nic.in/ibi/t02/i6/ibit02i6p379.pdf)."
Fewer injections.

Flexible eating and schedule.

Match insulin doses precisely to need.

Correct the Dawn Phenomenon.

Less hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia unawareness.

Reduces insulin quickly for exercise.

Provide better health through better control (http://www.diabetesnet.com/diabetes_technology/insulin-pumps-advanced.html)."

Problems ith Pumps

hile the insulin pump has many advantages, it is not immune to problems. One of its basic problems "is the potential alteration of the administered insulin by motion, contact with pump surfaces and changes in temperature. Insulin forms aggregated macromolecules that have reduced insulin activity and tend to precipitate in the catheter, causing obstruction. Insulin must be buffered and treated with additives to increase viscosity, thereby improving it physical stability (http://medind.nic.in/ibi/t02/i6/ibit02i6p379.pdf).

The pump has another problem, especially prevalent in the initial models, which is "encapsulation by the dense fibrous tissue of the implant. Early versions were plagued by problems with fluid leakage into the system, short battery life, insulin blockage of the pump or catheter and tissue blockage of the peritoneal catheters and…...

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Works Cited

Bode, Bruce W., MD. William V. Tamborlane, MD and Paul C. Davidson, MD. "Insulin pump therapy in the 21st century. Postgraduate Medicine, Vol. 111. No. 5. May 2002 (accessed 20 January, 2005).  http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2002/05_02/bode3.htm ).

Blake, Donna. The Evolution of Insulin Pumps. (accessed 20 January, 2005).  http://www.nfb.org/vod/vsum0001.htm ).

Diabetes and Endocrinology Ask the Expert. The Insulin Pump in Infants and Young

Children. Medscape Diabetes and Endocrinology. 16 October, 2003. (accessed (20 January, 2005).  http://www.insulin-pumpers.org/faq/askexpert01.shtml ).

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Insulin Analogs
Oral Insulin Analogs and Gestational Diabetes

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Insulin Analogs during Pregnancy

The promise of better glycemic control and patient treatment compliance is offered by oral insulin analogs (Lee-Parritz, 2012). In the United States and Europe, the most common insulin analogs used to treat pregnant women are the sulphonylureas glyburide and glibenclamide, and the biguanide metformin (Nicholson and Baptiste-oberts, 2011). Most studies examining the efficacy and safety of insulin analogs have relied on gestational diabetes patients, therefore there has been little data generated using type II pregestational diabetes patients. However, Lee-Parritz (2012) assumes the successful use of these drugs in patients with gestational diabetes should not deter physicians from turning to these drugs when treating pregestational diabetes.

A recent meta-analysis of six randomized, controlled studies, having a combined subject pool of 1388 patients, compared insulin to oral insulin analogs (glyburide and metformin) in terms…...

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References

Dhulkotia, Jaya Saxena, Ola, Bolarinde, Fraser, Robert, and Farrell, Tom. (2010). Oral hypoglycemic agents vs. insulin in the management of gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 203, 457.e1-457.e9.

Lee-Parritz, Aviva. (2012). New technologies for the management of pregestational diabetes mellitus. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 67(3), 167-175.

Nicholson, Wanda and Baptiste-Roberts, Kesha. (2011). Oral hypoglycaemic agents during pregnancy: The evidence for effectiveness and safety. Best Practice & Research Clinical obstetrics and Gynaecology, 25, 51-63.

Diabetes is a major global health concern. Besides the commonly understood lifestyle implications, it is important to understand certain populations' propensity or vulnerability to these diseases in order to more effectively combat them. Obesity, which often starts at childhood and can be dictated genetically through triggers, often leads to insulin rejection, which if left unchecked can lead to full-blown diabetes. Once diabetes becomes visible in an individual, the care and maintenance of that person's health becomes much more difficult. If the genetic, environmental, and behavioral warning signs are heeded, these conditions are much less likely to affect the populations who may be most vulnerable. Certain triggers, both genetic and environmental have been identified in mice that suggest every human has an equal lot in understanding their risk factors for these conditions and mitigating these risks as best as possible. If these triggers and environmental factors are caught and reversed early,…...

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References

Bacquer, Olivier; Emmanuel Petroulakis, Sabina Paglialunga, Francis Poulin, Denis Richard,

Katherine Cianflone, and Nahum Sonenberg. "Elevated sensitivity to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice lacking 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2." Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 111, No. 2, February, 2007. pp. 387-396.

Lewis a. Barness, Lewis a.; John M. Opitz, and Enid Gilbert-Barness. "Obesity: Genetic, molecular, and environmental aspects." American Journal of Medical Genetics Part a. Vol. 143A, No. 24, December, 2007. pp. 3016 -- 3034.

Jhingan, Ashok. Diet and Diabetes. New Dheli: Concept Publishing, 2005.

Endocrinology
AMAZING HORMONES

Counterbalance of Sugar and Fat Content between Insulin and Glucagon

Physical survival depends on the sustained availability and use of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate or ATP from sufficient levels of a substance, called glucose (owen, 2001). The use of energy depends on the varying levels of activity. Hence, the amount of glucose needed for activity likewise varies each day. Too much or too little glucose is damaging to the body, hence the need for some system to regulate the availability of glucose. It must be present at the precise time and amount that it is needed in order to maintain what is called glucose homeostasis. Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain internal stability and balance through the coordinated responses of body parts to stimuli or conditions (owen).

Insulin and Glucagon

The regulation of glucose availability begins with the pancreas, primarily by its production of the two…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Biomed (2002). Insulin/glucagons. Brown University. Retrieved on November 25, 2013

from http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/B1108/B1108_2002_Groups/pancstems/stemcell/insulin_glucagon.htm

Bowen, R.A. (2001). Hormones, receptors and control systems. University of Colorado.

Retrieved on November 25, 2013 from http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/basics/index.html

Endocrinology
It is generally assumed that iron stores increase during menopausal transition (Kim et al. 2012). However, no longitudinal studies have been conducted to ascertain this. Some women undergoing menopause experience increased insulin resistance and other cardiovascular conditions, which are not attributable to changes in adiposity or sex hormones. Iron is known to be a strong pro-oxidant, which catalyzes reactions tending to raise oxidative stress. This, in turn, is a risk factor for insulin resistance. Increased measures of iron during menopause may then contribute to insulin resistance at this period (Kim et al.).

In response, the Study of Women's Health across the Nation or SWAN was designed and conducted to determine and investigate biologic and sociologic changes during and after menopause (Kim et al. 2012). The researchers measured several iron markers at pre-menopause and post-menopause to find out if 1) iron measures increase from pre-menopause to post-menopause longitudinally; 2) there are an…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kim, Catherine, et al. 2012. Changes in iron measures over menopause and associations with insulin resistance. Vol 21 # 8 Journal of Women's Health: 872-877

Type 1 Diabetes
Diabetes has been among the illnesses that need rigid and proper attention to maintain the normal condition of the patient's body. Among the stages and types of diabetes, type 1 diabetes is the illness type that usually hits both the young and adults. This disease is preventable though. However, if the health condition of the patient with type 1 diabetes is not properly managed, the risk to serious complications such as heart ailments, damage in kidney and nerve, blindness, and many others, is high.

In any kind of illnesses, it is essential that one acquire enough information to prevent from getting or developing a disease. In view of this, in relation to type 1 diabetes, this paper finds it important to discuss the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes. This paper aims to provide useful information on the following.

History of Type 1 Diabetes

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

Treatments to Type 1…...

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Bibliography

2002). Clinical practice recommendations: 2002. Diabetes Care.

American Diabetes Association. 25, 21.

Ackinson, M.A., Wilson, S.B. (2002). Fatal Attraction: Chemokines and Type 1 Diabetes.

The Journal of Clinical Investigation, (110)11, 1611.

Nursing
Discussion #1 Diabetes (either type 1 or type 2) can cause many problems for the patient when the disease is uncontrolled. Please choose one of the problems associated with diabetes and describe what happens to the body to cause the problem. Examine what causes the problem in the patient with diabetes and create a teaching strategy for a patient who is at risk for the problem. Include the types of Insulin in your post, Lantis, Lispro, egular and Intermediate acting and illustrate how evidence-based practice can improve outcomes. Justify your answers and cite your references.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas such that it produces only a little or no insulin. Accounting for 5 to 10% of diabetes in the U.S., the disease occurs primarily in children and young adults. Prior to the discovery of insulin in 1921, everyone with type…...

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References

Drugs & Medications - Singulair Oral. WebMed. Retrieved  http://www.webmd.com/drugs/mono-8277-MONTELUKAST+-+ORAL.aspx?drugid=6485&drugname=Singulair+Oral 

Why Is This Medicine Prescribed? Med Line Plus. Retrieved   [Type text]http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a600014.html#side-effects 

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in the U.S.
The development of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in the U.S. And developing countries

Type 2 diabetes was known previously as non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Unlike an individual with type 1 diabetes, a person with type 2 diabetic issues continues to produce insulin, but the individual's body fails to respond to it in a normal manner. Glucose cannot penetrate the cells and supply the required energy (it has been commonly referred to as insulin resistance). Eventually, the blood sugar levels rise and make the pancreas produce additional blood vessels insulin. In the end, the pancreas wears out because of overworking to generate surplus insulin and eventually becomes unable to generate adequate insulin to keep blood vessels sugar levels normal. Individuals with insulin resistance may or may not develop type 2 diabetic issues (Atta-ur-ahman, eitz & Choudhary, 2010). This is independent of the pancreas' ability to generate adequate insulin…...

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References

Atta-ur-Rahman, Reitz, A.B., & Choudhary, M.I. (2010). Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry Volume 1. Sharjah: Bentham Science Publishers.

Ginsburg, G.S., & Willard, H.F. (2013). Genomic and personalized medicine. London: Academic.

Kalhan, S.C., Prentice, A. & Yajnik, C.S. (2009). Emerging societies: Coexistence of childhood malnutrition and obesity. Basel, Switzerland: Karger.

Kumar, D. (2012). Genomics and health in the developing world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

However, advancements in pharmacogenetics promises new and better ways of managing diabetes. Studies have shown that Lisofylline, an anti-inflammatory compound is very effective in suppressing the autoimmune activity and in improving the islet secretion of insulin. Mice studies showed significant difference (25% vs. 91.6%) in the onset of diabetes among Lisofylline treated mice compared to placebo mice. Reduction of inflammatory cytokines IFN-? And TNF-? levels correlated with reduction in ss cell apoptosis. [Yang et.al, 2003] Recent study by Lipsett et.al (2007) has shown that Islet Neogenesis-Associated Protein (INGAP) is useful as a pancreatic regeneration agent. Successful tests in mice and regeneration of cultured human pancreatic cells have encouraged the researchers to seriously consider INGAP as an effective agent for improving insulin synthesis. [Lipsett et.al, (2007)]
A recent Cornell University study focused on an entirely different approach to diabetes management. The researchers examined the possibility of recombinant Commensal bacteria engineered to…...

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Bibliography

1) George S. Eisenbarth, (2007) 'Update in Type 1 Diabetes', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 92, No.7.  http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/7/2403 

2) McGill University, 'Deficient Regulators in the Immune System Responsible for Type 1 Diabetes', Updated 25 Jan 2008, Available at,  http://www.sciencecentric.com/news/article.php?q=08012539 

3) Kent SC, Chen Y, & Bregoli L. et.al (2005) 'Expanded T cells from pancreatic lymph nodes of type 1 diabetic subjects recognize an insulin epitope'. Nature 435:224 -- 228

4) Mathieu C, Gysemans C. et.al (Jul 2005), 'Vitamin D and Diabetes', Diabetologia. 48(7):1247-57

Metabolic syndrome is significant for our patient for several reasons. As we have noted, the syndrome is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Those patients who have metabolic syndrome tend to develop coronary atherosclerosis at a higher rate than those who have coronary risk factors alone. Obesity increases the risk of metabolic syndrome but so does pre-obesity, or BMI ranging from 25-30. Women who have been diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome are noted to be at increased risk of hypertension, dylipidemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and Type II diabetes. Because of all these comorbidities, women with PCOS also tend to be at greater risk for patients with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, especially in the premenopausal population (Talbot, et al., 2000). For these same reasons, women diagnosed with PCOS have a 5 fold increased risk for the development of complications of coronary and cerebrovascular atherosclerosis.

Mrs. Stiller has many concerns…...

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Reference:

Reaven G. (2002) Metabolic syndrome. Pathophysiology and implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Circulation.106:286-288

Manson JE, Willet WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, et al. (2005) Body weight and mortality among women. N Eng J. Med 333:677-85

Juahan-Vague I, Alessi MC. (1997) PAI-1, obesity, insulin resistance and risk of cardiovascular events. Thromb Haemost 78:656-60

Wilson PW. (2004) Estimating cardiovascular disease risk and the metabolic syndrome: a Framingham view. Endocrinol Metab Clin N. Am. 33:467-81

Diabetes in Australia
The Australian government and the relevant Health agencies have for many years strived to put the diabetes menace under close observation and management. There have been massive researches and huge sums directed towards good management and possible elimination of diabetes at the national levels. This commitment is exhibited by the specialized funds and efforts like the Juvenile Diabetes esearch Fund (JDF) that has been committed to striving to mitigate the effects of diabetes from the render age of the Australians.

Since diabetes is such a big challenge to Australia as a whole, diabetes mellitus was declared a National Health Priority Area in 1996 during the Australian Health Minister's Conference and this was as recognition to the high levels of diabetes prevalence within Australia, the mortality rates that were due to it, the impact it had on morbidity and the possibility of the health improvements that can be achieved from…...

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References

American Diabetes Association, (2013). Kidney Disease (Nephropathy). Retrieved May 13, 2013 from  http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/kidney-disease-nephropathy.html 

Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing, (2012). Diabetes. Retrieved May 13, 2013 from  http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/pq-diabetes 

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2011). Diabetes Prevalence in Australia Detailed estimates for 2007 -- 08. Retrieved May 13, 2013 from  http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=10737419307 

Baker IDI, Heart & Diabetes Institute (2013). Diabetes: The Silent Pandemic and its Impact on Australia. Retrieved May 13, 2013 from  http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/Documents/DA/What%27s%20New/12.03.14%20Diabetes%20management%20booklet%20FINAL.pdf

Lee is only the first step in the process of building a team that is able to cover all aspects of Mrs. Lee's care. The team approach involving a social worker, nurse, physician, pharmacist, and physical therapist affords Mrs. Lee a full range of professionals attending to her various needs.
Although Mrs. Lee has a number of problems that need to be addressed the one problem that must be addressed immediately is her elevated blood pressure. Hypertension is an important risk factor for the development and worsening of many complications of diabetes and an elevated blood pressure is like walking around with a detonated bomb. Within moments, and with little warning, a diabetic patient can suffer a stroke or heart attack as a result of an elevated blood pressure. Well over fifty percent of diabetics suffer from hypertension and proper treatment of hypertension can minimize most of the tangential problems…...

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References

Calle-Pascual, A.L. (2002). A preventive foot care programme for people with diabetes with different stages of neuropathy. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 111-117.

Caminal, J. And Barbara Starfield, et. al.(2004). The role of primary care in preventing ambulatory care sensitive conditions. European Journal of Public Health, 246-251.

Deichmann, R.E. (1999). Improvements in Diabetic Care as Measured by HbA1c After a Physician Education Project. Diabetes Care, 1612-1616.

Epstein, M. (1997). Diabetes and hypertension: the bad companions. Journal of Hypertension, 55-62.

Hypoglycemia
How to deal with hypoglycemia:

What is hypoglycemia?

Hypoglycemia is a condition that occurs when a patient's blood sugar (glucose) is too low. Quite often, the patient will be aware of this condition through symptoms such as feeling faint, agitation or anxiety, sweating, weakness, or headache. Confusion and double vision may also manifest themselves. Technically, any blood sugar below 70 mg/dL is considered low (Topiwala 2012). Common causes of hypoglycemia include too much insulin is released into the bloodstream when the patient is an insulin-dependent diabetic.

People with diabetes often suffer hypoglycemia when their condition is not being treated properly, such as when they inject themselves with too much insulin. "Hypoglycemia may also result if, after taking your diabetes medication, you don't eat as much as usual (ingesting less glucose) or you exercise more (using up more glucose) than you normally would" (Hypoglycemia, 2012, Mayo Clinic). Other causes include drinking too much alcohol,…...

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References

Consent to treatment: Capacity. 2012. NHS. Accessed:

  [24 Nov 2012]http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Consent-to-treatment/Pages/Capacity.aspx 

Diabetes. 2012. Ambulance Technician Study. Accessed:

http://www.ambulancetechnicianstudy.co.uk/diabetes.html#.ULEgp9czSZQ

Mrs. X.
elationship of high cholesterol levels to the development of cardiovascular disease

Diabetes, heart disease, and high cholesterol are all strongly correlated. Even when diabetes is being well-managed, the patient's risks factors increase for comorbidity with these disorders. "High blood pressure has long been recognized as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Studies report a positive association between hypertension and insulin resistance. When patients have both hypertension and diabetes, which is a common combination, their risk for cardiovascular disease doubles" (Cardiovascular disease and diabetes, 2014, AHA). Also, in the case of Ms. X, because of her uncontrolled diabetes, her risk for high cholesterol is higher than average even in the absence of obesity and inactivity. "This triad of poor lipid counts often occurs in patients with premature coronary heart disease. It is also characteristic of a lipid disorder associated with insulin resistance called atherogenic dyslipidemia, or diabetic dyslipidemia in those…...

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References

Burden, M. (2003). Diabetes: Treatment and complications. Nursing Times, 99(2) 30/

Retrieved from:

 http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinical-zones/diabetes/diabetes-treatment-and-complications-the-nurses-role/205780.article 

Cardiovascular disease and diabetes. (2012). American Heart Association. Retrieved from:

.....nurse assigned to care for this patient, I would strongly advocate on behalf of the patient's autonomy. The clash between patient autonomy and the healthcare system and its representatives like nurses can only be resolved by being honest in this situation. The patient is under a high degree of stress, not only because of his health condition and the fear that brings out in him, but due to other stressful life events including his financial situation. He was also supposed to get married immediately before the bypass surgery was scheduled, and this is bound to add to his level of stress. The primary issue here is providing what the patient needs to keep him safe during the procedure, and if he insists on using his own pump, which he has successfully used for the thirty years he has lived with the disease of diabetes, then he should use his own…...

Writing an article may seem intimidating, but if you have written an essay in the past, then you have all of the skills necessary to tackle writing an article.  The first thing to do is familiarize yourself with your topic.  Since your husband has diabetes, you are already familiar with the disease, which gives you an advantage when writing your article.  Unless you are writing a really broad article, you are going to want to differentiate between Type I and Type II diabetes, since their causes and treatments are significantly different. 

The next....

Certainly! Here are some lesser-known but interesting essay topics on type 2 diabetes:

1. The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Type 2 Diabetes: Explore the connection between lack of sleep and an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, as well as the potential implications for managing the condition in individuals who already have it.

2. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes: Investigate the relationship between the gut microbiome and the development and progression of type 2 diabetes, and discuss potential interventions that target the microbiome as a treatment strategy.

3. Socioeconomic Disparities in Type 2 Diabetes Care: Analyze the....

Lesser-Known but Intriguing Essay Topics on Type 2 Diabetes

1. The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes

Explore the role of gut microorganisms in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes.
Discuss the potential for modulating gut microbiota as a therapeutic approach.
Examine the impact of diet, prebiotics, and probiotics on gut health in relation to type 2 diabetes.

2. Precision Medicine for Type 2 Diabetes Management

Analyze the application of genetic testing and biomarkers to personalize treatment strategies.
Discuss the role of pharmacogenomics in tailoring medication selection and dosage.
Explore the ethical and practical considerations of using precision....

Thesis Statement:

Fast food consumption has become an increasingly prevalent dietary trend, contributing to significant health concerns and societal implications.

Feedback:

The thesis statement effectively captures the core issue of fast food consumption and its multifaceted impact. It acknowledges the increasing prevalence of fast food consumption and highlights the health concerns and societal implications associated with it. The statement is specific, clear, and provides a roadmap for the exploration of the topic.

Brainstorming Alternative Thesis Statements:

The detrimental health consequences of fast food consumption pose a significant threat to public health, necessitating urgent measures to mitigate its impact.
The proliferation of fast food outlets....