E-Discovery in the 21st CenturyToday, litigants in the United States have a number of tools available to them which can be used to build their cases, including most especially the use of so-called e-discovery to facilitate the acquisition of documentary evidence that can be used in civil and criminal proceedings. Unlike the conventional subpoena duces tecum, though, e-discovery strategies are akin to drinking from a firehose in terms of the amounts of data that can be obtained, making the need to apply effective e-discovery methods paramount. To determine best practices in this emerging legal process, the purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the relevant literature to define e-discovery and to identify successful e-discovery methods. In addition, an assessment of the future of e-discovery is followed by a summary of the research and important findings concerning this trend in the conclusion.Defining E-DiscoveryAccording to the general definition provided…...

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References

About the Select Committee. (2022). U.S. Congress. Retrieved from house.gov/about.https://january6th.

Black’s law dictionary. (2008). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.

Cluster, B. (2022). What is e-discovery? The Association for Intelligent Information Management. Retrieved from  https://www.aiim.org/what-is-ediscovery .

Ideally, Zachman thinking pattern has been challenged by time and fails to address challenges in a real-time basis collectively. Such a basis would agree that a superior usage of technology is not near-change mechanism. Zachman argues that a communication breakdown exists in the organization (by that time) because it handled the frameworks differently. This was not in line with the requirements of a desirable organization. Further to this, communication channels inside the organization have improved and not according to Zachman's times in the 21st century. While responding to Zachman, it is good to establish whether the current approach (data modeling / and hybridism for large calls and the superior application of technology) is satisfying (Bowman, Godfrey, & Holt, 2000).
As a result, future studies should apply the future design system that will integrate Zachman's ideas into real time environment whilst acknowledging the impetus behind data modeling. The following research questions…...

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References

Bigot, L.L., Jamet, E., Rouet, J., & Amiel, V. (2006). Mode and modal transfer effects on Performance and discourse organization with an information retrieval dialogue system in natural language. Computers in Human Behavior, 22(3), 467-500.

Bowman, I., Godfrey, M., & Holt, R. (2000). Connecting architecture reconstruction frameworks. Information and Software Technology, 42(2), 91-102

Huysman, M. (2000). Rethinking organizational learning: analyzing learning processes of information system designers. Accounting, Management and Information Technologies, 10(2), 81-99

Raeesi, M., & Sadeghi-Niaraki, A. (2013). Gis-Based System For Post-Earthquake Crisis Management Using Cellular Network. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XL-1/W3, 321-325.

EP systems are designed to provide this level of integration to enable process-centric workflows throughout companies (Kamhawi, 2008). In terms of data, EP systems deal with a multitude of different types, from supplier- and product-specific data to pricing and customer-based data in terms of orders and the status of shipments to customers. The most fundamental aspect of an EP system is its contribution in streamlining the distributed order management process (Walker, 2008). In terms of the network, EP systems often sit in the middle of company-wide internal networks that seek to integrate all legacy and 3rd party systems together and create a single system of record (Walker, 2008) for the company. The network topology is often in the form of a series of smaller clusters or "islands" of data and systems that the EP system is meant to integrate to and unify.
Section 3 - Write a summary to show…...

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References

Shih-Wei Chou, Yu-Chieh Chang. (2008). The implementation factors that influence the ERP (enterprise resource planning) benefits. Decision Support Systems, 46(1), 149. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1603626971).

Emad M. Kamhawi. (2008). System Characteristics, Perceived Benefits, Individual Differences and Use Intentions: a Survey of Decision Support Tools of ERP Systems. Information Resources Management Journal, 21(4), 66-83. Retrieved February 27, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1570039261).

Kenton B. Walker. (2008). SOX, ERP, and BPM: A Trifecta That Can Make Your Business Run Better. Strategic Finance, 90(6), 47-53. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1607404201).

What surprised me about Prototyping in the article

Although the prototyping systems are presently becoming smaller and more affordable, they are still present additional expenses for most companies. There are some companies who select a prototyping strategy that is much cheaper than other systems. In the article, there are two main things that surprised me about prototyping.

One thing is that, not all prototypes implemented looks accurate. Most companies use prototyping in printing parts for their functional testing in prior to production. However despite of the advancement in technology, various prototyping systems cannot manage to create the design. However, prototyping is said to be a non- remedy for the problems that are associated with the system development.

The other thing that is surprising from the article of System Management with prototyping is that, prototyping is built out of the concept making the presented models in early stage to be incomplete. The reason is…...

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Reference

Rick, W., & Bill, H. (1994). Journal of Systems Management. An investigation of guidelines for selecting a prototyping strategy. Retrieved March 14, 2013, from www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-15095635/investigation-guidelines-selecting-prototyping.html

0 are used in organizations to provide an access to high levels of the scale without an enormous costs of traditional infrastructure. Both increase performance given that the clients who are the organizations have data centers across the globe that keeps the processing reasonably close to accessing it over the network. Organizations use cloud computing and web 2.0 to strategically cut the cost of driving innovation and to be ready for the prime-time use in the enterprise environments (O'eilly, 2008).
Technologies required for web cloud computing and Web 2.0

The technologies required for the development of web 2.0 includes Ajax and JavaScript such as prototype. The Ajax programming normally uses the JavaScript in uploading and downloading the new data stored in the web server without reloading now and then. The interaction between users within the page is enabled by the communication taking place between the data requests that goes to the server…...

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Reference

Tim O'Reilly (2008). Web 2.0 and Cloud Computing - O'Reilly Radar. O'Reilly Radar - Insight, analysis, and research about emerging technologies. Retrieved March 17, 2013, from  http://radar.oreilly.com/2008/10/web-20-and-cloud-computing.html

Information Systems Management
What sorts of motivators, processes, and best practices should managers of virtual organizations adapt from the open source movement?

Open source movement is a far reaching and wide ranging movement of persons who offer support and backing to the utilization of open source licenses for all software or just a number of them. The open software is made accessible for any individual to make use of or undertake modifications, considering the fact that its source code is made accessible. Virtual organizations can be delineated as a network of autonomous companies that come together more often than not, for a temporary period of time, to create a product or service. There are motivators, processes, and best practices that managers of virtual organizations ought to espouse from the open source movement. To start with, the capacity of allowing members to not only use, but also to modify the data is a…...

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References

Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (2009). Strategic Information Management: Challenges and Strategies in Managing Information Systems. New York: Routledge.

Heron, M., Hanson, V. L., & Ricketts, I. (2013). Open source and accessibility: advantages and limitations. Journal of Interaction Science,1(1), 1-10.

Hout, T., Carter, J. C. (1995). Getting It Done: New Roles for Senior Executives. Harvard Business Review.

Paul4Innovating. (2014). The role senior executives must fill for innovation success. Paul4innovating's Innovation Views. Retrieved 16 April 2016 from:  https://paul4innovating.com/2014/03/03/the-role-senior-executives-must-fill-for-innovation-success/

Furuholt, (2006) argues that lack of management engagement to the acceptance of information systems has been a barrier to the implementation of information systems. The issues are even common with organizations in the developing countries where management does not give enough priority to the information systems implementation. Importantly, implementation of information systems requires management support since management will need to approve fund that would be used for IS implementation. Generally, younger people are more interested in the it tools than older people. In a situation where number of older working team outnumbers younger working team within an organization, the IS implementation may be cumbersome.
More importantly, lack of knowledge of information systems may serve as barrier to its implementation. In the developed countries, private and public organizations have already aware the importance of information systems to the organizations. Many organizations in developed countries already realize that it tool is a…...

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References

Abukhzam, M. & Lee, a. (2010). Factors affecting Bank Staff attitude towards E-banking adoption in Libya. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries: 42(2): 1-15.

Ali, S.N.A. (2010). E-government services: an exploration of the main factors that contribute to successful implementation in Libya. PhD thesis, University of Portsmouth.

Bartol, K.M. (1982). Managing Information Systems Personnel: A Review of the Literature and Managerial Implications. MIS Quarterly.

Boh, W.F. & Yelling, D. (2007). Using Organizational Architecture Standards in Managing Information Technology. Journal of Management Information Systems. 23 (3): 163 -- 207.

Information System
MIS stands for "Management Information System." It is one of the computer-based tools to manage organizational operations efficiently. It consists of software that managers' use in making decision, for data storage, in project management applications, for records and procedures for making customers relations etc. Nowadays most of the organizations have separate MIS department which is basically responsible for computer systems. MIS is also called "Information System" or "Information Technology." The combination of people, software, hardware, communications network and data resource that collect, transform and distribute information in an organization is called an information system (O'Brien, 1999).

Working of the information system depends on the different activists. The first activity is input of data resources. It involves the data entry. Data can be of any time like transactions data etc. Then information system analyzes and processes that data to form information. Now this information is transferred to end users in the…...

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References

O'Brien, J (1999). Management Information Systems -- Managing Information Technology in the Internetworked Enterprise. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.

ISACA (2006). CISA Review Manual 2006. Information Systems Audit and Control Association.

ISACA. 2008. "Segregation of Duties Control matrix." Retrieved May 25, 2011, from

Kiountouzis, E.A. And Kokolakis, S.A. (1996). Information systems security: facing the information society of the 21st century London: Chapman & Hall

information systems and its effects on business processes. Moreover, I have explained the several business components and their effectiveness as information systems. In addition, I have provided information regarding the effects of information systems on various business careers.
Information systems have brought revolutions and innovations in today's business' setups and also have developed a close relationship with globalization. The responsibility of these information systems in an organization is not to support the tasks of the individuals but to support business functions as a whole. Nowadays, business operations are conducted by using e-mail, online conferences (video/audio) and cell phones which have turned out to be the most fundamental tools in business execution. Information systems, if truth be told, are the basis of accelerating supply chains. The businesses today have the advantage of using internet for purchasing, selling, advertising and imploring the feedbacks from consumers/customers online. It is now the purpose of…...

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References

Alter, S. (2002). Information Systems: Foundation of E-Business, 4/e (4th ed.). New Delhi, India: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from  http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=ElXnQdPTEQ4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Information+Systems:+Foundation+of+E-Business&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8OkdUZaKN6XJ0AXE7oCADQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Information%20Systems%3A%20Foundation%20of%20E-Business&f=false 

Chatterjee, I. (2010). Management Information Systems. Delhi, India: PHI Learning Private Limited. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from  http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=DOi2meoOKWsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Management+Information+Systems&hl=en&sa=X&ei=998dUej2DIqL0AWQp4CgCA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Management%20Information%20Systems&f=false 

Laudon, K., Laudon, J., & Dass, R. (2010). Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (11th ed.). Chennai: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from  http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=gx-LOQmKou8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Management+Information+Systems:+Managing+The+Digital+Firm,+11/E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KM0dUcjxNOW00QXAtIH4Bg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA 

Lucey, T. (2005). Management Information System (9th ed.). Croatia: Thomson Learning. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from  http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=A0bu30rNgJsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Management+Information+System&hl=en&sa=X&ei=svMdUcLkNoi10QXfmoHYBw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Management%20Information%20System&f=false

Collaborative esearch
Many see collaboration as an investment strategy. While some may see collaboration as a scary area to approach in research, in actuality, collaboration involves more than simply sharing techniques or data. Numerous researchers in fact, regard collaboration as an important step in research. However, many researchers do not know how to collaborate. By increasing the amount of benefits one receives from collaboration, it then takes center stage as an important aspect of research.

Collaborative research yields higher levels of creativity and helps one network with people they may work with in the future. Overall, when one takes on the endeavor of collaborating in regards to research, there is less work. This is because there are more people helping in gathering information and compiling/analyzing data. Less work means more time spent on providing quality information and research to the project.

Another thing to note is criticism. Any work done with collaborators…...

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References

Iso.org,. (2013). ISO 27001 - Information security management. Retrieved 26 February 2016, from  http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/management-standards/iso27001.htm 

Savoie, M. (2012). Building successful information systems. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press.

Savoie, M. (2012). Building successful information systems. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press.

Vandalism

Vandalism is a major concern because of the nature of the products manufactured by the organization and the high rate of theft generally associated with motor vehicles and motorcycles. It is recommended that the organization conduct a thorough perimeter and site security audit for the purposes of ensuring the maximum mitigation of any risks of vandalism and theft. To the extent that internal vandalism is a concern, it is recommended that the organization invest in security cameras to monitor critical areas. Additionally, employee physical access to specific areas on the grounds of the company should be restricted appropriately based on responsibilities. Likewise, it is recommended that different degrees of it system access be assigned to employees on the basis of need instead of allowing universal system access to all authorized it system users.

Computer Viruses

Modern it systems are inherently vulnerable to many types of malicious attempts at unauthorized infiltration and theft…...

Information System Briefing
the Process of selecting & acquiring an Information System (IS) for Healthcare:

Any medical organization planning to go for an IS must choose an efficient Electronic Patient ecord -- EP which is the starting point of any computerized system. Effectiveness of the following points must drive the process of selection and acquisition of an IS. These are (i) Patient care which is the documented record of every patient undergoing process at the medical care unit. (ii) Communication: Patient records constitute and important means through which doctors, nurses and other are able to communicate with one another regarding patient requirements. (iii) Legal documentation: Legal documentation is important as these keep track document care as well as treatment, can become legal records. (iv) Billing and reimbursement: Patient record delivers the documentation which is used by patients to verify billed services. (v) esearch and quality management: Patient records are used in a…...

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References

Anderson, James. G; Aydin, Carolyn. (2005) "Evaluating the Organizational Impact of Healthcare Information Systems" Springer.

Keshavjee, K; Bosomworth, J; Copen, J. (2006) "Best practices in EMR implementation"

AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006; 2006: 982. compete-study.com [PDF]

Wager, Karen A; Lee, Frances W; Glase, John P. (2009) "Healthcare Information System -- A

Information System/Internet Strategy
Information technology and Internet systems have become such an integrated part of life today that all businesses of any significant size have at least some form of electronic media as part of their daily operations. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine how any business could function without at least an e-mail platform or an electronic database connection. What I have learnt about decision making, the role of information, information systems, and knowledge management should help me in my current job situation, when thinking critically about the ways in which other businesses conduct their operations, and in constructing my own operations should I be a business owner in the future. This knowledge can be applied to my current work situation at the telecommunication company Orange, as well as to a group investigation I was part of for the Manchester University.

The Orange company, where I am currently employed, is a…...

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References

Davenport, T.H. (2006, Jan). Competing on Analytics.

Maes, R. (2009). An Integrative Perspective on Information Management.

Peppard, J. (1999). Information management in the global enterprise: an organising framework. European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 8.

In terms of the disaster planning, the decision was made to select remote backup services, the most cost-effective strategy available for backing up records and data. In terms of recovery, the decision to rely on distributed processing was an expensive one, yet assured HEWE of continual uptime due to parallel and fault-tolerant processor-based systems. For the insurance coverage, Business Interruption Insurance Coverage was chosen as part of the disaster planning strategy that HEWE undertakes. While there are many insurance options specifically for HEWE to consider, the Business Interruption one makes the most sense from covering potential loses due to a lack of systems and data being available.

The final area of the case study regards project implementation. While there are phased implementations, Big Bang implementations or parallel implementations, the last option would be most advisable for HEWE. It is recommended that the parallel implementation to minimize risk and also provide a…...

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References

Hagop S. Mekhjian, Melinda S. Vasila, Kevin A Jones. (2008). Combine and Conquer: Computing from a Single Database. Physician Executive, 34(5), 30-32, 34-35.

Information System
Information has been for many centuries a mean to pass on different facts from generation to generation. Things like the Holocaust or the Indian massacres in the Americas live in our conscience, but can be proved only by the documents that have told us about them. I have picked these exact two examples because they are opposites in terms of information preservation. If we consider the Holocaust, any of its contesters can be countered by using documents of the time like the videos that the Nazis made in the extermination camps, the enraged speeches that the Nazi leaders held against the Jewish communities or the testimonies of the survivors. The Indian extermination, however, is not backed up by documents at such a level. Some of the reasons for this are the fact that the Indians relied more on oral preservation of information, from generation to generation, and to the…...

The manufacturing industry is a complex and dynamic sector that requires effective offer management and order processing to ensure customer satisfaction, productivity, and profitability. A thorough literature review reveals the challenges and best practices in these critical processes, as well as the impact of bottlenecks, delays, and inefficiencies on organizational performance.
Several studies have highlighted the challenges faced by manufacturers in offer management and order processing, including the need for accurate and timely information, complex pricing structures, and the coordination of multiple departments. For example, a study by Smith and Jones (2015) found that delays in order processing can result in....