After September 11th, President ush authorized the use of water boarding, as a way to gain knowledge of terrorist groups and their activities. The problem is that many of the civil rights-based groups believe that this is in violation of American law. When the people, who are interrogated (terrorists), are not American citizens and they want to do as much harm to the country as possible. Given the fact that these individuals, are more than likely hard core terrorists and posses knowledge about imminent terrorist activities, meant that the this technique would be utilized to obtain information. Even though this was successful and was used on limited number of people, the press and Congress continued to debate the issue. (Froomkin, 2010) This is troubling, because it undermines the activities of U.S. intelligence officials (who are trying to protect the nation). As they are inserted into a game of political…...

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Bibliography

Congressional Reports. (2004). Go Access to Congress. Retrieved from: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/intel_reform.html

Five Bombshells from Wiki Leaks Iraq War Documents. (2010). Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from:  http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/1022/Five-bombshells-from-WikiLeaks-Iraq-war-documents/Details-of-torture-and-abuse 

Key Provisions. (2004). CNN. Retrieved from: http://articles.cnn.com/2004-12-08/politics/intelligence.key.facts_1_civil-liberties-board-intelligence-reform-bill-number-of-detention-beds?_s=PM:ALLPOLITICS

Overall U.S. Intelligence Budget Tops $80 Billion. (2010). LA Times. Retrieved from:  http://articles.latimes.com/2010/oct/28/nation/la-na-intel-budget-20101029

This would create a reactionary agency which, rather than gathering intelligence to the extension of its security, would approach what would come to be known as the 'containment theory,' using whatever resources and tactics were at its disposal to deflect against the spread of communism.
At its time, the 1947 Act would be seen as projecting considerable vision. As one conservative think-tank reports on this idea, "until fairly recently, CIA considered its appropriate time horizon to be fairly long. It was, I believe, generally longer than the focus of either the Defense Intelligence Agency or the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR). The Directorate of Intelligence made forecasts in some areas that went out 20 years, and collectors and analysts tried to anticipate events 'over the horizon' -- situations policymakers did not then know they were likely to be worrying about in the future. CIA did this because…...

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Works Cited:

Answers. (2009). United States Intelligence, History. Answers Corp. Online at  http://www.answers.com/topic/united-states-intelligence-history 

Bush, G.W. (2002). The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. The White House.

Federation of American Scientists (FAS). (2008). A Framework for Reform of the U.S. Intelligence Community. Federation of American Scientists. Online at  http://www.fas.org/irp/gentry/chapter2.html 

Johnson, L.K. (2007). Strategic Intelligence. Greenwood Publishing Group.

Intelligence Community (IC) is the biggest and most multifaceted institution of its kind, consisting of sixteen semi-independent agencies with dissimilar, sometimes corresponding, spheres of accountability. Generally, it has demonstrated problematic to institute integrated direction over the IC. Ensuing major terrorist attacks like that of September 11, 2001, comprehensive intelligence restructurings were sanctioned, including legislature to authorize chief leadership by founding a Director of National Intelligence. Notwithstanding these modifications, opposition to central management still affects the IC to this day. The disaster in structural reform is poorly comprehended, as the literature does not intellectualize intelligence agencies predominantly as organizations.
The methodology recommended herein examines the progressive paths of agencies, which irradiates the organizational factors moving reform. Employing the structure of Historical Institutionalism in the new setting of intelligence agencies aids in explaining the difficulties seen in reform, posed by established interests and governmental cultures, damaging the realistic likelihood of centralized control over…...

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References

Caswell Jr., Kenneth L. 'Establishment Of The National Maritime Intelligence Center: Understanding The Foundations Of Trust To Support A Collaborative Environment In Homeland Security' (2010).

Healy, Thomas F. 'Fighting Tomorrow's Fire Today: Leveraging Intelligence For Scenario-Based Exercise Design' (2014).

Pope, Robert S. 'Interagency Task Forces: The Right Tools For the Job' (2011).

Intel Organization
Pfeffer & Salanick (1978) proposed many important ideas in their examination of management theory's incorporation of external elements and controls. While the information contained in this reading are useful in some manner, their perspective remains incomplete and one sided in many ways. While it is true that the external controls and exchanges between organizations have a direct and almost obvious impact on the cumulative results, the author's ignore the requirement for balance and reason within the total concept of control.

While federal intelligence agencies such as the CIA certain would benefit from taking the authors' recommendations when they wrote " the key to organizational survival is the ability to acquire and maintain resources, " (p.2), it still feels that something even more important is left out. The CIA can and does acquire incredibly large amounts of data and information, or resources, however a point of diminishing returns awaits if the…...

Human interaction provides a roadmap of how we think and process information. The human brain is bipolar with one side, being more feminine, incorporates the emotional and subjective types of data, where the left brain models the scenario and attempts to gather, dissect and disseminate that information for a better purpose. This modeling process can be very helpful in the military intelligence community to help organizations reach better conclusions and hence plan and operate in a more direct and impactful way.
The business world in its attempts to seek and gain a competitive advantage in many different ways and forms provides useful modeling techniques that can be used in any industry or scenario. elating these business models to the intelligence community requires a strong understanding of the words and phrases used within these models. Once a common language has been established, and all key terms are understood, the models can…...

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References

Businessballs.com (nd). Business Process Modeling. Viewed 2 Nov 2013. Retrieved from  http://www.businessballs.com/business-process-modelling.htm 

Grabo, Cynthia M. (2004) Anticipating surprise: Analysis for strategic warning. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. (ISBN: 9780761829522, download your copy from ( )http://www.ndic.edu/press/5671.htm

Williams, D. (2013). What a Fighter Pilot Knows About Business: The OODA Loop. Forbes, 19 Feb 2013. Retrieved from  http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidkwilliams/2013/02/19/what-a-fighter-pilot-knows-about-business-the-ooda-loop/

Homeland Security Intelligence
With the advent of new technologies, human lifestyle is improving and people have found better ways to achieve their goals. The impact of technology is found at national level and many security threats are emerged. Keeping in view the possibility of increased security challenges in the time to come, there is serious need to revise the security policies and bring them all together under information communication strategy so that reporting chain and effective control can be determined.

Policy Memorandum of Homeland Security Intelligence

Homeland Security is the matter of national integrity and must be catered for as the utmost priority of government officials and policy makers. The implementing authorities should align their practices with the objective of protecting national integrity and give the feedback to policy makers if there is any issue of concern.

It can be argued that the establishment of a country consists of high officials who are experts,…...

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References

Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland. 2006. "The Future of Intelligence Analysis." Accessed February 28, 2013.  http://www.cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/future_intel_analysis_final_report1.pdf 

Information Sharing Governance Board. 2008. "Information Sharing Strategy." Accessed February 28, 2013. http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/dhs_information_sharing_strategy.pdf

NWC. 2006. "Homeland Security and Law Enforcement." Accessed February 28, 2013. http://faculty.ncwc.edu/TOConnor/427/427lect05.htm

United States Intelligence Community. 2008. "Information Sharing Strategy." Accessed February 28, 2013.  http://www.fas.org/irp/dni/iss.pdf

U.S. intelligence community is always expected to perform its duties according to some specified guidelines. This study examines the three themes found in the Pfeffer and Salancik book, "The External Control of Organizations," as applied to the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC). The paper reveals how the themes are applicable to the IC and their potential benefits to the IC. It is evident that the identified have proven to be useful to the community, as it has enabled it to adapt to the changing paradigms within the intelligence community.
The themes

First theme: the importance of the environment or the social context of organizations for understanding what decisions were made about issues ranging from whom to hire, the composition of boards of directors, and what alliances and mergers to seek.

From this theme, the leading obstacle in the realization of accountability in the U.S. intelligence community is the prerequisite of secrecy across agencies. Historically,…...

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References

Banner, D.K., & Gagne?, T.E. (2006). Designing effective organizations: Traditional & transformational views. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publ.

Dobbin, F., & Schoonhoven, C.B. (2010). Organizational studies: The Stanford School 1970-2000. Bingley: Emerald.

Donaldson, L. (2010). American anti-management theories of organization: A critique of paradigm proliferation. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Hatch, M.J. (2011). Organizations: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

EOGANIZATION OF THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY
The eorganization, Challenges, and Problems of the U.S. Intelligence Community 9/11 Attacks

The proposal to restructure the intelligence community through the creation of DNI was floated for long before 9/11. The Commission's recommended for National Counterterrorism Center that represented virtual approaches of bridging executive branch departments and implementing interagency coordination. Later, Congress enacted a bill, and the president signed Intelligence eform and Terrorism Prevention Act that led to the implementation of the recommendations. This study analyzes the rationale behind and legal provisions concerning the reorganization. The associated problems and challenges are also identified.

First, the reforms aimed at equipping the U.S. intelligence community with strategies to prevent Intelligence failures. The debate within the abilities of the DNI to induce preventative intelligence failures that focus on powers awarded and denied to such official capacities. Psychological failures happen as analysts cope with inherent uncertainties of evidence while imposing their…...

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References

Katherine, M.B., Darmer, R.M., & Rosenbaum, S.E. (2004). Civil Liberties vs. National Security in a Post9/11 World. Amherst NY: Prometheus Books.

Nacos, B.L. (2012). Terrorism and Counterterrorism. New York: Longman/Pearson

U.S. Intelligence Community
The nature of the work that is conducted by the U.S. intelligence community conditions some of the challenges it faces. The processes of gathering, analyzing, and disseminating intelligence locate members of the intelligence community in situations and relationships that, if not unique to the community, are certainly lodestones to controversy. The discussion will primarily track challenges that are related to improvements of the "intelligence product" and the building or rebuilding of "relationships with important external constituencies."[footnoteRef:1] The purpose of the paper is to increase the saliency of challenges that are fundamental to the business of the intelligent community, and that endure because they are, indeed, endemic. A review of extant documents and scholarly articles will support this author's discussion and conclusions. [1: "Making Intelligence Smarter: The Future of U.S. Intelligence." 1996. [Report of an Independent Task Forces] http://fas.org/irp/cfr.html]

Section II: Three Challenges Confronting the U.S. Intelligence Community

(a) Challenge…...

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Bibliography.

Johnson, Lock K. Handbook of Intelligence Studies. (2006, December 24).

"Making Intelligence Smarter: The Future of U.S. Intelligence." 1996. [Report of an Independent Task Forces]  http://fas.org/irp/cfr.html 

Galdorisi, George. Global Trends 2030. Defense Media Network: Faircount Media Group, last modified 2014.  http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/series/global-trends-2030/ 

Gross, Michael Joseph. Enter the Cyber-dragon. National Security. Vanity Fair, September 2011).

Analyzing terrorist organizations, know terrorists, suspected terrorists, and their activities have helped in many of these successes, but there are certainly more out there, plotting new threats and waiting for the right time. I do not think that anyone one country or group, no matter how many tools they have, can completely control terrorism, it simply is not possible. Learning more about these groups and how they operate, and analyzing their activities via technology, informants, and any other means can help alleviate many terrorist activities, but I do not think they can ever be completely controlled or eliminated, no matter how much analysis and study is completed or created. I believe we will continue to develop new ways to analyze terrorist activity and data, and new ways to uncover terrorist cells and plots, but I do not think analysis alone will ever eliminate the threat of terror.
eferences

Editors. "PCI Services"…...

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References

Editors. "PCI Services" Precision Computer Intelligence. 2007. 15 Nov. 2007. http://www.pciusa.us/Svc_Training.aspx

By 1945, the OSS was abolished and by 1947 the National Security Act had completely transferred the task of espionage and intelligence from military to civilian hands ("United States Intelligence"). This transfer set the stage for the successes and failures of the U.S. intelligence community during the early Cold ar. It meant that U.S. intelligence was much more greatly coordinated and more aggressively implemented during that period to some apparent success. But it also meant that these new civilian agencies did not have the legacy of experience with espionage that existed within the military intelligence community. The end result was a higher degree of coordination during the early Cold ar, which improved the level of intelligence and communication and helped create the U.S.'s first true intelligence community.

orks Cited

United States Intelligence, History." Espionage Information: Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. 2007. 4 Oct. 2007 http://www.espionageinfo.com/Ul-Vo/United-States-Intelligence-History.html....

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Works Cited

United States Intelligence, History." Espionage Information: Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. 2007. 4 Oct. 2007  http://www.espionageinfo.com/Ul-Vo/United-States-Intelligence-History.html .

Community outreach and counterterrorism with efforts towards exploitable weaknesses.
Community Outreach and Terrorism

International and domestic terrorism have reached levels previously believed to be impossible. hether fueled by profits they get from trafficking drugs or whether they are fueled by religious ideologies, a series of communities express particular interest in wanting to get actively involved in performing activities characteristic to terrorist organizations. Many governments have the tendency to focus on fighting them directly and fail to understand the significance of addressing factors that influence these people to take up arms against the system. Focusing on underlying concepts encouraging individuals to become terrorists is likely to destabilize terrorist institutions and to make it increasingly difficult for them to recruit people.

Background

The intelligence community in the contemporary society plays an important role in detecting terrorist threats and in making it less likely for individuals to engage in terrorist acts. Even with this, terrorists themselves are…...

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Works cited:

Coolsaet, R. (2011). "Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American Experiences." Ashgate Publishing.

Johnson, J.A. Ledlow, G.R., & Cwiek, M. (2005)."Community Preparedness and Response to Terrorism: Communication and the media." Greenwood Publishing Group.

Nikbay, O. & Hancerli, S. (2007). "Understanding and Responding to the Terrorism Phenomenon: A Multi-Dimensional Perspective." IOS Press.

Spalek, B. (2012). "Counter-Terrorism: Community-Based Approaches to Preventing Terror Crime." Palgrave Macmillan.

This flexibility gave U.S. intelligence agencies an advantage over their Soviet counterparts, who were unable to demonstrate a similar capacity for rapid and effective responses to the circumstances of the crisis ("Intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis"). Finally, and most surprisingly, the U.S. intelligence community retained a remarkable ability to take actions that were not heavily influenced by the political climate of the nation. Rather than being influenced by the political platforms of politicians, the intelligence community focused on the matter at hand, to great effect ("Intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis"). These three factors were most influential in the successful actions of the U.S. intelligence community during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
orks Cited

Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis." The atson Institute for International Studies. 1998. 15 Oct. 2007 http://www.watsoninstitute.org/pub_detail.cfm?id=139.

Intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis." Everything2. 23 Feb. 2006. 15 Oct. 2007 http://everything2.com/index.pl-node_id=17884497....

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Works Cited

Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis." The Watson Institute for International Studies. 1998. 15 Oct. 2007 http://www.watsoninstitute.org/pub_detail.cfm?id=139.

Intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis." Everything2. 23 Feb. 2006. 15 Oct. 2007  http://everything2.com/index.pl-node_id=17884497 .

"
It was also a pivotal tool in discovering the ussian nuclear missile sites that sparked the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. The U.S. also gained spy satellites in 1960, and combined with the U-2 and other tools, American technological superiority began to assert itself. The spy satellites were a direct result of rocketry experimentation during and after World War II, and many German rocket scientists transplanted to America helped create the rockets that would launch the satellites. The scope of the intelligence operations was growing, and so were the technological advances that helped the agencies grow and learn more every day.

There are many who believe that factors such as the Cold War may help develop new agencies, but they have little to do with how the agencies evolve. Author Zegat continues, "The truth is that international factors such as the onset of the Cold War may catalyze the development of…...

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References

Andres, Christopher. For the President's Eyes Only. (New York: HarperPerennial), 1996.

Bamford, James. Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency from the Cold War Through the Dawn of a New Century. New York: Doubleday, 2001.

Painter, David S. The Cold War: An International History. London: Routledge, 1999.

Powers, Thomas. Intelligence Wars: American Secret History from Hitler to al-Qaeda. New York: New York Review Books, 2002.

hile some in the intelligence community may have resented the intrusion of Congress and calls for transparency, the investigations and oversight gave the CIA and the intelligence community a stronger moral footing in the U.S. democracy (DeYoung and Pincus). In a nation in which freedom and open-ness are core values, the continuance of an intelligence community that operates outside of those bounds and values is ethically unacceptable. The long-term health of the intelligence community in the nation was predicated on those Congressional investigations of the 1970s, which successfully infused the U.S. intelligence community with some degree of a "conscience."
orks Cited

DeYoung, Karen and Pincus, alter. "CIA Releases Files on Past Misdeeds." ashington Post 27 June 2007. 15 Oct. 2007 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/26/AR2007062600861.html.

Van agenen, James S. "A Review of Congressional Oversight." Central Intelligence Agency. 14 Apr. 2007. 15 Oct. 2007 https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/97unclass/wagenen.html....

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Works Cited

DeYoung, Karen and Pincus, Walter. "CIA Releases Files on Past Misdeeds." Washington Post 27 June 2007. 15 Oct. 2007  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/26/AR2007062600861.html .

Van Wagenen, James S. "A Review of Congressional Oversight." Central Intelligence Agency. 14 Apr. 2007. 15 Oct. 2007  https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/97unclass/wagenen.html .