Medications must be continued until the vaccine becomes effective. She should contact the state of local health department immediately about the outbreak and report cases to the local health department.
The Watson Caring Theory may be infused in the role and functions of the community health nurse when treating and caring for patients or victims of influenza. Jean Watson's 10 carative factors can translate into clinical caritas processes and bring about subject healing processes that can help speed up the recovery of a patient as an individual, as part of a family or as a member of the community. In applying Watson's caring theory or model, the nurse can form or build a humanistic-altruistic system of values with the individual patient, the family or community; instill faith and hope; become more sensitive to them in their suffering; develop a more trusting relationship with them; elicit and accept their expression of…...

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Bibliography

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). Influenza: the Disease. Department of Health and Human Services.  

Two families belong to this one, the Paramyxovirus and the Orthomyxovirus. Influenza virus belong to the latter.
It was only perhaps during in the 1930's when the etiologic agent was identified to be a virus, rather than a bacteria.. Influenza virus has five genera: InfluenzavirusA, InfluenzavirusB, InfluenzavirusC, Isavirus and Thogotovirus. The virus that causes influenza has three immunologic types: A, B and C. Influenza type a is known to have great antigenic changes, type B to a lesser degree. Type C appears to be the most stable antigenically among the three. Types a and C. affect multiply species, while Type B exclusively infects humans. (2008 the Flu)

Influenza virus a is the prototype of the Influenza virus, and the structures of other Influenza virus are almost the same.

Influenza virus are usually spherical, but can also be globular and about 100 nm in diameter, sheathed in a lipid bilayer that is studded…...

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Reference:

Brooks, GF, Butel, JS, Ornston, LN 1995, Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg's Medical Microbiology 20th ed, Appleton and Lange, Norwalk.

2008 the Flu, Available from: 24, 2008].http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Influenza.html[April

2005 Influenza Viruses, Center for Disease and Control Prevention, Available at  

spread?
Classification of the influenza virus

Definition of pandemic and causes and reasons for its spread

How well is USA prepared for the onset of the influenza virus?

The morbidity and mortality rates of the influenza virus

Details about WHO and CDC and their methods of tackling the disease

End Notes

Influenza Pandemic

What is Influenza and how does it spread:

Influenza is defined as a severe infection of the respiratory tract and is shown in the inflammation of the nasal mucosa and the pharynx and the eyes and the patient suffers from a headache and more often severe myalgia. He also suffers from chills, prostration, muscle aches, a sore throat and also, a dry cough. Influenza is also known as the flu and is described as an infectious disease caused by the inhalation of an infectious virus. It may become a life threatening disease in infants, the elderly, and some people whose immunity systems are compromised. It…...

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References

CDC protects Health and Safety. Retrieved at   Accessed on 15 September, 2004http://www.cdc.gov /protect.htm.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved at

Future:
For many centuries, the influenza virus has been a threat to the health of humans as strains of this virus continue to spread quickly worldwide, especially during the flu season i.e. from late fall through winter. It's estimated that between 5% to 20% of America's population contact the flu and exhibit symptoms like headaches, digestive and breathing difficulties, muscle aches, and high fever. As a result, an estimated 36,000 people in America die from influenza annually because of the high rate of infections. Therefore, the virus has continued to be a major health challenge to many people to an extent that its one of the major pandemics throughout the world.

Human Activities Contributing to Environmental Problems:

Similar to other communicable diseases, many people continue to suffer from the devastating effects of the influenza virus. In the past few years, numerous attempts have been made to understand the science underlying these infections…...

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References:

"Chapter One: Unintended Consequences." (n.d.). Department of Health and Ageing. Retrieved from Australian Government website:  http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/62447BB3FD99D740CA256F1900041F2D/$File/chapter1.pdf 

"Research: The Scientific Method." (n.d.). Small Island Environmental Management. Retrieved July 9, 2012, from  http://islands.unep.ch/siemh1.htm

, 1378).
Much like other influenza a viruses, the virion of the H5N1 virus is enveloped and is either spherical or filamentous as to its formation and in clinical isolates, the virus has been shown to be more filamentous, while in some laboratory strains, it appears more spherical (eigel, et al., 1379). As to the genome of the H5N1 virus, this is composed of eight single non-paired RNA strands, containing a code with eleven specific proteins; the overall size is estimated at 13,588 bases (eigel, et al., 1379). According to Wang and Jiang, the entry of the H5N1 virus into a host cell is mediated by hemagglutinin, "a virus surface glycoprotein that can bind terminal sialic acid residues on host cell glycoproteins and glycolipids (2009, Internet).

In most cases, treatment of the H5N1 influenza virus includes immediate hospitalization in the intensive care unit and being placed on a ventilator, along with possible…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Avian Influenza -- Bird Flu." CDC. 2009. Internet. Retrieved September 25, 2009 from  

Symptoms of the bird flu in humans vary depending on the exact subtype which that individual has been infected with. Most people contract the avian influenza from coming into contact with infected birds, "During an outbreak of avian influenza among poultry, there is a possible risk who have contact with infected birds or surfaces that have been contaminated with secretions or excretions from infected birds," (CDC 2007). The etiological agents which infect the body are transmitted through fluids and feces.
The most typical subtype is the Avian Influenza A, or the H5N1 virus (CDC 2007). A frightening percentage of more than half of all people who have contracted H5N1 have died. Most cases of contraction between humans falls into the realm of extremely close familial relationships, like between mother and child. However, there are still fears that H5N1 could mutate into a form which could be easier transmitted through human…...

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Bibliography

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services.

Key Facts About Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1

Virus)." 2007.  http://www.cdc.gov 

Department of Health and Human Services. "Pandemic Flu." 2007.  http://www.pandemicflu.org

In the event of such an epidemic, it is reasonable to assume that public health departments will be pressed to find ways to maintain their services even when employees are ill, normal supply chains are disrupted, and the nation's infrastructure is inoperative; furthermore, the traditional roles of environmental health professionals can also be expected to change in dramatic ways during a period of pandemic influenza (Fabian, 2006). As U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Secretary Leavitt has noted, states and local jurisdictions will be in the vanguard of the battle that has 5,000 fronts. According to the secretary, "A lot is going to be expected of us. Fortunately, a great deal of the preparation activities laid out below have already become part of our awareness and skill set as a result of some of the terrorism and emergency response planning that public health has recently experienced" (Fabian, 2006, p.…...

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References

Aguirre, A.A., House, C., Ostfeld, R.S., Pearl, M.C., & Tabor, G.M. (2002). Conservation medicine: Ecological health in practice. New York: Oxford University Press.

Anzul, M., Evans, J.F., King, R., & Tellier-Robinson, D. (2001). Moving beyond a deficit perspective with qualitative research methods. Exceptional Children, 67(2), 235

Chikombero, P.M., Haridakis, P.M., Hullman, G.A., Pornsakulvanich, V., & Sun, S. (2003). Television exposure not predictive of terrorism fear. Newspaper Research Journal, 24(1), 128.

Executive Order. (April 1, 2005). Amendment to E.O. 13295 relating to certain influenza v iruses and quarantinable communicable diseases.

Introduction Influenza is, in basic terms, a viral attack on the respiratory system of an individual.  In most cases, it is simply referred to as the flu.  Some of the more common symptoms of influenza include, but they are not limited to, a sore throat, nasal congestion, weakness and fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and fever.  In as far as diagnosis is concerned, a physical exam is in most cases conducted alongside tests.  There are various tests that could be used in influenza diagnosis.  These could be inclusive of the rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs).  
Discussion
From the onset, it is important to note that according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC (2016), RIDTs “are immunoassays that can identify the presence of influenza A and B viral nucleoprotein antigens in respiratory specimens, and display the result in a qualitative way (positive vs. negative).”  As CDC further points out, these tests…...

However, one cannot develop the vaccine before the outbreak occurs. From development to commercial production of the vaccine would take approximately three months after a pandemic has been declared (WHO, 2008). The vaccine developed must be matched exactly to the disease, or it will prove ineffective. The development of a vaccine that is not effective is a waste of money, resources, and will do nothing to help stop the spread of disease. This does not mean that a vaccine is useless, it will help to control and stop the pandemic once it is started. Without the development of a vaccine, the pandemic would have a more devastating effect on the human population. The disease would literally be able to spread unchecked on a global basis.
There are currently two drugs on the market that are effective against H5N1. They are both in the neuraminidase inhibitor class. Osletamivir (tamiflu) and zanamivir…...

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References

Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy (CIDRAP). Pandemic Influenza.

Academic Health Center,

University of Minnesota. 2008. Accessed April 11, 2008.http://id_center.apic.org/cidrap/content/influenza/panflu/biofacts/panflu.html.

Health and Human Services (HHS). Pandemic influenza plan. Released Nov 2, 2005.   Accessed April 11, 2008.http://www.hhs.gov/pandemicflu/plan/ .

Emergency
The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic posed enormous challenges for state health departments across the United States. This case focuses on Tennessee which endured an intense resurgence of the disease in 2009 and explores how state health officials, working with their partners from public and private sectors, mobilized in advance for the second wave of the disease. An array of preparedness efforts, such as the development of mechanisms for distributing vaccine, ultimately put the state in a strong position to deal with H1N1 come fall, but health officials still experienced considerable difficulty in several areas, including vaccine delivery, communicating with an anxious public, and managing a surge of patients seeking care. The case highlights methods for preparing for a significant public health emergency and explores the difficulties of coordinating a response involving multiple jurisdictions and a mix of actors from both the public and private sectors.

The federal government had approximated…...

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References

Alapo, L., & Kennedy, C.W. (2009, April 28). Tennessee Preparing for, not Panicking about, Swine flu. Retrieved September 29, 2012, from www.knoxnews.com:  http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2009/apr/28/042809swineet/ 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). The 2009 H1N1 Pandemic: Summary Highlights. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

National Conference of State Legislatures. (2009, January 29). H1N1 State and Federal Response . Retrieved September 29, 2012, from www.ncsl.org:  http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/health/h1n1-state-and-federal-response.aspx 

Tennessee Department of Health. (2009, November 11). Sentinel Provider Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) Surveillance Summary. Retrieved September 29, 2012, from www.health.state.tn.us:  http://health.state.tn.us/Downloads/week50ILI_spnreport_2009.pdf

Seasonal Flu (Influenza) Problem
Centers for Disease Control

The CDC website contains a wide range of information on the seasonal flu, spanning from demographic information and technical information about what 'is' the flu to practical information about preventative measures and treatments that would be of interest to patients. The information is comprehensive and detailed, and also includes special links to information for specific groups, such as the elderly and diabetics.

Objectivity:

Explain how content does or does not represent bias based on advertising or sponsorship.

Most of the data is scientifically validated and virtually all of the entries contain detailed references to matters such as the composition of the different flu viruses that are seldom found in other literature directed at the public. There are parts of the website designed to quiet reader fears in regards to who and who should not get different types of flu vaccines. All information reflects mainstream scientific views regarding…...

Flu deaths expected to rise" is written by influenza expert Mr. . Paul McKinney. He stated that the influenza virus will be stronger and worst this year and the health officials should make precautions for it and spread awareness amongst the masses about the attack. The virus is expected to attack more brutally on the older people and infants, i.e., people who are older than 65 years and younger than 5 years are more likely to be attacked. The virus can also cause several deaths of those who are already suffering with chronic diseases. Hence there will be an overall rise in flu deaths this year. There is no doubt that the government and other health officials and professionals are trying their best in order to educate people about the severity of the virus and to make the situation prominent and vivid, but there is a need of much…...

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Works Cited

Mckinney, N. Flu deaths expected to rise. Pearson Neighborhood news, Week 11.  http://www.pearsonneighborhood.com/lvl1/news/week_11.cfm 

Lowell, A. Smoking breaks a thing of the past? Pearson Neighbourhood news, Week 9.  http://www.pearsonneighborhood.com/lvl1/news/week_09.cfm 

Scutchfield, F.D., & Keck, C.W. (2003). Principles of public health practice. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson/Delmar Learning.

Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2004). Community & public health nursing. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby.

The risk to humans is generally low, however during any outbreak of Avian Flu among poultry, there is always a possible risk to humans who have contact with the infected birds and surfaces contaminated with excretions from the infected fowl (Avian1). The current outbreak of H5N1 among poultry in Asia and Europe is an example of a bird flu outbreak that has caused human infections and death (Avian1). In rare instances, limited human-to-human spread of H5N1 virus has occurred, however transmission has not been observed to continue beyond one person (Avian1). Because all influenza viruses have the ability to change, scientists are concerned that the H5N1 virus could mutate and infect humans with a strain that could easily spread from one person to another (Avian1).

Furthermore, according to the CDC, because these viruses do not commonly infect humans, there is little or no immune protection against them in the human population,…...

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Works Cited

Avian1 Influenza. Retrieved November 01, 2005 from Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention Web site:  

Health-Nursing
Avian Influenza

Avian Influenza is a disease that humans are becoming exposed to through contact, either directly or indirectly with infected poultry or fowl. This paper intends to explore the history of the flu as well as what is being done to combat this infectious and deadly disease.

Avian Influenza, also known as Avian flu or "bird flu" is "an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus" according to the World Health Organization. Identified over 100 years ago in Italy it has now spread throughout the entire globe. The immune systems of some bird species are more resistant to this disease than other although it is believed that all species are susceptible to becoming infected with the disease. The flue ranges "from mild illness to a highly contagious and rapidly fatal disease results in severe epidemics."

Facts of the Disease:

The fatal version of the disease is known…...

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Bibliography

Avian Influenza - Fact Sheet (2004) World Health Organization Web site [Online] available at  http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_01_15/en/ 

Guidance for Protecting Workers Against Avian Flu

 http://www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/avaian-flu.html 

Weekly Epidemiological Record: Avian Influenza Thailand

Addressing myths targeting the young is particularly important to stress online, given that is where anti-vaccine myths are often disseminated. The fact that the flu shot has minimal risks should also be addressed, to counteract the urban myths about its dangers. Online, links to useful 'myth-busting' sites about the flu and the spread of the flu can be provided.

Persuasive techniques

Various types of persuasive motivations should be emphasized, across all the types of media used in the campaign. Older individuals may be motivated to get vaccinated because of a fear for their more fragile health -- but also because they do not want to put their grandchildren at risk. Older people may also be motivated by a sense of civic purpose, so as not to spread the disease. So might healthcare workers and teachers, both of whom are in contact with high-risk members of the public on a frequent basis. From…...

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Reference

Questions and Answers: Seasonal Flu Shot. (2010). Centers for Disease Control (CDC).

Retrieved October 28, 2010 at  

I. Introduction
A. Brief explanation of infectious diseases
B. Brief explanation of lifestyle diseases

II. Infectious Diseases
A. Definition and characteristics
1. Caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
2. Transmitted through direct contact, contaminated food or water, or vectors

B. Common examples
1. Influenza
2. Tuberculosis
3. Malaria

C. Prevention and control
1. Vaccinations
2. Good hygiene practices
3. Public health measures

III. Lifestyle Diseases
A. Definition and characteristics
1. Chronic diseases caused by unhealthy lifestyle choices
2. Develop over time due to factors such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and smoking

B. Common examples
1. Cardiovascular diseases (heart disease, stroke)
2. Type 2 diabetes
3. Obesity

C. Prevention and management
1. Healthy diet and nutrition
2. Regular physical activity
3. Smoking....

Outline: Infectious and Lifestyle Diseases

I. Introduction
- Hook: Start with a captivating statistic or narrative that highlights the global burden of infectious and lifestyle diseases.
- Thesis statement: State the central argument that infectious and lifestyle diseases pose significant risks to human health, and that these risks are influenced by various lifestyle factors.

II. Infectious Diseases
- Definition of infectious diseases and their modes of transmission.
- Examples of common infectious diseases (e.g., influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis) and their associated symptoms and severity.
- Factors contributing to the spread of infectious diseases, including poverty, poor sanitation, and lack of access to healthcare.
- The role of public health....

The westward invasion had a devastating impact on Native American tribes. As settlers moved westward, they encroached on Native American lands, leading to violent conflicts and wars. Many tribes were forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands and relocated to less desirable and often unfamiliar territories.

The loss of land and resources had a profound impact on the traditional way of life of many tribes. Their hunting grounds were disrupted, their food sources depleted, and their cultural practices threatened. This led to widespread poverty, hunger, and disease among Native American communities.

Additionally, the westward invasion resulted in the spread of diseases such as....

The Profound Significance of Handwashing: A Cornerstone of Personal Hygiene and Public Health

Handwashing, an indispensable component of personal hygiene, holds profound implications for both individual well-being and public health. The simple act of cleansing hands with soap and water serves as a potent defense against a myriad of harmful microorganisms, thereby preventing the spread of infections and safeguarding the health of communities worldwide.

Handwashing: A Barrier against Microbial Invasion

Pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, lurk on surfaces we touch and in the air we breathe. These microscopic adversaries can enter our bodies through various portals, such as the mouth,....