Infectious Diseases orksheet
Select two infectious diseases that have gained prominence in the United States in the past five years and complete the worksheet. Include references.

Disease description: Anthrax

Cause: Bacteria found in spores, food and animals

Mode of transmission: Direct contact, consumption, inhalation

Symptoms:fever, shivers & shakes, flu-like symptoms, pneumonia

Descriptive epidemiologic data (Person, place, or time): its a bacteria that is ingested or comes in contact with the human or animal

Demographic data on affected populations:anthrax is normally lethal although it can be addressed early on with some degree of effectiveness. It has a 97% morbidity rate if not caught in time.

Disease frequency: Anthrax has been around for centuries and outbreaks occur often throughout the world.

c. Geographic variation in rates of disease: although the majority of the time outbreaks happen in third world countries more often than not

d. Reasons for place variation: third world countries often do not have the medical facilities and resources that…...

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Works Cited

Olsen, R.; Long, S.W.; Musser, J.M.; (2012) Bacterial genomics in infectious disease and the clinical pathology laboratory, Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Vol. 136, Issue 11, pp. 1414-1422

Price, E.P.; Seymour, M.L.; Sarovich, D.S.; Latham, J.; Wolen, S.R.; Mason, J.; Vincent, G.; Drees, K.P.; Beckstrom-Sternberg, S.M.; Phillippy, A.M.; Koren, S.; Okinaka, R.T.; Wai-Kwan, C.; Schupp, J.M.; Wagner, D.M.; Vipond, R.; Foster, J.T.; Bergman, N.H.; Burans, J.; Pearson, T.; (2012) Molecular epidemiologic investigation of an anthrax outbreak among heroin users, Europe, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 18, Issue 8, pp. 1307-1313

These germs "are constantly mutating to breach your immune system's defenses" ("Germs" 2007). Once these germs breach the immune system, they multiply, resulting in the second link of spreading infectious diseases. As Germs multiply and breach the immune system, a person becomes sick.
The third and final step in the chain of spreading infectious diseases from person to person deals with that sickness. Once a person comes into contact with a germ, and the germ enters the body, multiplies, and attacks the body, the immune system "springs into action," using white blood cells, antibodies, and other methods of fighting that disease. These actions often have exteriorly obvious symptoms, such as sneezing and coughing ("Germs" 2007). At the end of this third link, the infectious disease has generally been vanquishd by the immune system.

While this chain of events suggests that spreading infectious diseases from person to person occurs relatively easily, preventing…...

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References

Environmental changes are spreading infectious diseases -- UN study. (2005). United

Nations News Center. Retrieved 6 September 2008 at  http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?newsid=13407&cr=infectious&cr1=diseases 

Germs: Understand and protect against bacteria, viruses, and infection. (2007). Mayo

Clinic. Retrieved 6 September 2008 at  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/germs/ID00002

Infectious Disease Salmonellosis
Salmonellosis, named after pathologist Daniel S. Salmon who first isolated the organism from porcine intestine, was first described in 1880 and cultured in 1884 (Salmonellosis1 pp). Salmonellae are motile, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, and are common in the gastrointestinal tracts of mammals, reptiles, birds, and insects (Salmonellosis1 pp).

Salmonellae are potential enteric pathogens and a leading cause of bacterial food-borne illness (Salmonellosis1 pp).

ith a single overarching species (Salmonella

choleraesuis) and over 2000 serotypes, salmonellae have been implicated in a spectrum of diseases, including enteric or typhoid fever (primarily

Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi), bacteremia, focal infections, and enterocolitis (typically Salmonella

typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, and Salmonella

heidelberg) (Salmonellosis1 pp).

Salmonellae is usually transmitted by consumption of contaminated foods, particularly beef, poultry, and eggs, although improperly prepared fruits, vegetable, dairy products, and shellfish have also been implicated, as well as human-to-human and animal-to-human transmission (Salmonellosis1 pp). The infectious dose varies among strains, however,…...

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Work Cited

Salmonellosis1. Accessed from Emedicine web site May 07, 2005.

 http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2058.htm 

Salmonellosis. Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases. Accessed from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention web site May 07, 2005.

 http://www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_g.htm#What%20is%20salmonellosis

In a weird way, that's good news" (Caldwell, 2003, p. 29).
Conclusion

The research showed that Staphylococcus aureus is a particularly challenging pathogen for clinicians seeking to prevent nosocomial infections in their patients. Over time, S. aureus has shown itself capable of mutating into various resistant strains that make treating it much like trying to hit a moving target. Further, the incidence of infections by S. aureus were found to be on the increase across the country, in hospital settings as well as other public places where skin-to-skin contact is made. In the final analysis, it is reasonable to assume that'd. aureus is not going anywhere soon, and healthcare practitioners should either start, or continue, to use universal precautions as they carry out their day-to-day activities. In addition, those who may be at increased risk of infection by MSA should ensure that they take reasonable precautions such as avoiding skin-to-skin contact…...

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References

Caldwell, J. (2003, April 29). Staph's scary reality: How a little fun on the dance floor - or in the steam room at your gym - can land you in the hospital. The Advocate, 28.

Chikami, G.K., & Murphy, D. (1998). Microbial menace. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy, 13(4), 11.

Eidson, M., Olson, R.K., & Sewell, C.M. (1997). Staphylococcal food poisoning from a fundraiser. Journal of Environmental Health, 60(3), 7.

Levy, S.B. (1992). The antibiotic paradox: How miracle drugs are destroying the miracle. New York: Plenum Press.

HIV and AIDS Content Knowledge for Dental Professionals:
HIV Defined and the History of HIV

esearch Methodology, Statistical Data Analysis and Study Limitations

Expected esults

THE DIFFEENCES IN THE LEVEL OF HIV AND AIDS CONTENT KNOWLEDGE FO DENTAL POFESSIONALS:

Infectious diseases, whether hepatitis, flu, herpes, HIV, AIDS, impetigo, encephalitis, measles, ocky Mountain Fever, or a host of others have plagued mankind for centuries. Without doubt new infectious diseases will appear in the world's population for centuries to come. However, no disease has been more detrimental to populations all over the world that than of HIV and AIDS. Although this paper is not intended to moralize, theorize, pontificate, or set moral standards on the HIV and AIDS issue it is extremely important to know that the epidemic affects citizenry all over the globe. As such all individuals alike, wherein no known cure is available, must take precautionary measures to limit exposure and infection. To these…...

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References

AIDS epidemic update: December 1998. UN AIDS Joint United Nations Program on HIV / AIDS

Ferguson, George A. (1966). Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Holmberg, SD. (1996). The Estimated Prevalence and Incidence of HIV in 96 large U.S. Metropolitan areas, Am J. Public Health

Kerlinger, Fred N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Human monkeypox can be distinguished from smallpox only by the development of the virus or the presentation of a virus-specific serological test with convalescent serum (Chapter 29: Human Monkeypox and other Poxvirus Infections of Man, n.d). People can acquire monkeypox from a creature with monkeypox if they are bitten or if they handle the creature's blood, body liquids, or its rash. The illness also can go from person to person by way of big drops throughout long periods of in person contact or by touching body liquids of a sick person (What You Should Know about Monkeypox, 2008).
There is no precise cure for monkeypox. In Africa, people who acquired the smallpox vaccine in the past had a lower danger of monkeypox. The CDC has put out guidelines setting down when the smallpox vaccine should be used in order to guard against monkeypox (What You Should Know about Monkeypox, 2008).…...

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References

Chapter 29: Human Monkeypox and other Poxvirus Infections of Man. (n.d). Retrieved October

25, 2010, from Web site:  http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/9241561106_chp29.pdf 

Questions and Answers about Monkeypox. (2008). Retrieved October 25, 2010, from CDC Web

site:  http://www.cdc.gov /ncidod/monkeypox/qa.htm

Anthrax
is an acute infectious disease that came into the limelight recently due to the Anthrax Attacks in the United States in the weeks following the September 2001 terror attacks, causing widespread panic. This report on Anthrax includes information on how the disease is caused, types of Anthrax, symptoms of the disease and its treatment. It also includes information on the 2001 Anthrax attacks in the U.S. And why anthrax is a good bioterrorism agent.

How is Anthrax Caused?

Anthrax is caused by the bacterium

"Bacillus anthracis' that is highly lethal in its virulent form. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic animals, but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals, tissue from infected animals, or high concentrations of anthrax spores.

Bacillus Anthracis

Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium which causes anthrax, is rod-shaped and about 1 by 6 micrometres in size. It was the first bacterium ever to be shown…...

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Works Cited

'2001 anthrax attacks." From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2005. May 1, 2005.

"Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, 2002." Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA)

Vol. 287 No. 17, May 1, 2002. May 1, 2005.

"Anthrax: What You Need To Know." Center for Disease Control and Prevention. July 31, 2003. May 1, 2005.

Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases released the findings of a group of stem-cell researchers working on improving the recovery of leukemia patients that received stem cell transplantations, in the article "Ciprofloxacin decreased polyoma BK virus load in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation." The hypothesis of the study conducted was that Ciprofloxacin would be an effective treatment against a certain virus that affects patients, called Polyoma BK virus, or BKV, which is associated with hemorrhagic cystitis, a kind of serious bladder infection. The hypothesis was found to be true, and the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin will undergo further studies and clinical applications to determine the most effective uses against the BKV in post stem-cell transplant patients.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a common treatment used to treat leukemia. This is a type of transplant of stem cells from a donor into the patient, rather than a transplant of one's…...

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Work Cited

Anskar, Y.H., et al. (2005, February 15) Ciprofloxacin decreased polyoma BK virus load in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40.4. 528(10).

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an airborne infectious disease caused by tubercule bacilli, spread from person to person (CDC 2011). It affects the lungs and other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys and the spine. It is curable but an infected person can also die of it if he does not get proper treatment (CDC)

MDRT

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis or MDRT is T that does not respond to the action of at least two of the best drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin, the first-line treatment of T (CDC 2011). Extensively drug-resistant T or XDRT is the rare type, which is resistant to these two major drugs, to any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs. These injectable drugs are amikacin, kanamycin and capreomycin. These additional drugs are considered second-line treatment for T. Those with XDR T resort to less effective options. Among those affected are persons with HIV or…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

CDC. Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Fact Sheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Retrieved on July 9, 2011 from  http://www.cdc.gov /tb/publications/factshets/drtb/mdrtb.htm

Gavin, Patricia et al. Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Strain from Equatorial Guinea Detected in Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases: U.S. National

Center for Infectious Diseases, 2009. Retrieved on July 15, 2011 from  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_mOGVK/is_11_15/ai_n47559748/?tag=mantle_skin.content 

Hoek, KGP et al. Resistance to Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol Compromises MDR-

Burden of Infectious Disease
Infectious diseases have continued to be some of the biggest public health concerns across the globe, which has contributed to increased attention from various stakeholders, especially the health sector. The public health burden of infectious diseases across the world is influenced by the increased global deaths of individuals suffering from them. In light of these factors, infectious diseases have attracted considerable attention from new agencies and personnel. Actually, there are several news items published daily that relate to infectious diseases such as updates on the incidence and prevalence of these diseases, newly emerging infectious diseases or those relating to scientific breakthroughs and disease outbreaks. An example of a news item on infectious disease is an article on the outbreak of measles that sparked national debate.

Measles is one of the vaccine-preventable diseases that have attracted considerable attention in the recent past because of its increase spread. This infectious…...

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References

Barrett, T. (1987). The Molecular Biology of the Morbilivirus (Measles) Group. Biochemical Society Symposium, 53, 25-37.

Jenkins, M. (2015, February 3). Measles Outbreak Sparks Vaccination Debate. THV11 -- A Tegna Company. Retrieved October 23, 2015, from  http://www.thv11.com/story/news/local/little-rock/2015/02/03/measles-outbreak-sparks-vaccination-debate/22838367/ 

Rima, B.K. & Duprex, W.P. (2011, July). Measles Virus. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences Journal. doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0000418.pub3

Epidemiology
This report will discuss the recent growth of the infectious/communicable disease of paratyphoid and typhoid fever in underprivileged regions across India, together with its contributing factors, pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, and management.

Communicable / Infectious Disease That Occurred Globally

The twenty-first century's onset was accompanied by growth in a range of wild and domesticated animal species acting as reservoirs/carriers of pathogens like bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Given the continuum of species of animals involved in the process and the pathogens' typically complicated natural history, proper prevention, surveillance, and control/management of zoonotic infections poses a genuine public health challenge. Foodborne diseases, mad cow disease and other such newly developed zoonoses, as well as several agents of viral infections (like, Ebola, Nipah, monkeypox virus, Highly Pathogenic Asian Avian Influenza (H5N1), etc.) have seriously impacted public health, directly as well as indirectly. With continual changes to the environment, such occurrences are expected to increase in the…...

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Bibliography

Ali, S., 2006. Typhoid fever - Aspects of environment, host and pathogen interaction. Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences project, Volume 99.

Anon., n.d. Typhoid and paratyphoid - including symptoms, treatment and prevention. [Online]

Available at:   / [Accessed 22 May 2016].http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au 

Anon., n.d. Typhoid: most common communicable disease in India. [Online]

anatomy and physiology of the Nervous System
The nervous system is a "network of specialized tissue that controls actions and reactions of the body and its adjustment to the environment." ("Nervous System 2000) There are two segments of the nervous system which include the peripheral and central systems. ("Nervous System 2000)

The peripheral nervous system consists of spinal, cranial, and autonomic nerves, and their branches. ("Nervous System" 2000)

The central nervous system consists of the spinal chord and brain.

The brain might be compared to a computer and its memory banks, the spinal cord to the conducting cable for the computer's input and output, and the nerves to a circuit supplying input information to the cable and transmitting the output to muscles and organs. The nervous system is built up of nerve cells, called neurons, which are supported and protected by other cells. Of the 200 billion or so neurons making up the…...

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References

Meningococcal Disease. (2002). Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved January 28, 2004 from;

 http://www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/meningococcal_t.htm

Meningitis Manual. (1998). Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved January 28, 2004 from;

, 2001). These two simple measures can drastically increase the subsequent spread of infectious disease throughout the country.
In Outbreak, the military institutes martial law to quarantine the infected populace in the town of Cedar Creek. Eventually, the military begins plans to bomb Cedar Creek in an attempt to eradicate the virus, which had thus far proven untenable. hile the concept of the United States government destroying a small town and murdering its populace is likely superlative Hollywood movie-making, the institution of martial law is a realistic and effective approach toward preventing further spread (Yassi et al., 2001).

In addition to the non-medical measures which can be taken to deal with the spread of an infectious agent, there are several medical actions which could be utilized to treat infected invididuals, including antivirals, antibiotics, or vaccines (Yassi et al., 2001). For example, antivirals and vaccines are both being utilized in an effort to…...

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Works Cited

Cavendish, M. (2007). Diseases and Disorders (p. 328). Marshall Cavendish.

Groseth, A., Feldmann, H., & Strong, J.E. (2007). The ecology of Ebola virus. Trends in Microbiology, 15(9), 408-416. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.08.001.

Petersen, W. (1995). Outbreak. Warner Bros. Pictures.

Preston, R. (2009). Panic in Level 4 (p. 230). Random House, Inc.

Pelvic inflammatoy disease, a citical poblem
Occuence o ecuence of pelvic inflammatoy disease o PID has been linked to STIs such as C. tachomatis o Neisseia gonohoeae. Patient education and simplified guidelines ae needed to develop accuate diagnosis. In ode fo changes to take place, moe eseach must be done to undestand the complex natue of the disease and the most effective and cost effective method of teatment.

This pape delves into the isk factos, diagnosis pocesses, teatment, elevant psychological issues, public health implications, patient and family education, and appopiate efeal to specialty by eviewing liteatue petinent to PID. The esults of the liteatue eview show vey little in the past was done in egads to eseaching symptoms of PID and teatment efficacy. New eseach shows lowe abdominal pain as a main indicato of PID as well as C. tachomatis o Neisseia gonohoeae. The data also elaboates on the isks of…...

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references for fertility in women with pelvic inflammatory disease. Fertility and Sterility, 81(5), 1344-1350.

Sweet, R.L. (2011). Treatment of Acute Pelvic Inftammatory Disease. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2011(561909), 1-13.

Tepper, N.K., Steenland, M.W., Gaffield, M.E., Marchbanks, P.A., & Curtis, K.M. (2013). Retention of intrauterine devices in women who acquire pelvic inflammatory disease: a systematic review. Contraception, 5(87), 655-60. Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23040135

Typhoid fever disease is a global health phenomena or problem with approximately 20 million incidents and 700,000 adult deaths every year. Notably, a huge portion of these cases and deaths occur in developing countries, especially in South East Asia and Indian subcontinent. While the infection was traditionally treated with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, serious public health program has emerged in the past decades because of the widespread emergence of antibiotic resistant Salmonella typhi or S.typhi. Moreover, typhoid fever disease caused by MD organisms can also be considered as a significant public health and therapeutic issue. This is primarily because there are a huge number of cases of MD typhoid fever that occur in childhood and are coupled with considerably high mortality and morbidity rates. Since the disease has developed to become a significant public health issue in the past few decades, it's important to conduct a research about it and…...

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References:

Arjunan, M. & Al-Salamah, A.A. (2010, April 29). Typhoid Fever with Severe Abdominal Pain:

Diagnosis and Clinical Findings using Abdomen Ultrasonogram, Hermatology-cell Analysis and the Widal Test. Journal of Infections in Developing Countries, 4(9), 593-596. Retrieved from  http://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/download/1010/445 

Hammad et al. (2011). Ceftriaxone vs. Chloramphenicol for Treatment of Acute Typhoid

Fever. Life Science Journal, 8(2), 100-105. Retrieved from  http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0802/14_4757life0802_100_105.pdf

My honest answer to this question is that, as a medical assistant, it is highly unlikely that I would be establishing the practice’s policy in terms of cancellations and patients who show up without appointments.  Generally, the doctor(s) and the office manager establish those policies and the appropriate policies may vary tremendously depending on the type of practice, the demands of the practice, patient utilization, current prevailing conditions (for example, the COVID-19 pandemic could change how a practice approaches drop-in patients), and the patient’s own medical history.  As a medical assistant, I would follow the policies and....

If you want to find out arguments about infectious diseases, we are tempted to tell you to visit almost any social media site, where you are almost sure to find people debating the efficacy of face masks to slow the spread of COVID-19.  However, the reality is that you actually want to avoid looking at sites like that if you are trying to develop a good essay about infectious diseases because internet arguments notoriously fail to follow the steps to developing a good argument.  You want to make a claim, provide support for that claim, and address....

Infection control specifically refers to stopping the spread of disease in healthcare settings and during health care procedures, such as surgeries.  It is a catchall phrase that refers to a wide variety of behaviors or practices that can result in the elimination or reduction of disease transmission in these settings.  We are happy to provide you with some suggested topics and titles for an essay about infection control.

Essay Topics

Best hygiene practices for pre-surgical prep of skin to prevent surgical-site infections

Does the routine use of masks in non-surgical medical examinations and routines reduce infectious disease transmission....

It can be a little difficult to find accurate research on a specific incident like the 1993 Jack In the Box E. coli outbreak.  Escherichia coli, commonly known as E. coli is a type of bacterium that is often located in the lower intestine of warm-blooded animals.  E. coli lives in healthy people and animals, but some strains of E. coli can be very dangerous, causing significant gastrointestinal symptoms in impacted people.  If you are infected with a dangerous strain, the symptoms can include severe cramping, bloody diarrhea, and even vomiting.  People....