Institutional eview Board
The focus of my research is on the factors which can inhibit the development of at-risk youth in urban locations. Understandably, research performed upon children is always of particular concern for institutional review boards. The three generally-accepted levels for institutional review boards are exempt, expedited, and full review status ("IB," 2014). For research conducted on children, however beneficial to the child's well-being, a full review is required given that the study is being performed on minors. Greater scrutiny is required, regardless of the type of research. "Ethical standards are critically important when conducting research with young children and other vulnerable populations. Some key points are: research procedures must never harm children, physically or psychologically" and "children and their families have the right to full information about the research in which they may participate, including possible risks and benefits" ("Ethical standards for research," 2014). Children must be informed of…...

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References

Ethical standards for research. (2014). NAEYC. Retrieved from:

 http://www.naeyc.org/resources/research/ethical 

IRB review levels. (2014). University of New Hampshire. Retrieved from:

 http://www.unh.edu/research/irb-review-levels

The most obvious benefit is that participants will approach the use of technology more thoughtfully in their practice -- and potentially change some of their technology-dependent behaviors and resistance to technology.
b. Describe what new information may be learned from this research

The study is designed to explore the barriers and incentives related to the use of technology in the social work practice.

c. Describe incentives to encourage individuals to participate in this research (including monetary or other compensation, thank you gifts, course or other academic credit, lotteries, etc.)

Participants will be sent a thank you gift in the form of a Starbucks gift card.

d. Describe costs (time, monetary or other) for participants in this research

The only expenditure of resources for participants is time.

e. Describe potential harms or discomforts (physical, psychological, social) for participants in this research

o potential harms have been identified for participants in this study, and all responses are to be…...

Ethics
The Institutional eview Board (IB) was created to protect human rights in research studies. Prior to the creation of ethical standards in research individual rights were frequently violated without consequence for such actions. Extreme examples of ethical violations include the experiments conducted on individuals during the Nazi Concentration Camps and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. In both cases individuals were inflicted with significant harm without knowledge of the study or willing participation. Currently the Department of Health and Human Services regulates federal guidelines to ensure the safety and protection of participants in research studies. Following ethical guidelines ensures protection of human beings' rights and the integrity of research. In the case study of Lucy, several ethical violations occurred including: lacking of formal IB approval for her research study, issues with informed consent, and misrepresentation of the research authorship.

Lucy, a special education teacher, sought IB approval for her proposed research study to…...

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References

Adam, Z., & Boyd, S. (2010). Ethical challenges in the treatment of individuals with intellectual disabilities. Ethics & Behavior 20 (6).

Roig, M. (2009). Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices:

A guide to ethical writing. Office of Research Integrity. Retrieved from:

 http://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/plagiarism/ .

IRB
An Institutional Review Board (IRB) can assist a graduate student in ensuring that his or her project is one that is viable and reasonable. The IRB is used in a variety of situations but overwhelmingly it is used to confirm, justify and provide support to those students seeking a higher degree than what can normally be considered the already fantastic achievement of graduating from college. Throughout the student's university career, a number of classroom projects will be completed in order for the student to graduate with a Bachelor's degree. However, if the student aspires to an even higher standard, then that student must continue on the educational pathway, and the student will generally be called upon to create and complete a number of studies, papers and research. In order for the student to complete these assignments, oftentimes the student will be called upon to carryout extensive research.

The IRB student research…...

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Works Cited

Thomson, J.J.: Elgin, C.; Hyman, D.A.; Schrag, Z.; Knight, J.; Kreiser, B.R.; (2013) Regulation of research on human subjects: Academic freedom and the institutional review board, Academe, Vol. 99, Issue 4, pp. 101 -- 117

In contrast, within the firm, the entrepreneur directs production and coordinates without intervention of a price mechanism; but, if production is regulated by price movements, production could be carried on without any organization at all, well might we ask, why is there any organization?" (Coase, 1937, p. 387) In simpler words if markets are so efficient why do firms exist? Coase explains, "the operation of a market costs something [such as the costs of negotiating and concluding a separate contract for each exchange transaction] and by forming an organization and allowing some authority (an "entrepreneur") to direct the resources, certain marketing costs are saved" (Coase, 1937, p. 391). Thus, firms actually present greater efficiency over markets by decreasing such costs.
That being said, if firms are so efficient, why are markets needed? (Coase, 1937). As per Coase, as the firm grows (when the entrepreneur processes additional transactions), decreasing returns to…...

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Reference List

Adams, R.B. And Ferreira, D. (2003) Diversity and Incentives in Teams: Evidence from Corporate Boards.  http://ssrn.com/abstract=321095 

Agrawal, A. And Knoeber C.R. (1996) Firm Performance and Mechanisms to Control Agency Problems Between Managers and Shareholders Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 31, 377-398.

American Management Associations (AMA) (1981) The Advisory Board Minutes of the National Association of Corporate Directors Meeting. New York (Headquarter)

Bauer, R., Guenster, N. And Otten, R. (2003) Empirical Evidence on Corporate Governance in Europe. The Effect on Stock Returns, Firm Value and Performance. EFMA Basel Meeting Paper  http://ssrn.com/abstract=445543

Institutional eview Board esponsibilities at Study Initiation
esponsibilities of the IB in the initiation of the trial

IB is charged with the responsibility of protecting the safety and rights of participants in the clinical trial (Woodin and Schneider, 2008). Some IB responsibilities like a trial investigator, monitoring, auditing research records and research participant education are likely to be shifted to special units under the Human esearch Protection program (HPP). Such responsibilities promote sponsor-investigator relationships promoting ethical and safe research practices. In the U.S., IB also serves as the 1996 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) privacy committee dealing with research-associated activities. IB is especially useful for multicenter studies as it handles approving informed consent and protocol forms (Schultz, 2008). This makes meeting the regulatory requirements efficient. The responsibility of protecting human study participants is multifaceted. Belmont eport, Helsinki Declaration, and Nuremberg Code stipulate the underlying standards of protecting research subjects. IB…...

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References

Schultz, J. (2008). Improving Subject Recruitment. Applied Clinical Trials, 17(3), 46-52. Retrieved from  http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=31443729&site=ehost-live&scope=site 

Woodin, K. E., & Schneider, J. C. (2008). The CRA's Guide to Monitoring Clinical Research. Boston, MA: CenterWatch

Fed and the European Central ank: A Comparison
The Federal Reserve System of the United States and the Eurosystem of European Union are one of the key financial institutions of the global economy. Their policies and decisions influence almost every market in the world and this is the reason that an increased level of attention has been devoted towards these two central banks. The two systems have several differences as well as similarities with respect to their organizational policies & objectives, organizational structure and the decision making process.

Organizational Objectives:

The primary difference between the two institutions is that of their goals and objectives. The European Central ank or the "Eurosystem" mainly focuses towards the maintenance of price stability in the region and implements suitable regulations in this regard. On the other hand, the Fed not only focuses on the issue of price stability but also aims to increase the rate of…...

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Bibliography: Nova Science Publishers: 2002

Jane W. D' Arista: The Evolution of U.S. Finance: Federal Reserve Monetary Policy, 1915-1935: M.E. Sharpe: 1994

McDonough W.J.: An Independent Central Bank in a Democratic Country: The Federal Reserve Experience: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Quarterly Review: Vol. 19: 1994

Otmar Issing Ignazio Angeloni & Oreste Tristani: Monetary Policy in the EURO Area: Strategy and Decision-Making at the European Central Bank: Cambridge University Press: 2001

Lorenzo Bini Smaghi Daniel Gros: Open Issues in European Central Banking: St. Martin's Press: 2000

" (Zemsky, 1)
Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis of the research endeavor is that online professors will report no perceptible connection between post-tenure review and job performance.

Alternate Hypothesis


The alternate hypothesis of the research endeavor is that online professors will report that post-tenure review improves job performance.


Nature of the Study

Significance of the Study

The significance of the proposed research is based in the need for greater study of online instruction in higher education with relation to post tenure review. As with all other elements of this research process, we can initiate a discussion on the significance of the research with a reiteration of the fact that amongst educators without classification, the perspective on post-tenure review is generally hostile. This is because tenure is considered by most educators to be an important feature of the profession demanding of protection. To this end, Ceci et al. (2006) indicate that "despite the modest pay and long probationary…...

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Works Cited:

Aper, J.P. & Fry, J.E. (2003). Post-Tenure Review at Graduate Institutions in the United States. The Journal of Higher Education, 74(3), 241-260.

Bowden, R.G. (2009). The Postsecondary Professoriate: Problems of Tenure, Academic Freedom, and Employment Law. Academic of Educational Leadership Journal, 13(3).

Ceci, S.J.; Williams, W.M. & Mueller-Johnson, K. (2006). Is Tenure Justified? An Experimental Study of Faculty Beliefs About Tenure, Promotion, and Academic Freedom. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29, 553-594.

DeFleur, M.L. (2007). Raising the Question #5: What is Tenure and How Do I Get it? Communication Education, 56(1), 106-112.

Criminal Justice Career
How will this new terminology and knowledge apply to a career in criminal justice?

Criminal justice is seen as the practices, system and the concerned government institutions that are focused on implementing social control, participating in crime mitigation and sanctioning the law violator by imposing penalties and rehabilitation programs. It covers the private sector, the pubic sector, NGOs, state and the local governments as well (Oregon Laws, 2007). To handle effectively such a wide spectrum of departments with professionals without a chance foe making the wrong interpretation of the law once needs to be well equipped with the legal terms.

How can not knowing the proper terminology affect you as you conduct criminal justice research?

When one lacks the proper terminology in the criminal justice, this can be a fundamental barrier in the execution of duty and definition of the offences committed as well as interpretation of the judgments and court…...

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References

Cambridge Dictionary Online (2011). Research: Definition. Retrieved May 21, 2011 from  http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/research_1 

CDC (2011). Differences Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods. Retrieved May 21, 2011 from  http://www.orau.gov/cdcynergy/demo/Content/phase05/phase05_step03_deeper_qualitative_and_quantitative.htm 

Chris Williams, (2009). Scientific Research and Quantitative Research. Retrieved May 21, 2011

from  http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2479012/scientific_research_and_quantitative.html?cat=17

fathers are taking an increasing part in the role of caring for children and bringing them up, particularly so since women have entered the workforce en flux, social research has increasingly focused on the part that father's play in raising their young children. The current opinion today as regards parenting is that shared parenting is the ideal situation particularly for mothers who are compelled to act as both breadwinners and fully available and concerned parents in a supportive and nourishing environment. Data shows that although the father often attempts to assume the nurturing role, the working mother often still remains the primary responsible caretaker in the family.
Questions that this study attempted to answer, consequently, were the following: Firstly, how do father and children form an attachment relationship in the first few years of life? In which sort of contexts do they do so, given that mothers remain responsible for…...

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Sources

Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (2000). Research methods in psychology. London: Sage.

Fowler, F.G. (2009). Survey research methods. Los Angeles: Sage

Kazura, K. (2000). Fathers' qualitative and quantitative involvement: An investigation of attachment, play, and social interaction. Journal of Men's Studies, 9, 1-13.

The stengths of this design ae elated to the ease of application and usage. The design of the suvey was easy to administe and self explanatoy. While the weakness was elated to the willingness of the paticipant to Chapte Thee 5

paticipate complete the suvey and povide tuthful esponses. An additional weakness is elative to the age goup that was pesent fo the suvey and thei elationship to the use of computes.

Subjects

Afte appoval of the study fom the Institutional Review Boad at Indiana

Wesleyan Univesity and Methodist Hospitals, Inc. Nusing staff wee ecuited to paticipate in fo the study. Paticipants wee eligible fo the study if they wee cuently an employee of the employed by Methodist Hospitals, Inc., It was also necessay that they hold a cuent nusing license, paticipated in online leaning, and wee able to ead and wite English. A egisteed nuse who has paticipated in any online leaning events,…...

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references

Student characteristics for online learning success

The Internet and Higher Education, Volume 9, Issue 2, 2nd Quarter 2006, Pages 91-

105 Marcel S. Kerr, Kimberly Rynearson, Marcus C. Kerr

Chapter Three 13

(1)
7

Identification and Control of Extraneous Variables

What are the extraneous variables in this study? (1)

In what way(s) were appropriate measures used to control for the influence of the extraneous variables? (1)

2

Study Instruments/Tools

Identify the type of each measurement strategy (i.e. Likert scale, visual analog scale, physiological Measure, questionnaire, observation, or interview). (1)

Identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval/ratio) achieved by each measurement strategy. (1)

Discuss how the instrument was developed or purpose of use. (1)

Report the reliability of each instrument from previous studies and the current study. (1)

Report the validity of each instrument from previous studies and the current study. (1)

5

Data Collection Methods

If appropriate, identify the intervention protocol. (2)

Detail how the data were collected. (2)

In what way(s) is the data collection procedures appropriate for this study? (2)

In what way were appropriate steps taken to protect the rights of the subjects? (2)

8

Statistical Analysis Procedures

Complete the table below with the analysis techniques conducted…...

Learner Influence the ole of the Educator as Learning Facilitator
The nature of the subject matter will invariably impact how it is approached in the classroom. Quantitative subjects demand the ability to manipulate numbers accurately; learning how to play an instrument requires hands-on practice and performance. A teacher may take into consideration the strengths and weaknesses of students' multiple intelligences to convey knowledge but the ultimate aim of the educational process cannot be forgotten. When teaching nursing, educators can be sympathetic to the learning preferences of students, but nursing by its very nature is a discipline which draws upon multiple intelligences. A nurse may technically understand the material from a scientific basis, but have little of the necessary interpersonal intelligence to translate this into practice. Conversely, someone who is a 'people person' but lacks the kinesthetic intelligence to provide care or the mathematical intelligence to understand the science of nursing…...

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References

IRB - Human Participants Committee Responsibilities. (2012). Cornell University. Retrieved:

 http://www.irb.cornell.edu/responsibilities/ 

Study: Overworked nurses lead to unhealthy patients. (2011). Business Journal. Retrieved:

 http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2011/04/26/overworked-nurses-lead-to-unhealthy.html

theory-building, applied research is conducted to solve a problem. Action research is conducted to solve an immediate problem experienced by a practitioner; the problems that are addressed through action research exist in the context or environment in which they conduct their professional work. A construct is an abstraction -- an idea that exists in the mind; if an abstraction is based on something concrete or tangible, it is a concept, but if it is based on something hypothetical or inferential, then the abstraction is a construct. The most important difference between qualitative research and quantitative research is that quantitative research is deductive in relation to the hypothesis, which is determined before the research has actually begun. Quantitative research uses a deductive approach that moves from the general case to the specific. In this manner, the deductive approach considers the potential cause of some phenomenon and explores whether its effect…...

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References

Lodico, M., Spaulding, D., & Voegtle, K. (2010). Methods in educational research: From theory to practice (2nd ed.) San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.

[Type text]

educing Substance Abuse Among College Freshman
Nursing

Motivational Interviewing as an Intervention for Substance Abuse Problems among College Freshman

Motivational Interviewing as an Intervention for Substance Abuse Problems among College Freshman

Kazemi and colleagues (2013) were interested in understanding whether a behavioral intervention would reduce the prevalence of substance abuse among college freshman in the United States. The independent variable was motivational peer-counseling sessions (motivational interviews) about the risks of alcohol abuse and illicit drug use. The dependent variables were scores obtained on two questionnaires. These scores were then used to determine if there was a statistically significant association between blackout frequency, illicit drug use, and alcohol consumption. Demographic information (attribute variables) was also collected and the attributes of primary interest were ethnicity and gender. The hypothesis tested by the researchers is whether the intervention could reduce the prevalence of self-reported high risk behaviors among college freshman at a representative university campus.

Motivational interviewing is…...

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References

Barnett, E., Sussman, S., Smith, C., Rohrbach, L.A., & Pruijt-Metz, D. (2012). Motivational interviewing for adolescent substance use: A review of the literature. Addictive Behaviors, 37(12), 1325-34.

DiClemente, C.C. & Prochaska, J.O. (1982). Self-change and therapy change of smoking behavior: A comparison of processes of change in cessation and maintenance. Addictive Behaviors, 7(2), 133-42.

Dimitrov, D.M. & Rumrill, P.D. Jr. (2003). Pretest-posttest designs and measurement of change. Work, 20(2), 159-65.

Grucza, R.A., Norberg, K.E., & Bierut, L.J. (2009). Binge drinking among youths and young adults in the United States: 1979-2006. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(7), 692-702.

Sure, here is an example of the methodology section for a research proposal on exploring the factors influencing student dropout rates:

Methodology:

1. Study Design:
This research will employ a quantitative research design to explore the factors influencing student dropout rates. A survey will be conducted to gather data from a sample of students who have dropped out of school. The survey will include questions about demographics, academic performance, social factors, and reasons for dropping out.

2. Sampling:
The target population for this study will be students who have dropped out of school within the past academic year. A convenience sample of 200 students will....

Methodology

Research Design

This research will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing student dropout rates.

Data Collection

Qualitative Data:

In-depth Interviews: Interviews will be conducted with students who have dropped out of school, exploring their experiences, motivations, and barriers to continuing their education.
Focus Groups: Focus groups will be used to facilitate discussions among a diverse group of stakeholders, including students, parents, teachers, and administrators, to gather insights on factors impacting dropout rates.

Quantitative Data:

Questionnaire Survey: A structured questionnaire will be distributed to current students to collect data on....