Under huge amounts of political pressure, and suffering from cancer, the Shah left Iran on January 16, 1979, and on February 1 Khomeini arrived at the airport in Tehran where an estimated "three million people lined the streets" to welcome the religious leader, DeFronzo continued. Shortly, the Iranian military pledged loyalty to Khomeini
The debate over what form of government would replace the Shah's fascist state did not last very long, as Khomeini selected a group of clergy to form the "Islamic Revolutionary Council" -- overseeing policy until a referendum could be held. In the end, the fundamentalists held sway over the wording of the Islamic constitution, and Khomeini was securely in power (DeFronzo, 321).

That sense of enthusiasm from the revolution that tossed the Shah out of the country continued on November 4, 1979, as over four hundred "young militants stormed the [U.S.] embassy and managed to confiscate quickly many…...

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Works Cited

DeFronzo, James. (2011). Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements. Boulder, CO: Westview

Press.

Although they have failed to put an end to Iran's terrorist acts, U.S. sanctions applied to Iran since the revolution of 1979 have influenced Iran considerably. The main tool of foreign policy that the U.S. has used in the case of Iran has been financial pressure, especially through blocking International Monetary Fund and World ank funding to Iran, which has greatly enhanced the country's debt crisis. Also, the U.S. has managed to weaken Iran's oil infrastructure through discouraging foreign investment in the area. Along with these sanctions, Iran's war with Iraq (1980-1988) and bad political management have generated the country's current crisis, but have also enhanced Iran's hostility towards the U.S. (yman: 12)

ibliography

yman, Daniel. Iran, Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Sep. 2005. Available online at: http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:QrgkpRJE-WsJ:cpass.georgetown.edu/Articles/Dan%27s%2520testimony.pdf+iran+terrorism&hl=ro&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=ro&client=firefox-a

Katzman, Kenneth. Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses. (Updated Nov. 2006). Congressional Research Service. The Library of Congress. Available online at: http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:qma2Qi81f9sJ:www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf+Iran-U.S.+since+1979&hl=ro&ct=clnk&cd=6&gl=ro&client=firefox-a

Sick, Gary. Iran:…...

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Bibliography

Byman, Daniel. Iran, Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Sep. 2005. Available online at: http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:QrgkpRJE-WsJ:cpass.georgetown.edu/Articles/Dan%27s%2520testimony.pdf+iran+terrorism&hl=ro&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=ro&client=firefox-a

Katzman, Kenneth. Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses. (Updated Nov. 2006). Congressional Research Service. The Library of Congress. Available online at: http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:qma2Qi81f9sJ:www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32048.pdf+Iran-U.S.+since+1979&hl=ro&ct=clnk&cd=6&gl=ro&client=firefox-a

Sick, Gary. Iran: Confronting Terrorism. The Washington Quarterly: Autumn 2003. p. 83-98.

Iran and Islamic Fundamentalism
For the past three decades, Iran has developed as an Islamic fundamentalist state that has constantly subdued dissent. While the various leaders have tried to establish secularization of Iran in the recent past, these attempts have always been repressed since they promote dissenting views and liberalize people's lifestyles. The development of Iran as an Islamic fundamentalist state has largely been influenced by Islamic fundamentalism during the Iranian Revolution. Islamic fundamentalism not only played a significant role in the Iranian Revolution but also demonstrated how religion can be utilized as a tool for political mobilization. Islamic fundamentalism was characterized by the use of various strategies by Ayatollah Khomeini, which contributed to overthrow of the then Iranian leadership.

ackground of the Iranian Revolution

The Iranian Revolution, which is commonly known as the Islamic Revolution, is a term that refers to incidents and events that contributed to the overthrow of Mohammad Reza…...

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Bibliography

Benson, Ivor. "Iran: Some Angles on the Islamic Revolution." The Journal of Historical Review,

9, no. 2 (1989): 141-175.

Demirci, Suleyman. "The Iranian Revolution and Shia Islam: The Role of Islam in the Iranian

Revolution." International Journal of History, 5, no.3 (2013): 37-48.

Thus while Khomeini wanted to establish an Islamic Revolution, the hia and the unni viewed his as a man wanting to attain power through the exploitation of the religious disputes between the two. At the same time however, there were strong religious hias that considered the Ayatollah as the divine presence on Earth and they obeyed him. Even so, the religious aspect played a major role in the conflicts that continued to arise between the hia and the unnis.
Finally, in terms of the colonial issues involved, the Revolution set the issue clear related to the possibility of intervention of foreign actors. In this sense, its relations with the Americans negatively changed, while with the rest of the Europeans whey were based on necessity only.

At the moment, there are several opportunities to be taken into account. On the one hand, there is the availability of the Iranian president that should…...

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Sources of the Iranian Revolution, 1979. History of the Middle East Database. (2005), available at http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/sources_of_the_iranian_revolution.php

Richard Hooker. The Iranian Revolution. World Civilizations. (1999), available at http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/SHIA/REV.htm

Graeme Mills. Colonialism, Iran, Oil and War. Ted Thornton. (2006), available from.  http://www.henrythornton.com/article.asp?article_id=3966 

Fatemi, Khosrow. The Iranian Revolution: Its Impact on Economic Relations with the United States. International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 12, No. 3. (Nov., 1980), pp. 303-317

M.M. Salehi. Insurgency through Culture and Religion: The Islamic Revolution of Iran.(Praeger Publishers. New York. 1988).

Subsequently there is a "...hunger for reforms, for more freedom and accommodation with the west." (Asghar a.)

This movement of the progressive youth as well other sectors of the population, such as women, was clearly seen in the 1999 unrest in Iran where mainly university students took to the streets of Tehran in order to express their dissatisfaction with the orthodox regime. There were more than 20,000 students who took part in this protest and the result was a slight reduction on conservatism form the regime.

The present state of affairs Iran shows that there are a number of issues that are in the forefront of the desire for progressive reforms. These include the need for freedom of thought and expression and a reduction of the strict censorship that characterizes government policy. Another issue that is central to the progressive agenda is international relationships. There is a consensus among the progressive youth…...

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References

Asghar a. IRAN BETWEEN LIBERALISM and ORTHODOXY. Retrieved March 11, 2007 at http://www.dawoodi-bohras.com/perspective/iran.htm

Iran's Youth Push Islamic Limits. Retrieved March 14, 2007, at  http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/25/eveningnews/main669223.shtml 

Judah T. Via TV and the net, Iran's youth plot social revolution. Retrieved March 11, 2007 at http://www.hvk.org/articles/0902/46.html

Profile: Mohammad Khatami. Retrieved March 11, 2007, at  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1373476.stm

Iranian Cinema After the evolution
An introduction to Iran:

Iran or Persia as it was previously known was founded more than 4,000 years ago and is thus one of the oldest surviving nations of the world. Iran had been primarily ruled by series of dynasties including such illustrious families as the Achaemenids (500-330 B.C.), the Sassanians (A.D. 226-650), and the Safavides (1500-1722). Iranian dynasties have been synonymous with victories and land acquisition but at the present Iran has s 1,648,195 square kilometers of Middle Eastern territory under its command. It is situated close to former ussia and two former Soviet republics (Azerbaijan and Tajikistan) are its close neighbors. Some other prominent neighbors include the Caspian Sea in the north, Turkey and Iraq in the west, and Afghanistan and Pakistan in the east. And in the south it has the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman as its neighbors. The country is…...

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References

1. Akrami J. ( 1987). "Persian cinema and politics in Iran." In J. DH Downing (Ed.), Film and politics in the Third World . New York: Praeger.

2. Akrami J. (1990). "Feature film in Persia." In Encyclopedia Iranica. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda.

3. Asadi A. & Mehrdad H. (1975). Nagsheh rasaneh-ha dar poshtibani toseaeh farhanghi [The role of media in support of cultural development]. Tehran: Iran Communication and Development Institute.

4. Gaffary F. (1990). "History of cinema in Iran." In Encyclopedia Iranica. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda.

Iranian & Global Nuclear Realism
Iran has made a choice, and that choice is to sustain a global stance of nuclear realism. And it has chosen to do this in no small part because its chief opponents who favor the new school of institutionalism are unable and unwilling to counterpunch. For right now, the major organizations of global collaboration are actually down if not out on the mats of the boxing ring, fearing, in reality, their own revival. If they arise and confront Iran, they would not only bring unwanted attention to a significant and potentially expensive conflict (which they cannot afford), they might also even have to acknowledge that they are able to unleash an entire new level of nuclear manipulation and confusion, one that would engage the destructive capabilities of cyberwarfare -- a potential blow to many elements of deterrence and power.

At this point, however, the match could be…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES

Boucek, C. And Sadjadpour, K. (2011) Rivals -- Iran vs. Saudi Arabia. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved from  http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/09/20/rivals-iran-vs.-saudi-arabia/56t9 .

Hirsch, M. (2008). Iran's Great Game. The Daily Beast. Retrievable from  http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/02/iran-s-great-game.html 

Jonsson, C. And Tallberg, J. (n.d). International Theory and International Relations. Retrievable from  http://www.uni-muenster.de/Politikwissenschaft/Doppeldiplom/docs/IIR.pdf .

Korab-Karpowicz, W. Julian, "Political Realism in International Relations," The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = .

It was this tumultuous political and religious environment that led this second wave of Iranian immigrants to the United States.
Because many of the supporters of the Shah's regime had relatives studying in the U.S. As a result of the first influx of Iranian immigrants, they sought asylum in that manner. Others made their pleas based on political and religious persecution issues. Others still, entered the country on student visas and managed to obtain permanent status later.

Assimilation is difficult for any migrating group, but the Iranians faced severe obstacles in the form of fierce discrimination and outright hatred by many Americans. With Americans being so ethnocentric it is extremely difficult for anyone to come from a different culture and fit in with the majority in the United States. With the prevailing sentiment towards Iranians after the Iranian Hostage Crisis, it was more than difficult, it was virtually impossible. Further, these…...

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References

Bozorhmehr, M. (1998). "From Iranian studies to studies of Iranians in the United States."

Iranian Studies 31(1), 4-30.

Ghaemi, N. (2009, February 2). The psychology of Iranian-American relations. Retrieved December 11, 2011 from Psychology Today website:  http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/mood-swings/200902/the-psychology-iranian-american-relations?page=2 

Gillis, M. (2011). Iranian Americans. Retrieved December 11,2011 from Countries and Their

But the girls can read the text from Lolita's point-of-view. They can appreciate her powerlessness, as they are powerless in the context of a state, held in the force of an oppressive regime even if the book is not explicitly about Iran.
Nafisi defends her choice of European classics because they uphold the integrity of the individual, and the individual was given scant appreciation in Tehran at the time. A pro-Revolutionary Iranian might have suggested an uplifting, dull theological text as appropriate reading for the girls. An anti-Iranian activist might have suggested a political tract against the regime should have been the focus of the group's secret reading.

By stressing that an individual is important outside of politics, and his or her inner life is worthy of creative and varied interpretation, Nafisi states that she was committing the most radical choice of texts of all. This is Nafisi would defend Lolita…...

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Works Cited

Nafisi, Azar. Reading Lolita in Tehran. New York: Random House, 2003.

The already shaky relationship between the Qatar state and Iranian society was further undermined by the Western exploitation of Iranian resources during the second half of the nineteenth century.
From 1918 until 1921 "British subsidies kept the government afloat, and British military and administrative advisers attempted to reorganize Iran's army and to manipulate the various political factions within the country to British advantage" (Cleveland, 185)*. When Britain added insult to injury by offering Iran a loan in exchange for exclusive advisory privileges, anti-imperial demonstrations broke out in several cities. Widespread discontent grew further. The Qatar government was regarded as ineffective and pro-British. A determined military commander finally took action and put a stop to the chaos.

Reza Khan used the political climate to advance from the position of commander and chief of the army in 1921 to that of the shah of Iran in 1925. His election overthrew the Qatar dynasty.…...

The demonstration in Tiananmen Square showed that there were alrge semgnets of the population that wanted change, but Deng's response was to crush the movement with violence and to assert the supremacy ofm centalzied rule once more..
These actions show some of the difficulties of independence and of developing a new political structure when many adhere to older political structures and ideas. One response is to try to wipe out the old with violence, but regimes tend to become reactionary about their own ideas as well and to crush any opposition, real of perceived.

9. Arab unity has not materialized for a number of historical reasons related to the different ways in which the countries of the region have developed so that the leaders of some of the states are wary of other leaders, because of differences in economic structures in the various countries, and because of different reactions to the…...

eptember 11 and the New Emerging International Order America and Europe in the New World Order
This is a paper that outlines the international order in American and Europe in the formation of New World Order. It has 11 sources.

As the War in Iraq takes place, and people hope for a quick end to all conflicts around them there is deep thought continuously being given to the emergence of a new world order. People aren't really sure in which direction military conflicts are going to talk them. Most people are afraid, and they are rightly so, because presently nothing is certain at all.

IT seems on one hand there is a dominant American nationalist move to take control gradually of all the weaker countries that it might be able to exploit. On the other hand it is hardly seems likely that Europe would stand by and watch the Americans do this. The…...

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Sources:

Mcguire, Stryker. And Meyer, Michael. Is This the New World Order? Newsweek International. 2003. http://stacks.msnbc.com/news/882701.asp?cp1=1

The North Atlantic Treaty, 2002  http://www.nato.int/welcome/home.htm# 

Kant, Immanuel. Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch. 1795  http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm 

Power and Weakness by Robert Kagan:  http://www.policyreview.org/JUN02/kagan.html

Gillian Sarofim
Prof. instead The Veil

In Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi uses the veil to represent the changes that occurred as a result of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. In Satrapi's young mind, the veil acts as the only material and symbolic reality aspect of the revolution. The story unfolds with condensing, yet loaded images. Satrapi uses the playful images of young girls as a way of foreshadowing her later thoughts of the changing times in Iran. Satrapi's feelings towards the veil are similarly contrasting. Her upbringing allows her to think freely, yet her surroundings force her to think a certain way about religion. The new Iranian government attempts to use the veil as a representation of modesty, however, Satrapi indicates that the veil truly represents a government's oppression on her people. Looking through a veil, for instance, means that one sees only a limited picture of reality, and one is not seen…...

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Works Cited

Davis, R. "A Graphic Self." Prose Studies 27.3 (2005): 264-79. Print.

Devery, D. "The Rise of Totalitarian Regimes in the 20th Century." May 2008. Maxwell.syr.edu. Web. November 2013. .

Jones, R.A. "Durkheim's Suicide." June 1986. durkheimn.uchicago.edu. Web. November 2013. .

Satrapi, M. Persepolis. New York: Vintage, 2008. Print.

surge of Islamic movements, revolutions and political life in the last fifty years, as well as some of the events of the last ten or fifteen years, culminating with the attack on September 11 and the fight against terrorism, have brought about a legitimate discussion around the causes and effects of political Islam, as well as on the main factors that have influenced it in the last half a century.
The first issue that needs to be taken into consideration is the element of extreme cohesion that the Islamic world has: the Qur'an. According to the Islamic world, the Qur'an is the "literal, hence absolutely true, word of God as revealed to the Prophet Mohammed"

In my opinion, the direct and most important implication, both in terms of internal politics and international relation, is the creation and practice of Islamic law, as one of the three fundamental systems of law (the…...

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Bibliography

1. Kepel, Gilles. JIHAD -- the Trial of Political Islam. The Belknap Press of Harvard Univeristy Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2002. Chapter 3. Page 61.

2. Beinin, Joel; Stork, Joe. On the Modernity, Historical Specificity and International Context of Political Islam. 1998. Page 3.

Beinin, Joel; Stork, Joe. On the Modernity, Historical Specificity and International Context of Political Islam. 1998. Page 3.

Ibid. Page 9

Shi'ism in the World & the Shiite Islamic Sect in Nigeria
Shi'ism in the World

History, Objectives & General Outlook

Shiite Muslims make up the second biggest denomination of Islam, with the biggest numbers being represented by the Sunnis. The Shiite Muslims form about fifteen percent of Muslims. However, they are dominant in the nations of Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq and Bahrain. In addition, Muslims have a plurality in Yemen and Lebanon too (Cave, 2006). These two distinct groups within the Islam community first differed and deviated from each other following the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632. The divide arose from the fact that the followers were not able to come to an agreement as to whether it was right to select bloodline successors or able leaders most capable of following and propagating the tenets of the Muslim faith (Fuller and Francke, 2000).

The Shiite community commenced during the 650s, after the son-in-law of…...

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References

Akhavi, S. (1983). The ideology and praxis of Shi'ism in the Iranian revolution. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 25(02), 195-221.

Campbell, J. (2015). "Massacre" of Shia in Northern Nigeria an Opening for Iran. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 5 January 2016 from:  http://blogs.cfr.org/campbell/2015/12/16/massacre-of-shia-in-northern-nigeria-an-opening-for-iran/ 

Cave, D. (2006). Telling Sunni from Shiite. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 January 2016 from:shttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/s/shiite_muslims/index.html

Center for Security Policy. (2014). Will Sunni-Shia tensions spread to Nigeria? Retrieved 5 January 2016 from:  https://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/2014/11/03/will-sunni-shia-tensions-spread-to-nigeria/