.. because the self, in this logic, becomes social though acquiring and fulfilling an institutional identity" (Dunne, Kurki, and Smith 181).
6.) What does it mean to say that identities and interests are mutually constituted?

One of the central premises postulated by the constructivist theory of international relations is based on the concept of mutual constitution, a term describing a coexistent social relationship between states in which agency, or the element of independent choice, is partially dependent on the decisions of one another (Dunne, Kurki, and Smith 182). The identity of any actor necessarily determines their interests, with nations based on capitalist economies prioritizing the exploitation of natural resources for material gain, and socialist states vesting authority in a central government structure to mitigate scarcity through forcibly equalized distribution. This is not to say that the interests of a state are irrelevant to the international relations process, but simply to observe that…...

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References

Dunne, Tim, Kurki, Milja, and Smith, Steve. International relations theories: discipline and diversity. Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.

d., p.3).
The author holds the position that no one tradition is best-suited in maximizing and advancing Australia's national interests in the international platform not just because all three traditions have their innate strengths but more so because these very same traditions have their innate weaknesses which make us believe that following only one line of foreign policy tradition is all but worry-free.

The Evatt tradition has a widely-known pitfall. It is quite popular in the anti-capitalist discourse that international foreign organizations mainly serve the interests of the Western powerful nations, and Conteh-Morgan (n.d., par. 12) notes, 'Key international institutions (the IMF, World Bank, or WTO), a reflection of international law, are the glue for safeguarding the global politico-economic structure that ensures the dominance of the advanced industrial states (powerful Western states)'. As such, the author of this paper argues that allying with supranational institutions just so Australia can strengthen its clout…...

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References

Apuzzo, Matt & Sullivan, Ellen (2009), Recession, bailout, stimulus: U.S. Security threats? Fox News. viewed 2 August 2009

Coteh-Morgan, Earl (n.d.), International Intervention: Conflict, Economic Dislocation, and the Hegemonic Role of Dominant Actors. The International Journal of Peace Studies.

viewed 4 August 2009

Cotton, James & Ravenhill John eds. Trading on Alliance Security: Australia in World Affairs 2001-2005, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2007.

S. fails to consider the inmates as war prisoners, and does not allow them to defend themselves against the charges brought, is a complete breach of the Geneva Conventions. At the same time, statements such as Donald Rumsfeld's consideration that the prisoners of Afghanistan are unlawful combatants and do not enter the category of prisoners of war is simply a means of establishing a legal niche that would allow the State Department to increase the number of inmates and to limit the degree under which the practices from Guantanamo must face the international law scrutiny.
All these issues taken into account, it can be said that the matter of the legal status of Guantanamo inmates represents a human rights' issue and it must be considered the degree in which this attitude tends to affect the United States. There is in fact no legal justification or interpretation of the Geneva Conventions that…...

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Bibliography

Al Jazeera. U.S. official wants Guantanamo shut. News Americas. 2008.   (accessed 21 March 2008)http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/B2CCA4BE-852E-40B5-92D9-C9C31C467CA5.htm 

Human Rights Watch. U.S.: Geneva Conventions Apply to Guantanamo Detainees. 2002.   (accessed 21 March 2008)http://www.hrw.org/press/2002/01/us011102.htm 

Kissinger. Henry. Diplomacy. London: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

Nye, Joseph. Understanding international conflicts: an introduction to theory and history. New York: Pearson, 2005

International Relations
Over the last several decades, the role of the UN has been constantly evolving. Part of the reason for this is because a host of events would underscore the need for an international institution that could address: the various global, economic and political issues facing the world community. The reason why, is because the 19th century would usher in a new era of technological innovation. This would have a dramatic impact upon, the way various nations would interact with one another. As each country would often engage in actions that would support their own self-interest at the expense of everyone else. This would create rivalries among the major world powers, as every country wanted to be respected. Yet, they felt that they were strong enough militarily and economically to deal with any kind of situation. Over the course of time, these views and the different innovations (from the 19th…...

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Bibliography

Brazil. (2010). UN. Retrieved from:  http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/documents/ga65/Brazil.pdf 

Lebanon. (2010). Martin Frost. Retrieved from: http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/july2006/lebanon1.html

Liberalism. (2010). Free Dictionary. Retrieved from:  http://www.thefreedictionary.com/liberalism 

Liberalism vs. Realism. (2008). Murna Gilbert. Retrieved from:  http://murnagilbert.blogspot.com/2008/07/liberalism-vs.-realism.html

Indeed, NATO is forced to change its attitude towards ussia as the international context is changed dramatically and challenges such as terrorism, Iran, or energy are largely influenced by the ussian state. More precisely, in terms of Iran, ussia has solid influences, as for Afghanistan. As for energy security, ussia is one of the most important players on the market and can thus influence decisively the European energetic security. From this point-of-view, Kupchan suggests that, given history, it is better to have your enemies closer than to isolate them and enable them to eventually strike back.
Topic 2

The prisoner's dilemma is one of the most important game theories applicable to international politics and relations. However, this theory plays differently, depending on the approaches it entangles. In this sense, from the point-of-view of the realist theory, the best choice for the prisoners is to both defect. This is largely due to…...

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References

Guzzini, Stefano.. Realism in international relations and international political economy: the continuing story of a death foretold. London: Routledge,1998.

Kupchan, Charles A. "NATO's final frontier: Why Russia should join the Alliance." Foreign Affairs . May June 2010. Retrieved online from  http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66217/charles-a-kupchan/natos-final-frontier 

Nye, Joseph. Understanding international conflicts: an introduction to theory and history. New York: Pearson, 2005

(Suarez-Orozco & Qin-Hilliard, 2004, p. 62) Nonetheless, even promoting universal primary education can interfere with the profit-making motives of multinationals and global finance. Achieving universal primary education is a double-edged sword. Though highly conducive to future economic development in low-income nations, it is an extremely expensive proposition for the wealthier nations. The World Bank itself revealed in 2002 that the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals of halving poverty would require, not merely enormous financial aid, but also the full cancellation of all debts of impoverished nations. (Buxton, 2004, p. 76)
As in the past, programs aimed at reducing global poverty continue to run up against problems of cost vs. benefits. Globalism essentially demands that small local - and in the case of developing nations - traditional communities must compete against one another to attract investment from abroad. In many ways, this produces a situation similar to that of the…...

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References

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103197944 

Anderson, R.E. (2004). Just Get out of the Way: How Government Can Help Business in Poor Countries. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000836546

Bendle, M.E. (2002). Trajectories of Anti-Globalism. Journal of Sociology, 38(3), 213+.

By the stipulation that a prince ought to surrender his territories if he altered his faith an obstruction was positioned in the manner of an additional increase of the eformation. The announcement that all objections or rejections by whoever declared ought to be unfounded and annulled delivered a rage at the interference of the oman curia in German dealings. The constitutional alterations set down by the treaty had extensive results. The territorial power of the states of the kingdom was documented. They were authorized to convention agreements with one another and with distant authorities; offer that the emperor and the empire experienced no unfairness. Because of this and other alterations the princes of the empire turned into complete royals in their own commands. Both the emperor and the diet were now just a meager silhouette of their previous authority. The emperor could not declare the veto of the empire…...

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References

Cavendish, Richard. (1998). The treaty of Westphalia. History Today, 48(10), p.50.

Cruz, Laura, MacRae, Andrew and Farr, Jason. (2005). Policy Point -- Counterpoint: Is

Westphalia History? International Social Science Review. 80(3/4), p.151-155.

Farr, Jason. (2005). Point: The Westphalia Legacy and the Modern Nation-State. International Social Science Review, 80(3/4), p.156-159.

Instead, they would use the help of various international organizations that they had forged strong alliances with. At which point, many of the changes that the rebels were seeking were implemented. Where, they continue to remain focused on supporting those indigenous organizations that are struggling against the injustices of globalization. This has caused the rebels to offer support to similar anti-globalization causes taking place in: Cuba, olivia and Ecuador.
In this case, the neo-realist approach that was used by Mexican government to negotiate some kind of lasting peace agreement with the rebels, failed. For the PRI, they had to engage in such actions because they did not have popular support. This allowed the rebels to use the media to point out how they are the illegitimate government of the Mexican people. Then, when Fox became President he continued to engage in the same kind of action, the only difference is…...

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Bibliography

Goldstein, J. (2003). International Relations. New York, NY: Longman Corp.

Hart, P (2006). Bitter Harvest. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.

Holloway, J. (1998). Zapatista. Sterling, VA: Pluto Press.

Joseph, G. (2002). The Mexico Reader. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

International elations
Studies and research programs from inter-disciplinarity of sociology have proved that the society is essential to be protected. Social, political, economic and cultural aspects are evidently vital in promoting development and the improvement of life style, which eventually accounts for societal development. From previous projects, the society is a depiction of human life illuminating facets of social life to coax the modern world systems. Various theories have summed up their relationship to the society in terms of ideologies and propositions that assist human beings to understand the society better. eligion, education, family units, economies and their functions, international security, trade and the role of governments are some of the elements that previous projects have assisted in compiling vital aspects of society.

Veto Power and Security

The United Nations arm that deals with international security works under policies decided upon by the members. The UN Security Council consists of five permanent member…...

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References

Al-Suwaidi, A. (1994). Finance of International Trade in the Gulf. New York: BRILL

Bourdieu, P. (2005). The Social Structures of the Economy. New York: Polity.

Fassbender, B. (1998). UN Security Council Reform and the Right of Veto: A Constitutional Perspective. New Jersey: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Ragaini, R. (2011). International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 43rd Session: E. Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture Erice, Italy, 19-24 August 2010. Chicago: World Scientific.

This form of ilsonian idealism has been somewhat tempered by a more contemporary reformulation of idealism, social constructivism. " hile is has shed the normative mantle of idealism, social constructivism does emphasize that social actors act not only according to their selfish interest, as in realism…but also in response to shared values and norms. Social constructivism therefore stresses that the creation of international institutions in general and international organizations in particular, depends on whether there is a consensus over values and norms" such as a desire for peace or regional economic development (Blanke 2008). Social constructivists, more so than normative idealists or both schools of realists, stress the need for regional actors to have an influence on international events, as it is more likely they can achieve such a normative consensus of values.
Discuss the provisions of the ar Powers Act of 1973. hy was the Act enacted? In the…...

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Works Cited

Blanke, Herman J. "Theories of international organization: The realist, institutionalist and idealist school." Working paper 02. International Organizations

Winter 2008/09. April 30, 2009.

 http://www2.uni-erfurt.de/staatsrecht/Lehre/ws0809-download/intorg/wp02_theor_IO.pdf 

"Does Bush Need Congressional Okay to Invade Iraq?" U.S. Government About.com.

International Relations
Morrow, James. "International onflict: Assessing the Democratic Peace and Offense-Defense Theory." Political Science: State of the Discipline. 2002. Edited by IRA Katznelson and Helen Milner, pages 172-196. Also accessible on the web in revised form at http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/seminars/pegroup/morrow.pdf.

In his article "International onflict: Assessing the Democratic Peace and Offense-Defense Theory" the political scientist and author James Morrow posits as his central query why different international actors such as states fight when there are peaceful settlements that both states would ideally prefer, as opposed to entering into a conflict. "onflict is costly in material terms for nations and personal terms for leaders," (Bueno de Mesquita and Siverson, cited by Morrow, 1995). Thus, why do states enter into war?

Morrow begins his article with a theoretical overview of the potential reasons states enter into war, and ends with several specific examples, including the nations involved in World War II. Morrow is particularly interested in…...

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Conflict is costly, but alas, Morrow states, conflict is not the only way nations measure extracted costs. War's costs are unpredictable, of course, but other nation's behavior patterns are unpredictable during negotiations. There may be some predictability in terms of specific interactions between specific nations, based on past behavior, but no national actions can be predicted with unerring accuracy.

First and foremost, Morrow stresses, it is critical to examine variation across and within cases, rather than trying to predict the outcome of individual cases. Ultimately, despite his theoretical construction, Morrow takes a dim view of theoretical predictability given that offensive-defensive theory does not necessarily predict even the conflicts of the past such as World Wars I and II. However, despite the lack of predictability of international actors and resultant war, even from an offensive point-of-view, one of the costs of initiating a crisis is the chance that it will escalate to war. If the parties involved can anticipate the magnitude of that chance, then coercive diplomacy becomes less attractive as the chance it will result in war rises.

Of course, the full effects of all factors on the probability of a crisis and of it escalating the crisis are never certain. (Morrow 2000) Morrow suggests to mitigate potential unpredictability, nations should examine not pre-historical or pre-existing measures of resolve, in other words, the current actions taken during a crisis, rather than pre-crisis balances of capabilities of actions (Morrow citing Fearon 1994b). "Actions taken in a crisis include the effects of private information as revealed by those actions during the crisis, while pre-crisis acts reflect only the observable factors and judgments about the other side's private information." In other words, as a crisis transpires, more is at least seemed to be revealed about the actors in question. Thus the states involved change their strategies accordingly Morrow concludes his article with an overall critique of the supposed universality of offensive-defensive theory, particularly is failure to account for democratic society's better ability to achieve a sense of peace between one another -- a tendency, obviously, not a universal postulate. Still, he states that such a theory as offensive-defensive theory does not explain wars taken for limited ends, merely assuming that wars are undertaken willingly by at least one of the participants though strategic responses to expectations about the likely course of a war may not be as straightforward as the theory assumes. "Offensive advantages may make war less likely in some situations, while defensive advantages increase the risk of war in others." (Morrow, 2002) Ultimately, Morrow ends his article with an optimistic view of democracy's ability to stay in a state of peace, and a dim view of political scientists in the theoretical discipline of international relations to predict strategy where knowledge of other actor's motivations, munitions, and resolve are in constant flux and subject to imperfect data.

Nations play the international finance game, manipulating the institutions that govern the world economy for their own benefit, and that of the corporations that operation within their borders. The problem of China has been particularly acute given the confluence of public and private as represented by its communistic system, and by the People's Republic's willingness to use the floating dollar to its own considerable economic advantage. By having pegged, or near-pegged its currency to the American dollar for so long, China has benefited by seeing its vast numbers of exports to the United States remain eminently affordable despite the dollar's steep slide. The Asian nation remains a magnet for estern companies eager to find cheap sources of manufactured goods and, as with India, a prime location for the outsourcing that many allege is robbing developed economies of even high-skilled jobs. India is particularly noted for its cultivation of high-tech…...

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Works Cited

Friedman, Thomas L. "It's a Flat World After All." New York Times Magazine. 3 April 2003, 34.

Mallaby, Sebastian. "Saving the World Bank: Mission Impossible?" Foreign Affairs 84.3. May 2005.

Rourke, John T. "Financial Regime: The International Monetary Fund." International Politics on the World Stage. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

Sachs, Jeffrey D. "The FP Memo - Urgent: How to Run the International Monetary Fund." Foreign Policy. July-August 2004.

He feels that he last perspective explicitly adopts values that focus on justice and human dignity and strives to shape an emerging order of non-territorial central guidance to serve values associated with humanity as a whole, rather than promote the particular interests of favored religious, ethnic or geographic segments.
Faulk's views of these perspectives are very straightforward and to the point. I think that the last perspective of a global populism based on human solidarity is the best of the four. It is the one that takes into account the fact that the world is becoming more and more global everyday. There is no denying that the world is becoming a smaller place all the time as more companies expand into the global marketplace. Because of this fact there is no longer any room for particular interests based on religion, ethnicity or geography. In order to be successful in the…...

International Relations: Answers to Questions
There are two types of actors in international relations -- state and non-state actors. States are the more important actors of the two; however, their activities are influenced to a significant extent by non-state actors. The term 'non-state actors' collectively refers to those individuals, organizations, groups or movements that have substantial influence over a country's international activities although they are not regarded as state institutions[footnoteRef:1]. They include sub-state actors, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), multinational corporations (MNCs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), political groups that advocate violence (terrorists), and international criminal groups[footnoteRef:2]. These actors serve a number of crucial roles in IR. One of their key goals is to aid a country in opinion-building. The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), for instance, gives advice to member states on how proposed international activities are likely to affect other countries' abilities to enjoy their human rights. On a different note, NGOs…...

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Bibliography

Gentleman, Amelia. "Katya's Story: Trafficked to the UK, Sent Home to Torture," The Guardian, last modified April 19, 2011, accessed December 22, 2014  http://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/apr/19/sex-trafficking-uk-legal-reform 

Joey, Seiya. "The Role of Non-State Actors in International Relations," Academia, accessed December 22, 2014  http://www.academia.edu/5124220/The_Role_of_Non-state_Actors_in_International_Relations 

Mitchell, Allyson. "Terrorism Defined," Beyond Intractability, last modified December 2012, accessed December 23, 2014  http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/terrorism-defined 

Rosert, Elvira, Becker-Jakob Una, Franceschini Giorgio, and Schapper Annette . "Arms Control Norms and Technology," in Norm Dynamics in Multilateral Arms Control: Interests, Conflicts, and Justice, eds. Harald Muller and Carmen Vunderlich, 109-140. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2013.

Finally, Paris introduces the concept of a matrix-based approach designed to include both military and non-military threats to nation states to address the traditional focus of security threats to the entire spectrum of potential threats to nations from external origin, internal conflict, as well as from nonviolent threats of a more chronic nature that affect individuals rather than whole societies.

Applying International Relations and Security Principles to an Imprecise Concept:

Paris is correct in his observation that the concept of human security is an extremely broad notion that comprises individual components of widely varied significance. Likewise, it is true that different approaches to the issue and the definitions offered by various theorists are mutually contradictory and that even within any single framework, subjective application and arbitrary distinctions render any conclusions susceptible to corruption and diversion for the purposes of justifying internal policies and expenditures of public resources as well as international actions…...

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One of the most interesting issues in international relations is the role that nuclear weapons play in the effort to obtain peace.  Many people suggest that nuclear weapons can preserve peace.  The United States was the first country to actively deploy nuclear weapons in an effort to shorten a war by dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. The widespread destruction, which was unlike anything ever experienced in a war up to that point, is often credited with ushering in the end of World War II, at least in the Pacific....

Title: The Impact of Global Wars on Societies: Causes, Consequences, and Lessons

Introduction:
Global wars have shaped world history, leaving indelible imprints on societies and cultures. This essay explores the causes, consequences, and lessons derived from the major global wars in history. By examining significant conflicts such as World War I, World War II, and the Cold War, we gain an understanding of the profound socio-political changes and humanitarian crises resulting from these wars. Utilizing a range of authoritative resources, this essay aims to present a comprehensive examination of global wars and their legacy.

I. Causes of Global Wars
A. Imperialism and Expansionism
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