Sometimes, it is even necessary to carry out certain clandestine operations like deceptions, clandestine collection of information, covert actions, and also the carrying out of the exercise of distributing disinformation or misleading information, which would mislead the suspected threat.
The United States Intelligence Community is, as stated earlier, made up a number of different agencies. The Central Intelligence Agency is one of these. Also known popularly as the CIA, this agency was created in the year 1947, when President Truman signed the National Security Act. The Act stated that the Director of Central Intelligence would be responsible for coordinating the intelligence activities of the entire nation, and that they would also correlate and evaluate as well as disseminate all the pertinent information that would probably be a threat to the national security of the United States of America. Today, the Director of Central Intelligence is Porter J. Goss, who serves…...

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References

Air Intelligence Agency, History Perspective. Retrieved at on 1 January, 2005http://aia.lackland.af.mil/homepages/ho/index.cfmAccessed

Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved at   Accessed on 1 January, 2005http://www.cia.gov/cia/information/info.html .

Conley, Richard S. The War on Terrorism and homeland security:

Presidential and Congressional Challenges. Retrieved at   Accessed on 1 January, 2005http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:ER6Cox2uKcYJ:web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rconley/ .

BITISH COUNTE-INTELLIGENCE SUCCESSFUL AGAINST LEFT AND IGHT WING SUBVESION DUING THE 1930S?
The period between the two World Wars was a time of acute confrontations between various national intelligence and counterintelligence agencies especially in Europe. The extent to which such agencies managed to address the challenges to the benefit of their own national government is a subject of debate to this day among analysts and experts. An important case in study is the role of intelligence and in particular counterintelligence in the UK during the inter-wars period. This research assesses the degree to which MI5 and MI6 succeeded in deterring and countering the left and right wing threats coming from the Continent. Given the tumultuous historical context and the level of development of the information gathering techniques, British counterintelligence managed to deter most Soviet, Nazi, and Fascist influences during the respective period. However, taking into account the events that took…...

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Reference list

Barros, A and T. Talbot. 2009. "Debating British Decision making toward Nazi Germany in the 1930s." International Security. Volume 34, Number 1, pp. 173-198.

Cohen, Paul (1986) "The police, the home office and surveillance of the British Union of fascists." Intelligence and National Security, 1:3, 416-434.

Security System. 2014. What is the difference between MI5 and MI6?. Available at  https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/about-us/faqs-about-mi5/what-is-the-difference-between-mi5-and-mi6.html 

Special Intelligence Service MI6. 2014. Our history. Available at  https://www.sis.gov.uk/our-history.html

Corrections/Police
Collaboration Among Intelligence Agencies and Law Enforcement Agencies

Collaboration occurs when two or more individuals, agencies, or other forms of organizations commence a mutually beneficial relationship toward a shared goal. Collaboration includes a shared determination or will to reach a goal or achieve an objective in many ways such as sharing knowledge/information, sharing resources, combining resources and staff in innovative manners, as well as by constructing and maintaining a consensus. Construction and maintaining a consensus during collaborative efforts keeps every party involved on the same page; there is no one body that retains more knowledge than another or at least all parties involved have the same general sense of the situation or activity. Collaboration is an activity that requires effort in of itself. Collaboration by nature must be two-way or else it is not collaboration, but simply the execution of hierarchy.

Law Enforcement is not a profession or discipline where collaboration is…...

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References:

AFCEA Intelligence Committee. 2007. The Need to Share: The U.S. Intelligence Community and Law Enforcement. AFCEA International, 1 -- 12.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2011. FBI Information Sharing Report 2011.

United States Department of Justice. 2006. Fusion Center Guidelines -- Executive Summary. . Available from www.it.ojp.gov.

United States Department of Justice -- Bureau of Justice Assistance. 2005. Intelligence-Led Policing: The New Intelligence Architecture. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs, 1 -- 49.

The trouble with this is that employees often assume that their email conversations are personal in nature, and therefore fail to find out whether in fact this is actually the case. In general, "They tend to believe that their e-mails are private because they communicate outside the network or because their e-mail accounts are protected by a password. These misconceptions lull many employees into a false sense of security."
The result is that intelligence officers often relay information through emails which is sensitive, personal, or contrary to information that they provided their superiors. This, of course, may be grounds for termination in certain circumstances. The important fact is that emails should not be regarded as strictly personal in nature when send within the workplace. However, it should be the agency's responsibility to inform all intelligence officers of their emailing policies. If no strict policies are stated, each individual employee should…...

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Works Cited

Nusraty, Tim and John Pascua. 2006. "E-Mail Privacy in the Workplace." Georgia State University. Available:

http://gsulaw.gsu.edu/lawand/papers/fa99/nusraty_pascua/.

Persson, Anders J. And Sven Ove Hansson. 2003. "Privacy at Work Ethical Criteria." Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 42, iss. 1.

Nusraty, Tim and John Pascua. 2006. "E-Mail Privacy in the Workplace." Georgia State University. Available:

At present, Al-Qaeda is known to finance its terror operations through drug-trafficking. "[the New York Times reported] that 'militants linked to Al Qaeda also established connections with Bosnian organized crime figures. The officials said Al Qaeda and the Taliban found a route for the trafficking of heroin from Afghanistan into Europe through the Balkans.'... In other words, the CIA knew that Al-Qaeda was involved in heroin-trafficking, but (as is so often the case with big-time drug-traffickers) was not widely sharing it...Bin Laden's network now uses the drug connections which Bin Laden developed with his friend, the former CIA protege Gulbuddin Hekmatyar" during the Soviet occupation (Scott 2007)
The CIA did not merely turn a blind eye to the drug backgrounds of organized criminals, spies, and rebel factions. Even while it condemned the use of LSD by the American counterculture, it used the drug in its own experiments, often without the…...

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Works Cited

CIA Director Stansfield Turner's Testimony." 1977 Senate Hearings on MKULTRA. Retrieved 10 Sept 2008.  http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/history/e1950/mkultra/Hearing05.htm 

Cockburn, Alexander & Jeffrey St. Clair. (1999). Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press. New York: Verso.

McCoy, Alfred. (2003). The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade. New York: Lawrence Hill Books.

A tangled web: A history of CIA complicity in drug international trafficking." (7 May 1998).

Introduction/Synopsis Big Data is driving virtually every industry in today’s Digital Age, including, among all others, the work of the Intelligence community. From human intelligence (HUMINT) to open source intelligence (OSINT), “strategic intelligence as a professional discipline and force multiplier” has evolved from centering on “qualitative subject-matter content analyzed by human specialists” to leveraging “the increasingly massive collection and machine analysis of quantifiable, if not necessarily quantitative, data.”[footnoteRef:2] However, as Richard Best, Specialist in National Defense, Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade Division, testified before Congress in 2006, OSINT, which is primarily derived from old and new media publications, including social media, lacks a systematic manner in which such data can be incorporated into or used to supplement classified information.[footnoteRef:3] As Best notes, “a consensus now exists that OSINT must be systematically collected and should constitute an essential component of analytical products.”[footnoteRef:4] The main challenge is that among the community itself, a…...

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References

Best, Richard. Open Source Intelligence (OSINT): Issues for Congress. Washington, DC, 2007.

Lim, Kevjn. \\"Big data and strategic intelligence.\\" Intelligence and National Security 31, no. 4 (2016): 619-635.

Lowenthal, Mark M., and Robert M. Clark, eds. The five disciplines of intelligence collection. Sage, 2015.

Zegart, Amy B. \\"September 11 and the adaptation failure of US intelligence agencies.\\"  International Security 29, no. 4 (2005): 78-111.

Zegart and Stephen D. Krasner, eds. “Pragmatic Engagement amidst Global Uncertainty: Three Major Challenges,” Hoover Institution, 2015.

Domestic Intelligence Agency
The Necessity of Establishing a New Domestic Intelligence Agency

In response to a call for a new Domestic Intelligence Agency, the FI National Press Office released a statement in 2006 that indicated the strides the ureau had made in "becoming" an "intelligence-driven organization" since 9/11.

The letter's intent was to show the illogicality of those wishing to "tear apart the ureau" in order to "start a new agency." As Assistant Director of the FI, John Miller asked, "How long would it take this new agency to get rolling? A year? Two? What would it use for a database? How would it address privacy and civil liberties? How long would it take the officers of this new agency to develop trusting relationships with America's 18,000 local law enforcement agencies?"

Miller's questions were both pertinent and revealing of precisely what a successful Domestic Intelligence Agency would require. Even the RAND Corporation in 2008,…...

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Bibliography

Burch, James. "A Domestic Intelligence Agency for the United States? A Comparative

Analysis of Domestic Intelligence Agencies and Their Implications for Homeland Security, Homeland Security Affairs 3, No. 2 (June 2007).

CNN. "U.S. policymakers mull creation of domestic intelligence agency, CNN.com, Oct

20, 2008,   / (accessed July 8, 2013).http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/20/domestic.intelligence.agency 

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), its creation and the different roles it plays. The duties of the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) are also highlighted in the paper. The paper also highlights the Intelligence eform Act of 2004 and the amendments that were made after the date of enactment. Lastly, the paper discusses the major components of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the roles played by them in order to guarantee the efficient running of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA is an independent agency, whose functions are not disrupted by the United States government without any necessity. This agency is dedicated towards providing national security intelligence to the senior policy makers of the United States of America. ("CIA vision, mission," 2013)

The Central Intelligence Agency, (CIA), is responsible for collecting and analyzing information in relation to the plans and strategies of the enemies of the…...

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References

About CIA. (2013, January 10). Retrieved from  https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/index.html 

Canon, D. (1980). Intelligence and ethics: the CIA's covert operations. The Journal of Libertarian Studies, 4(2), 198-199. Retrieved from  http://mises.org/journals/jls/4_2/4_2_6.pdf 

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), (2003). National strategy for combating terrorism. Retrieved from Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) website:  https://www.cia.gov/news-information/cia-the-war-on-terrorism/Counter_Terrorism_Strategy.pdf 

Cia.gov (2009). Components of the CIA -- Central Intelligence Agency. [online] Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/additional-publications/the-work-of-a-nation/cia-director-and-principles/components-of-the-cia.html.

Central Intelligence Agency
The civilian intelligence agency of United States has given the name of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The fundamental objective of this agency is to collect, assess and publicize foreign intelligence that provides national security intelligence assessment to the senior United States policy makers. The CIA is also involved in secret agenda at the request of President of United States.[footnoteRef:1]The establishment of CIA was in succession of the Office of Strategic Service (OSS) being operative in World War II. [1: Caroline Wilbert. "How the CIA Works." Available from http://people.howstuffworks.com/cia.htm; accessed Aug 3rd 2011]

On the government side CIA works fundamentally with the House Permanent select Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. These two committees and the Foreign Relations, Foreign Affairs and Armed Services committee are responsible to authorize the CIA's program and oversee the CIA. The funding and budgeting system of the CIA programs, staffing…...

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Bibliography

Wilbert, Caroline,: How the CIA works," Available at   Internet; accessed 3rd August 2011http://people.howstuffworks.com/cia.htm .

Kent, Sherman, "Kent Centers Occasional Papers 2004." Available at   Internet, accessed 3rd August 2011https://www.cia.gov/library/kent-center-occasional-papers/pdf/OPV3No1.pdf .

Hennessey, Kathleen, "Petraeus Confirmed as CIA Director." American Forces Press Service, Department of Defense (2011-07-01) Available at.   Internet; access, 3rd August 2011http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=64540 .

Mazzetti, Mark "C.I.A. Tells of Changes for Its Internal Inquiries." New York Times, (February 2, 2008). Available at   Internet; accessed, 3rd Aug 2011http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/02/washington/02intel.html .

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was founded in1947 out of the Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, and its purpose was to act as a civilian foreign intelligence agency that dealt with threats to American interests abroad. hile initially born at the onset of the Cold ar era in which espionage and the threat of nuclear war was high, the CIA has developed over the years to be something more than its initial mandate set out. By participating in various black operations geared towards effecting regime change, the CIA quickly became known as a cloak and dagger agency very much in the tradition of the OSS.
The organizational structure of the CIA is situated in five directorates, all of which help to coordinate intelligence: the Directorate of Digital Innovation, of Analysis, of Operations, of Support, and of Science and Technology. The Director of the CIA oversees all of these directorates and reports…...

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Works Cited

Tyler, Patrick. A World of Trouble: The White House and the Middle East. NY: Farrar,

Straus and Giroux, 2010. Print.

Weiner, Tim. Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. NY: Anchor Books, 2008.

Print.

"
It was also a pivotal tool in discovering the ussian nuclear missile sites that sparked the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. The U.S. also gained spy satellites in 1960, and combined with the U-2 and other tools, American technological superiority began to assert itself. The spy satellites were a direct result of rocketry experimentation during and after World War II, and many German rocket scientists transplanted to America helped create the rockets that would launch the satellites. The scope of the intelligence operations was growing, and so were the technological advances that helped the agencies grow and learn more every day.

There are many who believe that factors such as the Cold War may help develop new agencies, but they have little to do with how the agencies evolve. Author Zegat continues, "The truth is that international factors such as the onset of the Cold War may catalyze the development of…...

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References

Andres, Christopher. For the President's Eyes Only. (New York: HarperPerennial), 1996.

Bamford, James. Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency from the Cold War Through the Dawn of a New Century. New York: Doubleday, 2001.

Painter, David S. The Cold War: An International History. London: Routledge, 1999.

Powers, Thomas. Intelligence Wars: American Secret History from Hitler to al-Qaeda. New York: New York Review Books, 2002.

Franks (along with the Bush war cabinet, including Vice President Dick Chaney) "met repeatedly" to plan the attack on Iraq. It was groupthink through and through. At the same time Bush was saying publicly he was "pursuing a diplomatic solution" (Hamilton, 2004), "intensive war planning" was going on during the whole year 2002. It "created its own momentum" in the administration, Hamilton wrote.
In oodward's book, which was recognized as conveying authentic details about the Bush war planning and strategies, he covers much of the pre-war discussions Bush had with top members of his administration, along with decisions Bush made on his own and with help from people like his Foreign Policy Advisor, Condoleezza Rice. But according to an excerpt from oodward's book, Bush waited until the last minute (among his top staff) to brief Secretary of State Colin Powell, who had not been an advocate of going to war,…...

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Works Cited

Bar-Joseph, Uri, and Levy, Jack S. 2009, 'Conscious Action and Intelligence Failure', Political Science Quarterly, vol. 124, no. 3, pp. 461-489.

Bar-Joseph, Uri. 1995, Intelligence Intervention in the Politics of Democratic States: The United States, Israel, and Britain. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania.

Gentry, John a. 2008, 'Intelligence Failure Reframed', Political Science Quarterly, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 247-260.

Hamilton, William. 2004. 'Bush Began to Plan War Three Months After 9/11.' Washington Post, April 17, 2004, p. A01.

Intelligence Unit Memo
Police Chief I.B. Friendly

Incorporating Intelligence Unit into Department

In modern law enforcement, the sophistication of modern criminal activity, particularly post-September 11th, causes a necessary paradigm shift for 21st century police departments. This shift requires that departments rethink the power of information -- the manner in which it is collected, analyzed, and then used to fulfill the goals of the department. In fact, in 2007, the National Strategy for Information Sharing released by the hite House describes the need for fusion information centers as a vital way to succeed in modern law enforcement and critical to the safety of the local community as well as the nation (Porter, 2008).

Historical Background - Prior to 1960, even large, urban Police Departments did not have intelligence units. Resources were combined so that Detectives were at the hierarchy of information analysis; and every member of the department was open to gleaning information. Information was…...

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Works Cited

Corrections - Report of the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. (1973, March). Retrieved from ncjrs.gov:  http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=10865 

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2011, June). Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System. Retrieved from FRI.gov:

This flexibility gave U.S. intelligence agencies an advantage over their Soviet counterparts, who were unable to demonstrate a similar capacity for rapid and effective responses to the circumstances of the crisis ("Intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis"). Finally, and most surprisingly, the U.S. intelligence community retained a remarkable ability to take actions that were not heavily influenced by the political climate of the nation. Rather than being influenced by the political platforms of politicians, the intelligence community focused on the matter at hand, to great effect ("Intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis"). These three factors were most influential in the successful actions of the U.S. intelligence community during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
orks Cited

Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis." The atson Institute for International Studies. 1998. 15 Oct. 2007 http://www.watsoninstitute.org/pub_detail.cfm?id=139.

Intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis." Everything2. 23 Feb. 2006. 15 Oct. 2007 http://everything2.com/index.pl-node_id=17884497....

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Works Cited

Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis." The Watson Institute for International Studies. 1998. 15 Oct. 2007 http://www.watsoninstitute.org/pub_detail.cfm?id=139.

Intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis." Everything2. 23 Feb. 2006. 15 Oct. 2007  http://everything2.com/index.pl-node_id=17884497 .

By 1945, the OSS was abolished and by 1947 the National Security Act had completely transferred the task of espionage and intelligence from military to civilian hands ("United States Intelligence"). This transfer set the stage for the successes and failures of the U.S. intelligence community during the early Cold ar. It meant that U.S. intelligence was much more greatly coordinated and more aggressively implemented during that period to some apparent success. But it also meant that these new civilian agencies did not have the legacy of experience with espionage that existed within the military intelligence community. The end result was a higher degree of coordination during the early Cold ar, which improved the level of intelligence and communication and helped create the U.S.'s first true intelligence community.

orks Cited

United States Intelligence, History." Espionage Information: Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. 2007. 4 Oct. 2007 http://www.espionageinfo.com/Ul-Vo/United-States-Intelligence-History.html....

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Works Cited

United States Intelligence, History." Espionage Information: Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. 2007. 4 Oct. 2007  http://www.espionageinfo.com/Ul-Vo/United-States-Intelligence-History.html .

1. Internet and digital communication: The use of advanced encryption techniques and secure messaging platforms have made it harder for authorities to monitor and intercept communication between spies and their handlers.

2. Satellite imagery: High-resolution satellite imaging technology allows spy agencies to monitor and gather intelligence from remote locations without the need for physical surveillance on the ground.

3. Biometric recognition: The use of biometric technology, such as facial recognition and fingerprint scanning, has made it easier for spies to disguise their identities and avoid detection.

4. Cyber espionage: The use of malware, hacking and other cyber weapons allow spies to infiltrate computer....

Technological Advancements and their Impact on Espionage

In the realm of espionage, technological advancements have revolutionized intelligence gathering and counterintelligence operations, making it both more sophisticated and more challenging to detect. The following are some key technological developments that have transformed the espionage landscape:

1. Cyber-espionage:

The rise of the internet and digital communications has created a vast new domain for espionage. Cyber-attacks, hacking, and malware allow intelligence agencies to remotely infiltrate target systems, access sensitive information, and disrupt operations.

2. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs):

UAVs, commonly known as drones, provide a covert means of surveillance and reconnaissance. Their ability to fly autonomously at high....