meanings for different groups of people. For millions of people, he is considered not only a terrorist, but one of the first real terrorists. For millions of others, he is considered a great freedom fighter. The author was called upon to choose a position and support an argument about whether Collins was a terrorist or a freedom fighter. However, the reality is that Collins was both a terrorist and a freedom fighter, and the two roles are not mutually exclusive. Many people who support his position as a freedom fighter reject the terrorist label. Therefore, this paper will focus explaining why the author believes that Collins was a terrorist. There are several facts that support Collins being considered a terrorist. First, Collins developed modern guerrilla warfare, one of the preferred tactics of modern-day terrorists. Initially, he targeted governmental…...

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References

Boot, M. (2011, May 17). The queen visits Michael Collin's Ireland. Retrieved January 9, 2012

from Commentary website:  http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/05/17/queen-elizabeth-visit-reaffirms-anglo-irish-friendship/ 

The Delaware Criminal Justice Council Terrorism Research Page. (2007, March 22). The

history of terrorism: More than 200 years of development. Retrieved January 9, 2012 from The State of Delaware website:  http://cjc.delaware.gov/terrorism/history.shtml

Guests of the Nation
Frank O'Connor's writing frequently deals with the issues of everyday violence which people have to engage in, whether they want to or not. Some people commit crimes because they believe that they have no choice. Other people kill in the name of religion. One of the most universally acceptable reasons for widespread acts of murder is nationalism. Two political factions, if not more, fight against one another in order that their perspective becomes accepted by the other population. For soldiers, particularly those who are members of the lower infantry ranks, they are given orders which must be carried out. If a soldier is told to kill, then he must continue killing until he is given an order to stop. It is a fact that soldiers are ordered to kill other human beings for reasons which may not be clear to them, which they may not even agree…...

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Works Cited

Korner, S. (2008). Frank O'Connor's 'Guests of the Nation.' 21st Century Socialism.

O'Brien, E. (2007). Guests of a nation; geists of a nation. New Hibernia Review. 11(3). 114-30.

O'Connor, F. (1987). Guests of the nation. Poolbeg Press: Dublin, Ireland.

Renner, S. (1990). The theme of hidden powers: fate vs. human responsibility. Studies in Short

He also contends that guerilla warfare is not a tactic that is practiced without discipline or structure. The structure and adherence to rules or laws, as Guevara, suggests, are elements that directly contribute to the efficacy of guerilla warfare as used by terrorist organizations and small countries.
It is often said that guerrilla warfare is primitive. This generalization is dangerously misleading…it can be conducted in any terrain, in any climate, in any weather…Its basic element is man, and man is more complex than any of his machines. (U.S. Navy & Marine Corps, 1989, 13)

This quote comes from the headquarters of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps, two extremely talented branches of the United States military, which is arguably one of the finest militaries in the world. If leaders from these branches of the military have this to say about guerilla warfare as it is used by…...

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References:

Guevara, Ernesto "Che." Guerilla Warfare. 1961.

Irish Republican Army. Green Book, Volumes 1 & 2.

United State Navy, United States Marine Corps. Mao Tse-Tung on Guerilla Warfare. Washington, D.C., 1989.

PIA and the British Government's esponse
The war between the Provisional Irish epublican Army (PIA) and the British State from 1969 to 1998 was a complex situation in which various entities pursued similar and dissimilar aims through various channels (political as well as militaristic/terroristic). Even in the midst of the most violent clashes, secret talks were held between leaders of the PIA and the British State, with the political face of epublican beliefs (Sinn Fein) gaining popular support over the years and to some degree undermining the aims, objectives and capacity of the PIA to operate effectively (O'Brien, 1999; Tonge, 2002). The PIA's strategic effectiveness, however, was also complicated by its own inability to overcome specific problematic features of its own organization -- such as the factors of security and territoriality. Likewise, the British State had enacted a program of using informants and infiltrators to undermine the PIA from within. The…...

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References

Beggan, D. (2009). Understanding Insurgency Violence: A Quantitative Analysis of the Political Violence in Northern Ireland 1969-1999. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32: 705-725.

Bell, J. B. (2008). The Secret Army: The IRA. London: Transaction Publishers.

Bennett, H. (2010). From Direct Rule to Motorman: Adjusting British Military Strategy

for Northern Ireland in 1972. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33: 511-532.

Brendan Behan contributed much to the literary genre, though his literary achievements often are subordinate to his public recognition as a drunk, disorderly and often amusing or entertaining member of society. Many literary critics fail to recognize Behan for the serious contributions he made to writing, instead choosing to focus on the controversy that exists regarding his work ethic and personal habits.
This paper asserts however that Behan used his writing to voice his disagreement with the notion of cultural nationalism that existed during the time he lived in Ireland. Brannigan (2002) supports this notion claiming that Behan's writing in fact allowed him to "articulate dissident" and contributed to the emergence of revisionist and other critiques of nationalism (Brannigan, 2002).

This paper will also delve into the idea that Behan wrote from a strictly humanistic point, attempting to enlighten his audience with amusing anecdotes about human nature, sharing the notion that all…...

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Jasto, K. (2000). "Brendan Behan." [online] October 10, 2004, at http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/behan.htm

Silltoe, A. (1959, August). "Proletarian novelists. Books and Bookmen, 13; from Brannigan, J. (2002). "Belated Behan: Brendan Behan and the cultural politics of memory" Eire-Ireland: A Journal of Irish Studies.

Brendan Behan

This disparity also relates to the opposing ways that the Irish people saw Collins. "The question is how do the Irish view Collins: as the fellow who bombed the British out of Ireland, or as the one who insisted that the bombing he started must stop? Some Irish view both Collins and De Valera as sellouts. Jordan says he means to celebrate Collins "the statesman and, ultimately, man of peace." (Shulgasser B.)
Historically it seems that the actual intentions and motivation of Michael Collins as a human being are not clearly known. The identity of Michael Collins is to a large extent shrouded in myth and contradiction. The director of the film has stated as much.

Even though Collins lived only about 75 years ago, much of the information we have about him is as mysterious as the existence he maintained. I have made choices about certain events based on my…...

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Works Cited

Introduction: a foreword by Neil Jordan. May 29, 2006.  http://michaelcollins.warnerbros.com/cmp/introduction.html 

Michael Collins" directed by Neil Jordan.Warner. 1966.

Mullan D. And Mullin J. Terrorism Defined and Exemplified. 2004. May 29, 2006.  http://www.phoblacht.net/terdefexpjmdm.html 

RELIGIOUS TERRORISM. May 27, 2006. http://faculty.ncwc.edu/TOConnor/429/429lect13.htm

There is a little known revolution being conducted along the French and Spanish borders, where, until just before orld ar II, in 1937, Basque people lived in what was referred to as "Basque Country," perceived by them to be their country (Nunez Astrain, Louis and Stephens, Meic, 1997, p. 1). hile the Basque movement probably is one of the least known and reported on movements, it does occasionally make it to the papers when the level of violence is such that it draws widespread attention.

Basque attaches such importance to his language that he defines himself by his ability to speak it, that is to say, in linguistic terms. He does not refer to himself in terms of race or tribe, or religion, or geographical locality, but exclusively in relationship to his language. In the Basque language, in order to convey that someone is a Basque, one says that he or…...

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Works Cited

 http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97675918 

Astrain, Luis Nunez. The Basques: Their Struggle for Independence. Trans. Meic Stephens. Cardiff, Wales: Welsh Academic Press, 1997. Questia. 18 Apr. 2008  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97675920 .

A www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=76801128

Evans, Martin. The Memory of Resistance: French Opposition to the Algerian War (1954-1962). Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1997. Questia. 18 Apr. 2008  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=76801128 .