International Training and Development
International training and management development are amongst the well-known themes of business management structures. The remarkable work of different researchers on the significance and implementation of these theories is used by Multinational Enterprises (MNE's) to some extent. However, MNE's have failed to adopt the entire essence of this theme and only bits and pieces of this culture have been implemented. This paper is a representation of the conjectures on this subject and the way they have been implemented in practical world. Using the existing research work, this paper highlights the difference between the applications and philosophies of this in academic and practical world. No matter how hard one tries to bridge the gap between the two, a crack always increases the distance. International training and management development is an important tool to deal with the side effects of globalization. As companies extend their boundaries outside their homeland,…...

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References

Akanji, T. And Bankole, A. (2007), "International briefing 19: training and development in Nigeria," International Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 222-33.

Ali, G.E. And Magalhaes, R. (2008), "Barriers to implementing e-learning: a Kuwaiti case study," International Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 36-53.

Bartlett, C.A. And Ghoshal, S. (2000), "Going global: lessons for late movers," Harvard Business Review, Vol. 78 No. 2, pp. 132-42.

Bunch, K.J. (2007), "Training failure as a consequence of organizational culture," Human Resource Development Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 142-63.

International Commercial Arbitration
As the limitations among nations reduce, and the intricacy associated with worldwide industrial dealings improves, the organic result created is one which clashes with the increasing standards that are typically enclosed inside the limitations of a single legislation as well as impacts individuals all over the globe. Consequently, the actual events associated with cross-border industrial controversies possess an array of choices for adjudication of the controversies: (1) resort to the courtroom that belongs to them under the standardized legislation; (2) resort to the courtroom of the adversary's legislation; or even (3) resort for an out-of-court discussion board.

The groups that align in the worldwide industrial accords or contracts generally select the 3rd choice that signifies international arbitration, as a way associated with solving their own feasible upcoming controversies because, a minimum of within rule of arbitration, arbitration offers several benefits more than transnational litigation:

(1) A good arbitral tribunal is…...

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References

Allen B. Green & Jamie L. Boucher, (1998). "International Arbitration: The Spike in Mergers Is Prompting U.S. Courts to Compel Corporate Parties Who Have Not Signed Any Arbitration Agreements to Arbitrate International Disputes," N. AT'L L.J. At B4.

Bermann, G.A. (1990). The Use of Anti-Suit Injunctions in International Litigation, 28 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 589-628.

Brower, C.H. II, (1995). "What I Tell You Three Times is True: U.S. Courts and Pre-Award Interim Measures Under the New York Convention," 35 VA.J. INT'L L. 971, 976. Congress passed the Federal Arbitration Act in 1925 to reverse this view. Federal Arbitration Act, § 1-15, 43 Stat. 883, 883-85 (1925) (codified as amended at 9 U.S.C. § 1-16 (1988)).

Buhring-uhle, c., Kirchhoff, l. And Scherer, g. (2006). Arbitration and mediation in international business 17 (Kluwer Law International 2d ed).

International Lending and Financial Crises
There has been remarkable growth in the gross and net external positions and international capital flows in the last two decades. This represents growth of nearly three times among industrialized or developed countries and has led to large effects on the valuation of asset price and exchange rates have also changed considerably with these countries having larger external assets and liabilities. This increase in international capital flows has led to increased interest in understanding the concepts and forces that drive capital flows and their effects on the economy, especially at macro level. Most of what is known about these international capital flows is within risk-free bond trading only. By presenting an analysis of the empirical reasons for the international financial crisis and the role of the International Monetary Fund using what is known about international capital flows, it is possible to understand why these crises are…...

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References

Cecco, M. d. (1974). New Dimensions for International Lending. The World Today, 30(9), 388-393. doi: 10.2307/40394811

Geert Bekaert, Campbell R. Harvey, & Angela Ng. (2005). Market Integration and Contagion. The Journal of Business, 78(1), 39-69. doi: 10.1086/426519

Jain, A.K. (1986). International Lending Patterns of U.S. Commercial Banks. Journal of International Business Studies, 17(3), 73-88. doi: 10.2307/154934

Jun-Koo Kang, & Rene M. Stulz. (2000). Do Banking Shocks Affect Borrowing Firm Performance? An Analysis of the Japanese Experience. The Journal of Business, 73(1), 1-23. doi: 10.1086/209630

International Business Law -- ecognition
International ecognition Law -- ecognition

The number of states in the world map is constantly increasing. In the beginning of 20th century it was fifty five, in the middle it touched the figure of seventy five and by 2005 it soared up to 200 in total (Crawford, 2006). With increase in number of states, the concept of state recognition is also emerging on the international platform, where the states are recognized as an entity or legal authority. The concept has gained much importance by virtue of its consequences. It has been formally defined as a process which enables state governments to face the changes taking place internationally (Grant, 1999). The change can either be creation of new state or change in its internal situations and foreign relations.

The concept of state recognition is emerging in International Law primarily because of producing significant results. Meeting required qualifications is not…...

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References

Brownlie, I. Principles of Public International Law, 7th edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008.

Crawford J. The Creation of States in International Law. Clarendon Press, Oxford 2006.

Grant, T.D. The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT. 1999.

Ramzan, M.B. Redefining the Requirements for the Recognition of New and Independent States. Research Report General Assembly Sixth Committee -- Legal, Accessed on February 26, 2012 from www.muimun.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/GA6_topicA.pdf

Despite offering particular benefits to post-conflict nations, increased levels of help following civil war also comes with negative upshots that entails a rise in fraud and jeopardizing one of the basic objectives of peacekeeping.
Corruption affects the peacebuilding process, institutions and people in a given nation. For instance in Herzegovina and Bosnia, corruption affected the operation of Bosnian judicial institutions (Kahler, 2013). Moreover, the strategy adapted to address fraud in Bosnia that entailed reforming judicial system, dismissal regimes and discipline were not tactical enough but responsive in temperament. The international society claimed that the reforms should be domestically led and owned where resulting rules should echo the accessible cultural and legal paradigms.

United Nations Peacekeeping and Corruption

According to Gold (2005), the United Nations is not a compassionate, but an inefficient world body. Gold asserts that the United Nations has instigated the rise and spread of global chaos. For instance, between 1999…...

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References

Aoi, C., & Thakur, R. (2007). Unintended consequences of peacekeeping operations. New York:

Billon, P. (2008). Corrupting Peace? Peacebuilding and Post-conflict Corruption. International Brysk, a. (2012). From human trafficking to human rights: Reframing contemporary slavery.

Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Press.

Carnahan, M., Durch., Gilmore, S.(2006). Economic impact of peacekeeping. United Nations

International Organizational Structures
Companies engaging in global business ideally adopt business structures/models that give a significant competitive edge over other worldwide companies. Four of the major structures/models employed globally focus on Product, Geographic Area, corporate Functions or specific Customer groups (also known as "verticals"). Research shows that specific business adopt one or more of these models based on corporate circumstances and with varying degrees of success.

Global Product Structure/Model and Example

Global Product Structure configures business divisions along product lines. Allowing each division manager to handle all aspects of production and distribution for his/her division's product, the system also makes the product division manager fully responsible for worldwide success of his/her division's product. Global Product Structure is a commonly used framework because it provides several key advantages, given here in no particular order of importance. First, by controlling all functions of production and distribution for his/her product, the division manager is better able…...

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Works Cited

Accounting CPE. (2012). Functional organizational structure. Retrieved on September 14, 2012 from www.accountingtools.com Web site: http://www.accountingtools.com/functional-org-structure

Ainsworth, R.T., & Shact, A.B. (2011, June 3). Transfer pricing & business restructurings - intangibles synergies and shelters. Retrieved on September 14, 2012 from www.bu.edu Web site: http://www.bu.edu/law/faculty/scholarship/workingpapers/documents/AinsworthR-ShactA060311.pdf

Czinkota, M.R., & Ronkainen, I.A. (2007). International Marketing. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.

Czinkota, M.R., Ronkainen, I.A., & Moffett, M.H. (2008). Fundamentals of international business. Dorset, UK: Wessex Publishing.

International Financial Contagion in Currency Crisis
The authors in the Journal of International Money and Finance argue that market crises seem to spread from one country to another in a kind of "contagion" (Caramazza, et al., 2004). Why does this happen? They wonder first of all what makes one crisis "…spill over to others," and moreover, the factors that might account for the "…temporal clustering of crises" appear to break down into four areas of concern.

First, when a financial glitch occurs in one country -- like the increase in U.S. interest rates in the 1980s, which contributed to the 1994-95 Mexican peso crisis -- it is considered a "common shock" and deserves close observation; secondly, if a country depreciates its currency, that act can negatively impact its trading partners (Caramazza, 53). The third aspect references the fact that investors quickly rid themselves of their assets when a crisis occurs, contributing to…...

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Bibliography

Beja, Edsel. 2007. 'Shaking Up International Development,' Challenge, vol. 50, 57-72.

Caramazza, Francesco, Ricci, Luca, and Salgado, Ranil. 2004. 'International financial contagion in currency,' Journal of International Money and Finance. vol. 23, 51-70.

Castaneda, Gonzalo. 2007. 'Business groups and internal capital markets: the recovery of the Mexican economy in the aftermath of the 1995 crisis,' Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 16, 427-454.

Kanaoka, Masaharu. 2011. 'Have the Lessons Learned From the Asian Financial Crisis Been Applied Effectively in Asian Economies?' International Journal of Economics and Finance, vol. 4.

International Financial Crises and the IMF
Demand failures are a major economic problem, and one that cannot necessarily be addressed by cutting interest rates as once believed. Small economies, such as those known as the Asian "tigers" are not invulnerable to international speculation. They may, in fact, resist cutting their interest rates -- raising them instead in an effort to keep their currencies from collapse. Failed economies financed poor investments with huge debt, and when the markets turned on their currencies -- causing them to plummet -- the foreign debt value grew astronomically causing an enormous number of companies to fail. The International Money Fund quickly identified the source of the crises as deeply structural and requiring fundamental financial reforms. Some pundits argue that the IMF should have focused more on the panic and less on reforms. Indeed, the variable performance of Korea (which rolled over debt) and Malaysia (which imposed…...

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References

Brockmeijer, J., Marston, D., and Ostry, J.D. (Eds.) (2011, March 13 ). Liberalizing capital flows and managing outflows. International Monetary Fund.

____. (2012). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved  http://www.imf.org/external/about.htm 

____. (2011). Getting the Most Out of International Capital Flows (Chapter 6). OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2011/1.

Krugman, P. (2000). The Return of Depression Economics. New York, NY W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

It also creates consumer loyalty thereby ensuring dominance in the international market.
Branding

Branding helps to create consumer attachment to products Myers H., 2004.

Samsung electronics gives more meaning to products and customer through branding its products. Branding according to umelt (1991)

brings in the aspect of trust, loyalty and excellent value to customers. To venture in the international market branding is important for sustainability and survival Finch P., 2004.

It is also an innovative way of improving the customers' experiences in using products and reserving identifying with the products. Branding by Samsung has ensured that customer identification of the products is easy and they can easily accord a value on the product.

Overview of Samsung's Strategy

In choosing its preferred internationalization strategy Samsung electronics deploys emphasis on three major aspects. These aspects give a summary of strategies discussed earlier. They include Adaptation, Aggression, arbitrage (AAA triangle).

Adaptation is concerned with specific market condition where aspects of…...

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References

BARNEY J.B. & HESELY W.S 2008. strategic management and competitive advantage concepts and cases second eds, upper saddle river, pearson prentice-hall.

BAXTER, I. 2007. Workforce Management: The next greatest contributor to increasing retail performance. The European Retail Digest Oxford Institute of Retail Management: Oxford University Press.

FINCH P. 2004. Supply chain risk management, Supply Chain Management. An International Journal,, 33, 23-48.

KUGOT, B. & ZANDER U. 1993., 'Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation',. Journal of International Business Studies, 24, 56-78.

International Marketing
Czinkota urges those he consults for as well as the readers to cultivate awareness about themselves and about their assumptions. Czinkota communicates the reward and the utility of considering ideas outside the realm of established assumptions. A basic assumption that Czinkota asks us to consider is the international marketing industry has not changed or is not changing as rapidly as other industries. His first main argument of the article is that the international marketing industry has made many shifts during the 21st century. He also presents the connections between domestic economic activity and international marketing. Increased awareness is helpful and relevant in any industry. Professionals of any industry should be aware of their assumptions and seek ways to strategize outside of them. His point about the connection between economics and marketing is very interesting. His statement is intuitive and simple, yet innovative. Any economic activity has affects that ripple…...

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References:

Czinkota, M.R. (2011) Why International Marketing? Five Core Benefits Explain Rationale. Marketing Management, 14 -- 15, Retrieved from   2012 March 25.http://michaelczinkota.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/MM-Summer-2011_MICHAEL-R.-CZINKOTA.pdf .

The management layer helped keep all the local leadership in line. Here, the case study states that: entrepreneurship was in the company's DNA. But professional management practice had been needed for the company to deliver increasingly large and complex projects" (Williams & Davis, 2011, p 13). It became more and more important to focus on strategies that would structure the company to efficiently operate, while continuing to foster the creativity that drove it forward in the first place.
There are several ways the company can remain nimble and innovative enough to compete along with constantly emerging technology, despite its maturing organizational structure. The primary importance is a structure which relies on local leadership. Having locally centered power will allow the company to adapt as it needs to in a very diverse global marketplace. Infusion needs to focus on not falling into the trap of old molds, where the international business…...

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References

Calt, Virginia. (2006). A new generation discovers the benefits of giving back. Globe and Mail.

Lord, Michael D., deBethizy, J. Donald, & Wager, Jeffrey D. (2005). Innovation that Fits: Moving Beyond the Fads to Choose the Right Innovation Strategy for Your Business. Prentice Hall.

Oyson, Manuel Jose. (2012). The opportunity-based approach to international entrepreneurship: An integrative approach to small firm internationalization. University of Auckland, New Zealand. Web. http://staff.business.auckland.ac.nz/DesktopModules/StaffProfiles/Publications/8542.pdf

Williams, Christopher & Davis, Melissa. (2011). International entrepreneurship at Infusion. Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation.

International Accounting
The Dupont analysis identifies three key equity value drivers. These are operating efficiency, asset use efficiency, and financial leverage. Operating efficiency is measured by the (net) profit margin, asset use efficiency by total asset turnover and financial leverage by the equity multiplier (Investopedia, 2013). Operating efficiency is clearly one path to healthy returns, because firms with higher margins are more likely to earn profit. They can withstand price shocks in their industries as well, allowing them to earn profit even under adverse circumstances. The total asset turnover represents the degree to which the company's assets contribute to profits. hile the first two are good for the value of the firm as a whole, the equity multiplier reflects how much of the firm is actually owned by the shareholders. Thus, the equity multiplier is critical to the Dupont formula in order to determine how the company's performance drives equity value…...

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Works Cited:

Investopedia. (2013). Definition of DuPont analysis. Investopedia. Retrieved April 10, 2013 from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dupontanalysis.asp 

Douglass, K. (2010). Foreign currency translation under FAS 52. Eisner Amper. Retrieved April 10, 2013 from  http://www.eisneramper.com/Foreign-Currency-Translation-FAS-52.aspx

International Monetary System and Exchange ate Policies
A report/essay: chapter 17, multinational companies. select topic research write: Multinational vs. domestic financial management exchange rates international trade international monetary system exchange rate policies trading foreign exchange european monetary union interest

rate parity/purchasing power parity international capital structures.

The international monetary system and exchange rate policies

International Monetary systems

These are a set of rules and that regulate how international trade and payments are handled. It facilitates the exchange of capital, goods and services among countries. However, this system does not have a physical presence but, it consists of interlacing rules and procedures and is influenced by the market of foreign exchange. An example of an international monetary system is the International monetary fund. These interlacing rules and procedures are referred to as exchange rate Policies.

Exchange rate policies

These are rules that officials of public finance from different nations have developed and put in place and, they modify…...

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References

Eichengreen. (2011). Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System

Goyal, M., Raman, Wang, and Ahmed; . ( 2011). Financial Deepening and International Monetary Stability.

Michael C. Ehrhardt, & Eugene F. Brigham. (2011). Corporate Finance (4th ed.): Cengage.

OECD. (2011). The Effects of Oil Price Hikes on Economic Activity and Inflation.

International Financial Markets and Institutions:
Throughout the globe, today's landscape of international financial market and institutions has continued to experience several changes that require practitioners to examine new models. The need for practitioners to examine new models that are relevant to the state of these markets and institutions has also been necessitated by the recent events that contribute to financial crises, which have been very dramatic. Actually, the recent financial crisis has had significant impacts on the financial institutions and markets resulting in the need for changes. International financial markets and institutions have become an important aspect of economies because they affect daily life. This is primarily because they involve the huge flow of different types of funds in the entire economy that in turn impact the profits of businesses, production of goods and services, and economic well-being of countries. In some cases, the events in these institutions and markets become…...

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References:

Accounting Education (2010), International Capital Market, Accounting Education, viewed 7

June 2012,

Australian Securities Exchange (n.d.), Absolute Return Funds, Australian Securities Exchange,

viewed 7 June 2012,

International HM -- Women on International HM assignments
International HM has gained a lot of importance in the last few years, thanks to globalization and the opening up of many economies. It is more complex than domestic HM and this can be attributed to six factors, namely, the increased number of activities such as taxation, relocation and orientation; need for a broader understanding and perspective of different nations, the higher role of H managers in the personal lives of employees to ensure they are happy and satisfied, dealing with the cultural changes of a diverse workforce, higher risk and extensive influence of factors that are beyond the control of H managers (Dowling, Festing & Engle, 2008).

In the context of such a situation, international assignments have assumed greater importance and more people are traveling to foreign countries as a part of their job. A closer analysis of international assignments would show that…...

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References

Harel, Gedaliahu; Tzafiri, Shay; Baruch, Yehuda. (March 2003). Achieving organizational effectiveness through promotion of women in managerial positions. International Journal of HRM. Vol 14(2). pp 247-263.

Stahl, Gunter; Bjorkman, Ingmar. (2006). Handbook of Research in International Human Resource Management. Cheltenam, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Dowling, Peter; Festing, Marion; Engle. (2008). Allen. International Human Resource Management. London: Thomson Learning.

Harris, Hillary. (2004). Global careers: Work-life issues and adjustment of women international managers. Journal of Management Development. Vol 23(9). pp 818-832.

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An endangered species is a species that is on the brink of extinction.  Species can be endangered in two ways.  First, its habitat could be threatened in a way that makes extinction likely if no change is taken.  Second, the species could have experienced a significant decline in population that is likely to lead to extinction. In the United States, determination of whether a species is endangered is made by either the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or the National Marine Fisheries Service, but designations vary from country-to-country.  Internationally, the International Union for Conservation of Nature makes....