Instead, the authors merely present their own findings in a series of databases without any cross-comparison with previous studies. Furthermore, rather than fully explicating their methods, most of their 'results' section is devoted to explaining why the 12-months follow-up yielded more accurate reporting. Although this finding is indeed interesting and important, it is not directly related to how the research question was framed in terms of the superiority of using two different sources of data-tracking.

Is the method of presentation effective? Is the method of presentation accurate?

While the findings are interesting, there are many questions left open-ended from a reader's point-of-view. For instance, how were these diagnoses obtained? Were they from individuals willingly being tested for HIV or who had received a diagnosis because of other complications or because of enforced testing (such as before entering a correctional setting). Different states have entirely different methods of tabulating data (for example, some…...

mla

References

Hall, Irene H., Ruiguang Song, John E. Gerstle III, & Lisa M. Lee (2006). Assessing the completeness of reporting of human immunodeficiency virus diagnoses in 2002 -- 2003: Capture-recapture methods. American Journal of Epidemiology.

164 (4): 391. Retrieved June 17, 2010 at  http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/164/4/391 

Notes on using capture-recapture techniques to assess the sensitivity of rapid case-finding

Methods. (2006, July). VALID International Ltd. Version 0.7. Retrieved June 17, 2010 at  http://www.brixtonhealth.com/CRCaseFinding.pdf

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has grown into an epidemic that has spun out of control and grown into something that needs to be addressed in a manner that everyone will finally agree that this situation has to be remedied. No longer can HIV be viewed as a way to ostracize those who most need help, nor should it be seen as a method to suppress those of lower socioeconomic status and of minority background, which so far combined, are the groups with the highest rate of HIV infection (Downer, 2009).
In order for anything to change with the HIV situation in the world, a way of dealing with this issue in a calm rational manner needs to be established. Currently, there are individuals living with HIV that have not been receiving the proper care to address their needs and their particular situation (Downer, 2009). My public health vision for the HIV…...

mla

References:

Paltiel, D.A., Weinstein, M.C., Kimmel, A.D., Seage, G.R., Losina, E., Zhang, H., Freedberg, K.A., & Walensky, R.P. (2005). Expanded screening for HIV in the United States -- An analysis of cost-effectiveness. New England Jounral of Medicine. 352(6): 586-595.

Hall, H.I., Geduld, J., Boulos, D., Rhodes, P., An, Q., Mastro, T.D., Janssen, R.S., & Archibald, C.P. (2009). Epidemiology of HIV in the United States and Canada: Current status and ongoing challenges. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Sydromes. 51: S13-S20.

Downer G.A. eds. (2009). HIV in communities of color: A compendium of culturally competent promising practices. National Minority AIDS Education and Training Center: Howard University College of Medicine. 1-59.

Millett, G.A., Crowley, J.S., Koh, H., Valdiserri, R.O., Frieden, T., Dieffenbach, C.W., Fenton, K.A., Benjamin, R., Whitescarver, J., Mermin, J., Parham-Hopson, D., & Fauci, A.S. (). A way forward: The national HIV / AIDS strategy and reducing HIV incidence in the United States. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 55(2): S144-S147.

HIV
What is HIV?

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is believed to be the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a deadly disease that affects nearly one million Americans every year (Silverstein, 1991).

HIV is classified as a retrovirus that uses RNA templates to produce DNA. For example, within the core of HIV, a double molecule of ribonucleic acid, RNA, exists. When the virus invades a cell, this genetic material is replicated in the form of DNA.

However, in order to produce this DNA, HIV must first be able to produce a particular enzyme that can construct a DNA molecule through a RNA template. This enzyme, known as RNA-directed DNA polymerase, is also referred to as reverse transcription because it reverses the typical cellular process of transcription.

The DNA molecules created by reverse transcription are then placed in the genetic material of the host cell, where they are co-replicated with the host's chromosomes.…...

mla

Bibliography

Aronstein, D.M. & Thompson, B.J. (eds.) HIV and Social Work: A Practitioner's Guide. New York: The Harrington Park Press, 1998.

Cohen, P.T., Sande, M.A., & Volberding, P.A. (eds.). The AIDS Knowledge Base: A Textbook on HIV Disease from the University of California, San Francisco, and the San Francisco General Hospital (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999.

Folks, Thomas. Transmission of AIDS. California: University of California, 1998.

National Journal Group Inc. Kaiser Daily HIV / AIDS Report, 2001. Retrieved from Internet on 3/11/03: http://www.kaisernetwork.org/dailyreports/hiv.

Those participants in the high-risk groups were found to significantly associated with certain psychiatric conditions. These included: anxiety/tension, depression, having serious thoughts of suicide, experiencing hallucinations, and difficulties concentrating. In addition, participants who had reported being bothered by psychological or emotional problems, within the last 30 days, were also significantly more likely to be in the high-risk HIV / AIDS group.
This is in contrast to the results of those who had tested positive for HIV / AIDS, with only 15% of respondents who were HIV / AIDS positive being in the high-risk group, according to Fitzgerald, Lundgren and Chassler. In fact, those participants who were HIV / AIDS positive were approximately 82% less likely to be found to engage in the defined high-risk behaviors, when compared with those who had not tested HIV / AIDS positive. In addition, at the bivariate level, the researchers found no significant difference in…...

mla

Works Cited

Fitzgerald, T, L Lundgren, and D. Chassler . "Factors associated with HIV / AIDS high-risk behaviours among female injection drug users." AIDS Care 19.1 (2007): 67-74. Print.

Kressina, T., Bruce, R. & McCance, E. "Medication assisted treatment in the treatment of drug abuse and dependence in HIV / AIDS infected drug users." Current HIV Research. 7.4 (2009): 354-364 / Print.

Von Unger, H. & Collins, P. "Transforming the meaning of HIV / AIDS in recovery from substance use." Health care for Women International 26.4 (2005): 308-324. Print.

Customer Inserts His/Her Name
Explain how HIV infects CD4+ cells?

The HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus which belongs to a group of viruses known as the retroviruses. HIV causes in AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) by infecting the cells of the human and uses up all the energy inside the cells which is required for the growth and development of human cells. AIDS is a fatal disease in which the immunity system of the human body is destroyed due to which the body becomes vulnerable to various infections and also the weakness of the body's immune system also allows other diseases to attack the body. Once a person is infected with HIV, this virus feeds on the energy present in the cells and multiplies in the white blood cells. White blood cells are the ones which build up the immune system and when they are weakened by the HIV then it…...

mla

References

McClatchey, Kenneth D (2002). Clinical Laboratory Medicine. 2nd. Edition. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Rose, Hamilton (2002). Manual of Clinical Immunology. 6th. Edition, ASM, 2002.

Whiteside, Alan (2008). HIV / AIDS: A Very Short Introduction. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 1st edition. ISBN-10: 0192806920.

Although AIDS was first discussed in medical literature in 1981, recent evidence proves the HIV virus existed long before. The first documented infection, based on plasma samples, was from 1959 (Avert).
The three most direct modes of HIV transmission between humans include sex, blood transfusions or needle sharing, and mother to infant. The HIV virus cannot survive long without a host body. Transmission therefore requires fresh bodily fluids and yet HIV cannot be transmitted via mosquitoes.

HIV / AIDS carries an enormous social stigma as psychologically devastating as the disease is physically fatal. Because the first medically chronicled cases of HIV / AIDS were gay men, the disease became synonymous with homosexuality. Homophobia fueled fears of the disease and simultaneously stymied efforts to increase public awareness of its devastating effects on all persons. In sub-Saharan Africa, almost 60% of adults living with AIDS are female.

eferences

Avert. Web site retrieved Nov 18, 2008…...

mla

References

Avert. Web site retrieved Nov 18, 2008 at  http://www.avert.org/worldstats.htm 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved Nov 18, 2008 at  http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/basic/index.htm

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Description of the communicable disease

Infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has become a global epidemic. It causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The major causal sources of this communicable disease are through semen, blood, breast milk of infected mothers, and vaginal fluid. In addition, the virus can be found in sweat, saliva, and also tears; however, in the latter cases, generally not in sufficient amounts to cause spreading of the virus to another individual. The main common means of being infected with HIV are through having unprotected sex and through sharing of needles. HIV may be transferred through unprotected heterosexual or homosexual anal, vaginal, and perhaps oral sex. Even though the risk of infection is minimal with oral sex, there remains the same imperative to use protection such as a condom in the course of oral sex. Due to new treatments, the risk of spreading…...

mla

References

Aids.gov. (2015). Global HIV / AIDS Organizations. Retrieved 19 May 2014 from:  https://www.aids.gov/federal-resources/around-the-world/global-hiv-aids-organizations/ 

Body and Health Canada. (2015). HIV / AIDS. Retrieved 19 May 2014 from:  http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/channel_condition_info_details.asp?channel_id=1020&relation_id=70907&disease_id=1&page_no=2 

Cabieses Valdes, B.B. (2011). The living conditions and health status of international immigrants in Chile: Comparisons among international immigrants, and between them and the Chilean-born.

CDC. (2012). CDC Global Health Strategy 2012 -- 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2014 from:  http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/strategy/pdf/CDC-GlobalHealthStrategy.pdf

Combating the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in South Africa
Although Swaziland has the highest incidence rate for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at 27.7%, South Africa suffers from the largest number of people living with HIV in the world (6.8 million) (The global HIV / AIDS epidemic, 2016) out of a total population of around 53.5 million (South Africa population, 2016). In fact, during the time required to read this introduction, someone died of HIV in South Africa. Unfortunately, South Africa is certainly not unique in experiencing these high rates of infection and many sub-Saharan African nations are likewise seriously affected by the disease (The global HIV/AID epidemic, 2016). South Africa, though, is also suffering from a number of social problems that have exacerbated the HIV epidemic. In response to these alarming trends, the international community, including the United States, has allocated an enormous amount of resources to help stop the spread…...

mla

References

Birnbaum, J. K. & Murray, C. J. (2011, April). Exposing misclassified HIV / AIDS deaths in South Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89(4), 278-281.

du Toit, J. & Burger, A. (2010, Spring). Tackling HIV / AIDS in the workplace: Best practice being developed in South Africa carries an important message for companies everywhere. European Business Forum, 17, 70-73.

Global Fund overview. (2016). Global Fund. Retrieved from   / overview/.http://www.theglobalfund.org/en 

South African economy. (2016). CIA world factbook. Retrieved from   / library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html.https://www.cia.gov 

SIV Phylogeny in Western Gorillas
SIV in Western Gorillas

Phylogenetic Analysis of SIV in Western Gorillas

In order to better understand how SIV is transmitted Takehisa et al. (2009) undertook several experiments to determine the phylogenetic relationship between SIVgor and SIVcpz. These experiments depended primarily on sequence homology comparisons, a commonly-used and well-accepted approach for determining phylogenetic relationships.

The specific aims are as follows:

Whole genome sequence homology comparisons will be performed between different strains of SIVgor, SIVcpz, and HIV-1, to establish the relative similarity and thus reveal phylogenetic relationships.

SIVgor sequence will be examined for evidence of recombination. Should a recombination signature be found, it can be used to help search for the most recent common ancestor.

There are multiple strains of SIVcpz infecting chimpanzees from central and eastern Africa, and previous research has shown these strains are geographically-specific. SIVgor sequence comparisons with SIVcpz strains isolated from wild chimpanzee populations will be used to determine whether…...

mla

References

Takehisa, Jun et al. "Origin and biology of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in wild-living Western Gorillas" Journal of Virology 83.4 (2009): 1635-1648. Web. May 8, 2011.

Origin of HIV
The mystery of HIV and its origins is one that cannot be easily solved. In the thirty-odd years which have passed since the official recognition of AIDS by the CDC and the subsequent search for its cause, various theories have been floated regarding its nature, its development, its ability to adapt, our ability to combat it, and -- most importantly for some -- its origin. How did the virus come into being? Viruses are known for altering over time and according to circumstances. They have a way of "bending" in order to make due -- of manipulating themselves in such a way so as to survive. This is no less true for HIV than for influenza. Just as variants of influenza appear each year to wreak havoc on the human population, variant-strains of HIV continue to be discovered, suggesting that the virus is still developing, still finding a…...

mla

Bibliography

Apetrei, C., et al. (2005) 'Molecular epidemiology of simian immunodeficiency virus

SIVsm in U.S. primate centers unravels the origin of SIVmac and SIVstm', J Virol, 79(14):8991-9005.

Clavel, F., et al. (1986) 'Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients

with AIDS', Science, 233(4761):343-346.

Using condoms is also an excellent prevention activity that can also be used (Primary and Secondary HIV Prevention, 2008).
Potential obstacles to HIV prevention activities taking place in clinical settings often include:

narrow formations of medical care and the role of physicians or health care providers in HIV prevention, a provider's discomfort with discussing human sexuality and illicit drug use and their attitudes towards persons with HIV or AIDS along with constraints on time and resources, and the vagueness of HIV prevention messages (Primary and Secondary HIV Prevention, 2008).

The very nature of HIV transmission involves behaviors that are not readily discussed in American society. It is important for health care providers to become comfortable discussing sexual and substance-use activities with their patients. They need to create an environment of trust for patients so their risk behaviors can be discussed. It is important to assure the patient of the confidential nature of…...

mla

References

ABCs of Aids Prevention - Presentation Transcript. (2009). Retrieved September 3, 2009, from Slideshare Web site:  http://www.slideshare.net/drsujnanendra/ab-cs-of-aids-prevention 

CDC Responds to HIV / AIDS. (2009). Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Web site:  http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/aboutDHAP.htm 

HIV / AIDS. (2009). Retrieved September 4, 2009, from MayClinic Web site:

During the period from April to June2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak had a negative impact on Thai economies. The total revenue from tourism was 10% lower than expected.
Seenprachawong U.)

However many studies of the tourist industry in the country point out that it is extremely resilient and " in the tsunami disaster, a quick recovery process began after a deep sentiment of sadness. Investment recovered very quickly with a view to cleaning up the destruction left behind. Following recent years of strong growth, the economy of Thailand should be in a strong position to recover from this tragedy." (Seenprachawong U.)

4. Conclusion

There is little doubt that the Thai tourist industry is one that is extremely dependent on changes in the natural environment and influences on the culture from the outside. While the resilience of this industry have be shown in the face of natural disasters, there is a…...

mla

Bibliography

Asia Market Research. March 16, 2007.  http://www.asiamarketresearch.com/ 

Continued unrest, travel warnings hit Thai tourism. March 16, 2007. http://www.dancewithshadows.com/travel/thai-tourism.asp

Community-Based Tourism in Doi Inthanon National Park:Case Study of Ban

Mae Klang Luang Tourism Alliance, Chiangmai, Thailand. March 16, 2007.  http://www.iges.or.jp/APEIS/RISPO/inventory/db/pdf/0006.pdf

The second session had camera instruction. The third session had each participant given a camera and they were instructed to "(t)ake pictures of the challenges and solution in addressing HIV and AIDS" (Mitchell et al., 2005). The fourth session saw the photos developed and asked small groups to compare and contrast their pictures by creating posters. The authors draw on previous research on photo-voice techniques, as well as memory and photography and self-representation through photography.

In the end, the authors' qualitative research concluded that although many projects use photography to give voice to participants, it is especially significant in the giving a voice to community health workers and teachers in rural South African communities. In these remote areas, the communities do not have to wait for researchers to provide them answers, instead they are able to take action themselves and give a visible face to the HIV and AIDS plight (Mitchell…...

Management of Immunocompromised Patients
In beginning I writer specific nursing assignment. The Question: 2000 Words While clinical placement asked prepare a single room an admission. The patient requiring admission isolation room immunocompromised.

Immunocompromised patients usually require isolation in order to prevent them from becoming infected with infections from other patients which is known as protective isolation. For the immunocompromised patients, their immune system is unable to fight the infectious diseases. There are many diseases or conditions that lead to immunodeficiency in patients.

One is AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The pathophysiology of AIDS starts when the person's CD4+ T cell count begins to decrease as the disease kills these cells. This is HIV-induced cell lysis where the virus enters the CD4+ cells where it inserts its genetic information to the cell nucleus thus taking over the cell and replicating itself. The virus then mutates extremely rapidly thus making it more and more difficult for…...

mla

References

Agusti, C., & Torres, A. (2009). Pulmonary Infection in the Immunocompromised Patient: Strategies for Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Bodey, G.P. (2010). Managing Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40(Supplement 4), S239. doi: 10.1086/427328

Glauser, M.P., & Pizzo, P.A. (2009). Management of Infections in Immunocompromised Patients New York: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Hayden, R.T. (2008). Diagnostic Microbiology of the Immunocompromised Host. Washington, DC: ASM Press.

HIV / AIDS on African-American Community in U.S.
Certain diseases occur more frequently within certain communities or ethnic groups. In part, this can be connected to genetics, heritage, environment, or the habits of a given cultural or ethnic group. This phenomenon is no different with HIV / AIDS, an illness which has been aggravated in the African-American community. HIV stands for the human immunodeficiency virus, a virus which can eventually turn into AIDS, also known as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV / AIDS is believed to have come from a chimpanzee in West Africa: "They believe that the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus (called simian immunodeficiency virus, or SIV) most likely was transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood. Studies show that HIV may have jumped from apes to humans as far back as…...

mla

References

Cdc.gov. (2013, May 29). What is HIV? Retrieved from cdc.gov:  http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html 

Impact-dc.com. (2010). A State of Emergency. Retrieved from Impact-dc.com: http://www.impact-dc.com/a-state-of-emergency-hivaids-impact-in-the-african-american-community/

Gelaude, D.J., Sovine, M.L., & Sawxyer, M. (2013). Hiv prevention programs delivered by community-based organizations to young transgender persons of color:

Lessons learned to improve future program implementation. International Journal

Ethical Considerations in Media Coverage of AIDS

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic has raised profound ethical questions for the media, shaping how they approach coverage of this devastating disease. Ethical considerations play a pivotal role in determining the choice of language, portrayal of individuals, and framing of narratives surrounding AIDS.

Accurate and Non-Stigmatizing Language

One of the primary ethical concerns is using accurate and non-stigmatizing language. The use of outdated or insensitive terms can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS. Ethical guidelines emphasize employing terms such as "people living with HIV/AIDS" rather than "AIDS victims" or "HIV-positive." By....