IV-3). Each of these topics represents a crucial part of the larger evacuation plan, because as will be discussed in greater detail below, each single element of the plan influences and affects every other.
All of this information should already be included in the embassy's emergency action plan, but it would likely be supplemented in a noncombatant evacuation plan with information and intelligence available via the Department of Defense and the relevant intelligence agencies and divisions, such as satellite imagery, more in-depth threat assessments, and more recent information regarding security forces and domestic military leadership. This last topic is particularly important, because in many ways the regional commanders of U.S. forces act as a kind of diplomatic corps to the military command of the country in question, so they would likely be able to contribute relevant information to the noncombatant evacuation plan that might not be available through other means.…...

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References

CIA. (2012). CIA worldbook: Republic of congo. Retrieved from website:

 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html 

Department of Defense, (1990). Noncombatant evacuation operations. Retrieved from website:

 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/dod/d302514x.htm

The Church Committee concluded that these activities made the intelligence community a secret government that was illegal, unethical, and improper and did not reflect the people or the nation of America.
Secret intelligence actions were used to disrupt, harass, and destroy domestic law-abiding citizens and groups. At the time, people were spied on with excessive intrusion with the methods being illegal. In addition, the intelligence agencies carried out secret infiltration and surveillance activities of lawful groups, with mail being illegally opened (McCarthy, 2009). The recommendations to establish the FISA court and Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 have failed following the aftermath of 9/11. Current intelligence agencies are once more intractable as they carry out the decisions of the executive branch of government and legislator (McCarthy, 2009). Like intelligence activities under the rule of President Nixon, intelligence agencies have searched, arrested, and detained many legal citizens and groups in the…...

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References

Auerswald, D.P., Campbell, C.C. (2012). Congress and the Politics of National Security. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Best, R.B., Jr. (2011, Dec 16). Director of National Intelligence Statutory Authorities: Status and Proposals. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, 7-5700, RL34231.

Dale, C., Serafino, N.M., & Towell, P. (2008, Dec 16). Organizing the U.S. Government for National Security: Overview of the Interagency Reform Debates. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, 7-5700, RL34455.

Halchin, L.E., & Kaiser, F.M. (2012, May 14). Congressional Oversight of Intelligence: Current Structure and Alternatives. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, 7-5700, RL32525.

The necessity to safeguard intelligence information from parochialism and political pressures will be a strong argument in promoting a centralized and strong capability. This is contrary to leaving decisions that affect critical intelligence related concerns solely to the makers of policy. Centralization of policymaking process faces the politicization risk that stems from the department of DCI. It is only the Congress, the President, and Senior National Security Officials who can assist in protecting against politicization. However, the also do have the potential of politicizing any intelligence. Contrary to business in this scenario, the customer is not always on the right end. Analysis should be decentralized based on concerns that have minimal or no impact on the analysis in question (Halchin & Kaisser, 2010).

American intelligence community can safeguard itself against political pressures by following a competitive analysis regarding controversial issues. Safeguarding from politicization is a fundamental function for the President and…...

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References

Baldino, D. (2010). Democratic oversight of intelligence services. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press.

Halchin L.E. & Kaisser, F. (2010). Congressional Oversight of Intelligence: Current Structure and Alternatives. CRS

Reed, E.D., & Dumper, M. (2012). Civil liberties, national security, and prospects for consensus: Legal, philosophical, and religious perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Salinas, F.A.M., Samuel, K.L.H., & White, N.D. (2012). Counter-Terrorism: International law and practice. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Intelligence
Defining, Identifying and Cultivating Childhood Intelligence

Intelligence is a complex and nuanced subject. Once evaluated under fairly rigid terms using standardized intelligence quotient (IQ) testing, intelligence is now understood in a far more varied and flexible way, with concepts such as emotional intelligence, technical intelligence and artistic intelligence undermining a singular perspective on that which defines the concept. As this subject has widened in its scope, so too have discussions about identifying, cultivating and optimizing intelligence in our children. The discussion here considers some of the implications of the childhood intelligence discussion with specific reference to some of the factors that may or may not impact its development. The aim of this discussion is to produce a meaningful definition for our evolving concept of intelligence.

Of specific importance is a combination of our basic constructs about intelligence with emergent ideas on the subject. Here, the text by Smith et al. (2010) lends…...

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Works Cited:

Der, G. (2006). Effect of breast feeding on intelligence in children: prospective study, sibling pairs analysis, and meta-analysis. BMJ, 333, p. 945.

Dewar, G. (2012). Intelligence in Children: Can We Make Our Kids Smarter? Parenting Science.

Smith, P.K.; Cowie, H. & Blades, M. (2010). Understanding Children's Development. John Wiley & Sons, 5th Edition.

Intelligence Testing
Few concepts in psychology are more hotly debated than the idea of what constitutes human intelligence. The definition of intelligence has become part of current culture wars as well as an area of intense scientific debate. This paper examines one popular theory of intelligence, Howard Gardner's concept of 'multiple intelligences,' which has been proposed as an alternative to the theory of 'general intelligence,' or intelligence as a concept that spans multiple domains of ability.

The theory of multiple intelligences

Few concepts are as contentious and fraught as that of intelligence in modern-day life. Questions of how to measure intelligence is intermeshed with current debates over race and gender, as well as more general concepts of human worth. One of the most popular conceptions of intelligence to emerge in recent years is the theory of multiple intelligences, as advocated by Howard Gardner of Harvard University. However, within the field, this theory is…...

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References

Barnard, L., & Olivarez, A. (2007). Self-estimates of multiple, g factor, and school-valued intelligences. North American Journal of Psychology, 9(3), 501-510. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/197988283?accountid=10901 

Gottfredson, Linda S. (2011) The general intelligence factor. Scientific American. Retrieved:

 http://psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/courses/intelligence/cache/1198gottfred.html 

Helding, L. (2009). Mindful voice: Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Journal of Singing - the Official Journal of the National Association of Teachers of Singing, 66(2),

Intelligence Community
Many divergent global forecasts relating to the Intelligence Community have been fronted where relative harmony dominates market economies and democracies but the use of military force is diminishing among internationally relating nations. This is driven by rising political, military and economic competition along the borders of major culture and civilization, increasing the breakdown of order as states implodes, rogue states arming themselves with unconventional weaponry and competition among multiple great powers akin to post major world wars. The rising global insecurity has force the United States to adopt stringent measures of protecting its citizens. This study has focused on three areas where it can collaborate with other global partners in order to ensure that is security is bolstered. This study further confirms that the U.S. cannot go alone in this battle and the quest of enhancing it intelligence community (Berkowitz, 2010).

Complicating matters of the U.S. intelligence community is the…...

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References

Bean, H. (2011). No more secrets: Open source information and the reshaping of U.S. intelligence. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger.

Sims, J.E. & Gerber, B. (2010). Transforming U.S. intelligence. Georgetown, Washington: D.C.

Berkowitz, P. (2010). The future of American intelligence. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press.

Johnson, L.K. (2012). Bombs, bugs, drugs, and thugs: Intelligence and America's quest for security. New York: New York University Press.

Yaphe compares America's invasion with that of the British experience, at the end of orld ar I. According to Yaphe, he parallels between the two are remarkable, showing how Iraq's ethno diverse territory gives rise to violence and cruelty against others. hat Yaphe saw was a common course of political division that was present in both Britain 1917 incursion in Iraq, as well as in America's 2003 invasion. The different religious interests within the nation compounded the sectarian split. The three political groups, Kurds, Shia and Sunni, each had a claim on the wealth of Iraq, and the formerly empowered Sunni did not give up their power easily.

Yaphe is a senior research fellow for the Institute of National Strategy Studies at the National Defense University, in ashington DC, as well as works with the Department of Defense, and therefore is a solid government source for academic knowledge. Her study is…...

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Works Cited

Betts, R. (2004). The New Politics of Intelligence: Will Reforms Work This Time? Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 3 (May -- June, 2004), 2-8.

Byman, D. (2006). Friends like These: Counterinsurgency and the War on Terrorism. International Security, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Autumn, 2006), 79-115.

Hegghammer, T. (2010). The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters. International Security, 35(3), 53-94.

Klein, M. (2007). Hamas in Power. Middle East Journal, Vol. 61, No. 3 (Summer, 2007), 442-459.

Intelligence
hen most people think the concept of "intelligence," they think of how "smart" an individual might be. Typically associated with academic success, many imagine that intelligence has a lot to do with how well one did (or did not do) in school, and later, by how much money one can make in its exercise. However, as many people know, there are many different kinds of intelligence -- from the "book smart" to the "street smart," from practical knowledge and common sense (both work-related and social), to the heights of technical or scientific learning. Thus, in my conceptualization of the "perfect" definition of intelligence, I imaging a melding of the "types," a kind of sum total of the common and social sense, combined with the ability to grasp complex logical, mathematical and spatial concepts.

However, even in my perfect definition, one must ask, but what of the "other" realms of human experience…...

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Works Cited

Gardner, H. (1982). Art, Mind and Brain. New York: Basic Books.

Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind. New York: Basic Books.

IIDB. (2002). "Intelligence Tests: Personal Experiences." Web site. Retrieved on April 25, 2005, from,  http://www.iidb.org/vbb/showthread.php?t=37342 

Karney, Kat. (2002). "Blanks' life not letter perfect." CNN Online. 26 Nov. Retrieved from Web site on April 25, 2005, from,  http://edition.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/09/26/hln.bio.billy.blanks/

The U.S. realized how devastating that could be, but yet the country still had enough power to work with the U.S.S.. And Cuba to reach an agreement (Frankel, 2005). If it were not for intelligence that indicated that those bases were being built, the U.S. might not have known what was taking place there and the missiles could have been fired, which would have destroyed much of the United States.

Who knows, at that point, what would have happened to the world? Much of the intelligence that was provided to the U.S. during that time came from people and organizations that were already in place because of the Cold War (Frankel, 2005). Had they not been there, things might have gone much differently, so the Cold War was a vital part of the intelligence that was provided during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The Cold War - Its ole in Cuban Intelligence

Whether the…...

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References

Diez Acosta, T. (2002). October 1962: The 'Missile' Crisis as Seen From Cuba; Pathfinder Press, New York.

Dobbs, M. (2008). One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War; Alfred a. Knopf, New York.

Faria, M.A., (2002). Cuba in Revolution -- "Escape from a Lost Paradise. Hacienda Publishing, Macon, Georgia.

Frankel, M. (2005). High Noon in the Cold War; Ballantine Books, 2004; Presidio Press (reprint).

The report mentions that almost 3-4% of the keys could not be resolved. Thereby, it can be argued here that great advantages were gained when Americans decoded Japanese conversation
2. Radio Traffic Unit

There is a naval intelligence installed at the Pearl Harbor was using the radio traffic unit and it was working to find out and analyze the location of Japanese ships. In this case, the Japanese messages could not be decoded by the Americans. When Japanese ships started to settle in, the radio units could not follow the tracks of these ships.

3. American ambassador in Tokyo

Ambassador Grew was one of the most important sources of information. ut the information obtained in this case was only related to the state of mind and ideology of the Japanese people and the level of hostility that the Japanese have against the Americans

Methodology and Research Strategy

In order to learn if the failure of…...

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Bibliography

Bradley, N. John., Bradley, H. John., Buell, B. Thomas., and Dice, W. Jack. The Second World War: Asia and the Pacific, West Point Military History Series, Volume 2 of the Second World War, Square One Publishers, Inc., 2002.

Colonel Hughes-Wilson, John. Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover-Ups: New Revised Edition. Constable & Robinson Ltd., 2012.

Garthoff, F. Douglas. Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the U.S. Intelligence Community. Potomac Books, Inc., 2007.

Grolier, M.S. Perspectives on Intelligence. Nova Publishers, 2002.

Many scholars have signified that timely availability of both creative and financial resources leads to effective problem solving. Many scholars have given a great deal of emphasis to the creative aspect of counterterrorism policy making. They assert that policy makers have got to get inside the heads of the terrorists to figure out what they plan to do, what their ideology is and how they are going to execute their plans of hurting American interests. Jacobson (2006) provided seven dimensions of creativity, which are as follows:
Imagination;

Spontaneity;

Self-confidence;

esourcefulness;

Enthusiasm; and Independence.

He asserts that the policy makers should not create rigid process that on one hand discourages independent and on the spot decision making and on the other makes their intelligence gathering efforts into a routine. Instead, he asserts the policy makers should encourage:

Open and friendly to creative thought

Free of disapproval and favorable to out-of-the-box thinking.

Support from the top management to execute policies

Several…...

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References

Higgie, D. (2005). Combating Terrorism: Dell Higgie Surveys the International Counter-Terrorism Scene. New Zealand International Review. 30: 1.

Donohue, L.K. (2006). Anglo-American Privacy and Surveillance. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 96: 3.

Anderson, K. (2006). Law and Terror. Policy Review, 139.

Donohue, L, K,. (2006). Anglo-American Privacy and Surveillance. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 96: 3.

Unfortunately, some in the intelligence community fear that this level of cooperation will ultimately dissolve as the memory of September 11 dulls over time. hether or not this fear proves to be the case, for the moment the intelligence community in the United States has recognized that they must re-prioritize their position on terrorism and take action to facilitate interagency cooperation, especially with the law enforcement agencies that will have to act on the intelligence that they are gathering.
This alteration in the structure of the intelligence community because of new analytic and operational needs has altered the mission and capabilities of the intelligence community as a whole. In theory, the greater coordination between intelligence agencies and with law enforcement agencies should make the intelligence community more effective in preventing further terrorist attacks. However, the combination of law enforcement and intelligence has significantly threatened the civil liberties of U.S. citizens…...

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Works Cited

Martin, Kate. "Intelligence, Terrorism and Civil Liberties." Human Rights Magazine. Winter 2002. 15 Oct. 2007  http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/winter02/martin.htm .

The Terrorist Threat to the U.S. Homeland." National Intelligence Estimate. Director of National Intelligence. 17 July 2007. 15 Oct. 2007  http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/20070717_release.pdf .

Intelligence in Older Adulthood
Psychologists describe two basic types of intelligence: Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. The idea that intelligence is static -- that it is a fundamental personal attribute that is immutable long ago fell out of disfavor with scientists. Current research suggests that fluid intelligence does begin to lessen in the over the life span, with adolescence being the watershed years. Crystallized intelligence, however, can continue to increase throughout the lifespan. The concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence were proposed by aymond Cattell, who later worked with John Horn to further develop the theory. What is now known as the Cattell-Horn theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence proposes that various abilities interact with a synergy that generates what is known as overall individual intelligence.

Fluid intelligence. The ability to problem-solve and reason abstractly independent of prior learning, experience, and education or training is considered to be fluid intelligence. Fluid intelligence…...

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References

Belsky, J. (1999). The Psychology of Aging: Theory, Research, and Interventions (3rd ed).

Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks Cole Publishing.

Cherry, K. (2011). Fluid and crystallized intelligence, Psychology, About.com. Retrieved  http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/a/fluid-crystal.htm 

Horn, J.L. And Cattell, R.B. (1967). Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence, Acta Psychologists, 26, 107-129.

If these people had been given a fully rounded education, that is, I believe the skills in areas in which they are "lacking" would be greatly improved. This does not mean that every math prodigy could also be an award winning poet, as I believe there are different aptitudes for different subjects and areas of learning, but I believe that anyone with high intelligence in one area could also demonstrate at least average if not above average skills in other areas, as well. Critical thinking is a function that serves people well in many different areas of learning, and I believe that it is a sign of the general intelligence factor and can be used to increase aptitude in many areas.
Based on the intelligence scores provided, I would expect the child that took this test to have difficulties recognizing and manipulating patterns, due to the low scores on verbal…...

The questions seen on the test prove to be inventive and good quality (Brown YEA). Although the goal of the test is not to reflect an entire curriculum, it aims at "focus[ing] deliberately on skills and conceptual strategies of knowing rather than upon the content of the knowledge," (Brown YEA). Thus, the Bristol Tests aim to gauge a student's capabilities of knowledge and methodologies of storing and retaining that knowledge, rather than particular elements of a curriculum study. Tests depend on the grade of the student taking it, and were designed with psychological, pedagogical, and curriculum concepts at hand (Brown YEA). Two forms of the test, Form a and B, are given at different durations of the school year to help track the changing abilities of the student from the beginning of the school year to the end. The two versions of these tests then prove to have significantly…...

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References

Brown, F.G. (YEAR). Bristol achievement tests. EBSCO Publishing.. Retrieved January

Fehriinger, Heather M. (2004). Contributions and limitations of Cattell's sixteen

Personality factor model. Personality Research. Retrieved January 23, 2009 at  http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/fehringer.html .

Hiltonsmith, Robert W. (YEAR). MIDAS: the multiple intelligences development assessment scales [revised]. EBSCO Publishing.. Retrieved January 21, 2009.

....

One of the reasons that Frederick Douglass was an effective anti-slavery advocate was because he was a powerful speaker and writer who mastered rhetorical tools and was able to use them to convey the realities of slavery to people who had either never experienced or had experienced slavery from the perspective of the slaveholder, rather than the perspective of the slave. 

Douglass uses simile, comparing most slaves’ knowledge of their birthdays to what a horse would know of its birthday.  Given that slaves were often compared to beasts of burden; this may not seem like a rhetorical device....

Genre theory refers to the use of familiar themes and ideas as a way of signaling to the audience what to expect from a work of fiction. Genre theory can be used in various types of fiction and is often discussed when talking about both literature and movies. Genre theory can provide a good springboard for analysis of a particular work, because works can exemplify genres, deviate from genres, or even flip genres completely upside down.  As fictional works have developed, genres have become more specific.  Genres were initially very broad, both....

In order to give good title suggestions for a primate behavior assignment, we would ideally like a little more information.  Is your assignment about primates in the wild or primates in captivity?  Which primates are being studies?  Are you looking primarily at monkeys or apes?  Are you including studies of humans in your primate assignment?  Are you looking at primate intelligence and comparing it to non-primates or looking at it from an evolutionary perspective?  Will your assignment look at what is currently the case or speculate on the results if primates continue....