Immune System
The functions of the immune system have been discussed in detail by the preceding paper. It also puts light on the functions of the complement system and various cells of the immune system. Apart from that, it also analyzes the impact of Type 1 Diabetes mellitus on the functioning of the immune system.

The immune system can be defined as a complex network of a number of tissues, organs and cells that work in an integrated manner in order protect the body from the attacks of foreign invaders. These invaders generally include the pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, worms and fungi etcetera and the microbes. ("Understanding the," 2003) The functions of the immune system can be classified as non-specific or general and specific. The non-specific functions of the immune system include the barriers to entry, discharge of protective proteins, phagocytes, use of natural killer cells and the inflammatory reaction of…...

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References

Davies, T., Greenwood, A., Opitz, S., & Girard, L. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, (2008). Stem cell science: Overviews of selected disease areas; type 1 diabetes. Retrieved from Harvard Stem Cell Institute website:  http://www.hsci.harvard.edu/system/files/diabetes_sci_ov.pdf 

Napa Valley College, (2011). Immune system. Retrieved from Napa Valley College website: 120 Lectures/NVC_Bio120_ch 43_immune.pdfhttp://www.napavalley.edu/people/sburns/Documents/Biol

Parkin, J., & Cohen, B. (2001). An overview of the immune system. THE LANCET, 357(1), 1777. Retrieved from  http://www.direct-ms.org/pdf/ImmunologyGeneral/Immunology_Overview.pdf 

U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services, (2003). Understanding The Immune System How It Works. Retrieved from U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services website:  http://www.imgt.org/IMGTeducation/Tutorials/ImmuneSystem/UK/the_immune_system.pdf

Thus, continued chronic stress can lead to a variety of health issues, and one of those is cancer, because the weakened immune system cannot fight off the cancerous cells, allowing them to grow more rapidly and unchecked.
This build up of the immune system to chronic stress can also lead to many other conditions, such as tolerance and dependency on many types of drugs. For example, a person under chronic stress who relies on aspirin or other pain relievers may develop a tolerance to the drugs, requiring more drugs to gain the same affect as fewer drug dosages before. Thus, the immune system in high gear can build up tolerances to drugs and other medications in its continued effort to protect the body and fight stress and anxiety. This is also dangerous, because the patient must take more drugs to gain the same result, and some drugs may simply become…...

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References

Brown, Doris. "Stress & Immune System." Howard Hughes Medical Institute. 2007. 3 Dec. 2007.  http://www.hhmi.org/cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw=&file=answers%2Fimmunology%2Fans_011.html 

Counseling Improves Immune System." USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) Feb. 2005: 7.

Social Stress May Cause Severe Damage." USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) Oct. 2002: 9.

Immune System and Stress
How quickly a deceased human (or animal) body breaks down is testament to how well the immune system works. While a body is alive, the immune system protects the body at every living moment from bacteria and other foreign invaders. The immune system is a complex system of cells -- which have varying functions -- and generated at discreet regions of the body, a circulatory system -- the lymphatic system -- that feeds of and into the blood circulatory system and lymph nodes that act as effective filters and stores of foreign bodies marked for destruction by antibody action. Most of the time, the immune system protects the body. ut on rare occasions we might need outside help: this is when he system does not "figure out" the invasion and the body has to be coaxed into producing antibodies by inoculation with weaker forms of the pathogen.…...

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Bibliography

Brain, M. How Your Immune System Works. 2003. ScienceHowstuffworks.com. Available:

  November 25, 2003.http://science.howstuffworks.com/immune-system3.htm .

Cole, S.W., et al. "Norepinephrine Accelerates Hiv Replication Via Protein Kinase a-Dependent Effects on Cytokine Production." J. Immunol 161.2 (1998): 610-6.

Glaser, R., et al. "Stress-Induced Modulation of the Immune Response to Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine." Psychosom Med 54.1 (1992): 22-9.

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, which can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). This is a virus that, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), that spreads through a person's body and attacks certain specific cells, called "CD4" of "T" cells. If the virus spreads sufficiently throughout the body then it becomes very difficult for the body to fight off infections -- and eventually, the deeper the virus penetrates the body the greater the chances of the person becoming infected with AIDS. This paper reviews the most recent medical care that can (in many cases) keep the virus from spreading; it also reviews the way in which a person can become infected with HIV and the stages that HIV goes through.
here did HIV originate from?

Scientists believe that chimpanzees in est Africa may have had the HIV and when Africans hunted and killed the infected chimpanzees -- and…...

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Works Cited

AIDSinfo. (2011). HIV Prevention / The Basics of HIV Prevention. Retrieved April 30, 2014,

From  http://aidsinfo.nih.gov .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). About HIV / AIDS. Retrieved April 30,

2014, from  http://www.cdc.gov .

Hashimoto's disease, also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland, a small gland at the base of the neck below the Adam's apple (Paparodis & Imam, 2020). It is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the thyroid, leading to chronic inflammation and often resulting in hypothyroidism, where the thyroid is unable to produce enough hormones for the body's needs (Caturegli, De emigis, & ose, 2014).
The prevalence of Hashimoto's disease is believed to be particularly high in populations with a genetic predisposition and affects women more often than men (McLeod & Cooper, 2012). Common symptoms of Hashimotos include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, and menstrual irregularities among women (Chaker, Bianco, Jonklaas, & Peeters, 2017). The disease's onset is often slow and gradual and may go unnoticed for years.

Diagnosis of Hashimotos typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation,…...

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References:

Brent, G. A. (2010). Environmental exposures and autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid, 20(7), 755-761.

Caturegli, P., De Remigis, A., & Rose, N. R. (2014). Hashimoto thyroiditis: clinical and diagnostic criteria. Autoimmunity Reviews, 13(4-5), 391-397.

Chaker, L., Bianco, A. C., Jonklaas, J., & Peeters, R. P. (2017). Hypothyroidism. The Lancet, 390(10101), 1550-1562.

Chaudhary, S., Dutta, D., Kumar, M., Saha, S., Mondal, S. A., Kumar, A., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2016). Vitamin D supplementation reduces thyroid peroxidase antibody levels in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: An open-labeled randomized controlled trial. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 20(3), 391-398.

ole of Autoimmunity in Three Endocrine Disorders
A number of endocrine illnesses are immune mediated and can now be reliably predicted. Autoimmune disorders can occur in a person and people related to them. Families with history of autoimmunity, and has had antibody screening done, becomes aware of those that carry such risk. Knowing the prevalence of such disorders and the diseases associated with them can help in early diagnosis and prevent them from becoming more serious. Autoimmunity affects several glands in the body. Studies reveal that alleles are very important in the determination of tissue-specific targeting (Aaron W. Michels & George S. Eisenbarth, 2010).

The Process of Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity is necessary for the body to maintain its health by countering effects of external virulent and organic attacks. It involves regulatory networks that provide the body with immunity against infection. It has not yet been determined why instances arise where autoimmunity processes sometimes…...

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References

Aaron W. Michels, & George S. Eisenbarth. (2010). Immunologic Endocrine Disorders. Journal of Allergy, Clinical Immunology, 225-237.

Aleksandra Krzewska, & Iwona Ben-Skowronek. (2016). Effect of Associated Autoimmune Diseases on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Incidence and Metabolic Control in Children and Adolescents. Biomed Research International.

Heves Kirmizibekmez, Rahime Gul Yesiltepe Mutlu, Nafiye Demirkiran Urganci, & Ayse Oner. (2015). Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 2: A Rare Condition in Childhood. Kirmizibekmez H, Yesiltepe Mutlu RG, Demirkiran Urganci N, Oner A. Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 2: A Rare Condition in Childhood. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 2015;7(1):80-82. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.1394., 80-82.

Kohei KAKU. (2010). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and its Treatment Policy. Japan Medical Association Journal, 41-46.

HIV Epidemiology
Description of HIV; the causes, symptoms, complications, mode of transmission and treatment

HIV is a condition that manifests in the virus attacking the immune system of the victim. When the immune system is weakened, the body does not effectively fight off diseases. The combination of the infection plus the virus that triggers it is referred to as HIV. The immune system heavily relies on the presence of white blood cells to carry out the defence activities. The HIV virus targets and destroys a type of white blood cells referred to as CD4 cells. If the virus destroys a significant number of these cells, the body begins to fail to fight infections. The final stage of infection by HIV is called AIDS. AIDS is an abbreviation for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. People with AIDS suffer ailments that are not commonly experienced by healthy people. They may acquire rare cancers and other infections.…...

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References

CATIE. (2016). The Social Determinants of Health and Structural Interventions. Retrieved from Canada's source for HIV and hepatitis C information:  http://www.catie.ca/en/hiv-canada/introduction 

Hariri, S., & McKenna, M. T. (2007). Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States. Clin Microbiol Rev, 20(3), 478 -- 488.

MDH. (2001, March). Public Health Interventions - Applications for Public Health Nursing Practice. Retrieved from Minnesota Department of Health Division of Community Health Services Public Health Nursing Section:  http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/opi/cd/phn/docs/0301wheel_manual.pdf 

Morison, L. (2001). The global epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. Br Med Bull, 58(1), 7-18.

disorder or disease would be HIV, the precursor disease for those that end up developing the AIDS virus. The items that will be covered in this report has it relates to HIV would include a description of the disease, the determinants of health and an explanation of the factors that lead to the development of the disease, the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the disease in question, the role of the community health nurse when it comes to this disease and at least one national agency or organization that makes it a direct point to address the disease including reducing the impact and reducing the spread of the disorder. While HIV and AID's are slowing turning into diseases that are chronic and incurable but yet manageable with the prior lifestyle and pharmacological interventions, there is still much work to be done and it is entirely possible to prevent…...

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References

CDC. (2016). HIV / AIDS - CDC. Cdc.gov. Retrieved 3 August 2016, from  http://www.cdc.gov /hiv/

CDC. (2016). Principles of Epidemiology - Lesson 1 - Section 8. Cdc.gov. Retrieved 3 August 2016, from

Cance Cae and Teatment
Diagnosis and staging of cance

Diagnosis

In almost all cases, the disease, cance, is diagnosed by a specialist following a micoscopic examination of tissue o cell samples of a paticula individual. In a few instances, physicians may know of the pesence of a cance with the aid of tests pefomed on DNA (deoxyibo-nucleic acid), RNA (ibo-nucleic acid) and cell poteins. Such tests' outcomes pove highly citical when it comes to selecting the optimal theapeutic altenative. Tissue and cell examinations may also aid in the diagnoses of a numbe of othe foms of ailments. Fo example, if a physician is unsue of whethe a paticula lump o gowth in a patient's body is cance, he/she might extact a little bit of it fo testing to diagnose any one of many poblems, including cance, infections and othe issues which may lead to the development of cance-like lumps. This pocess of obtaining…...

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references-tools/Pages/What-is-Cancer-Staging.aspx

MFMER. (2017). Cancer Complications. Retrieved from Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research:  http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/basics/complications/con-20032378 

The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team. (2015, July 30). How is cancer diagnosed? Retrieved from The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team:  https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/testing-biopsy-and-cytology-specimens-for-cancer/how-is-cancer-diagnosed.html

Anatomy and Physiology of the Immune System and espiratory System and Their Associated DisordersThe human body is comprised of multiple important systems that keep people alive, including the immune and respiratory systems. These two systems in particular have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to their vulnerability to infections by the Covid-19 virus (Iwasaki & Wong, 2021), but there are a host of other disorders that adversely affect these systems as well. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the immune and respiratory systems and the respective physiologies of these two systems. In addition, the paper presents a description of the physiology of these two systems and some of the most common disorders that are associated with them, is followed by an integrative discussion concerning how these systems interact with each other and how they are dependent on each other for proper…...

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ReferencesFusina, F., Albani, F., Crisci, S., Morandi, A., Tansini, F., Beschi, R., Rosano, A., & Natalini, G. (2022). Respiratory system compliance at the same PEEP level is similar in COVID and non-COVID ARDS. Respiratory Research, 23(1), 1–8.Hawkins, C. (2018). Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Other Respiratory Disorders. National Highlights Inc.Immune system. (2022). U.S. National Institute of Health. Retrieved from hiv.gov/.Iwasaki, A., & Wong, P. (2021). The Immune Havoc of COVID-19. Scientific American, 324(1), 34–41.López Plaza, B., & Bermejo López, L. M. (2017). Nutrition and immune system disorders. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 34(Suppl 4), 68–71.McRobbie, H., & Kwan, B. (2021). Tobacco use disorder and the lungs. Addiction, 116(9), 2559–2571.Organs of the immune system. (2022). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279395/ .Pettiford, R. (2020). The Respiratory System. Bellwether Media.The Respiratory System. (1997). Monkeyshines on Health & Science, 24–26Robles, T. F. (2021). Annual Research Review: Social relationships and the immune system during development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 62(5), 539–559. https://doi-Sherman, R. (2018). Allergies and Other Immune System Disorders. National Highlights Inc.Valliant, A. A., Sabir, S. & Jan, A. (2021, September 28). Physiology, immune response. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.https://clinicalinfo.

An interesting view of the immune system with particular implications for the current review and collation of information is provided by the field of computer science. The immune system makes many series of continual trade-offs, distributing resources in a way that necessarily leaves certain vulnerabilities in the system as a whole while providing greater comprehensiveness in coverage and protection when necessary (Hofmeyr 1997). This makes the immune system an adaptive and continually evolving and self-improving system; with little outside direction it is capable of assessing changing needs, and altering itself not only in particular instances but even in some of its general responses in order to provide greater long-term efficacy for the task of protecting the human organism from disease (Hofmeyr 1997). This view of the immune system as a contained and self-informing system is not entirely accurate, but it is a very useful perspective for our purposes herein.

The Nervous…...

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References

Buske-Kirschbaum, a. (2009). "Cortisol Responses to Stress in Allergic Children: Interaction with the Immune Response." Neuroimmunomodulation 16, pp. 325-32.

Coe, C. & Laudenslager, M. (2007). "Psychosocial influences on immunity, including effects on immune maturation and senescence." Brain, behavior, and immunity 21(8), pp. 1000-8.

Dugdale, D. (2008). "Immune response -- overview." University of Maryland medical center. Accessed 22 May 2010.  http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/000821.htm 

Dunigan, J.; Carr, B. & Steel, J. (2007). "Posttraumatic Growth, Immunity and Survival in Patients with Hepatoma." Digestive diseases and sciences 52(9), pp. 2452-9.

IgE
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an antibody that helps in regulating the destruction of harmful cells and antigens within the human body. If a 4-year-old patient is being prescribed this medication it is intended to help in decreasing the brutal symptoms of asthma and other ailments such as rhinitis.

IgE is one of the several kinds of immunoglobulin's, also known as antibodies, that is contained within the human immune system. IgE's encounter the allergen, or virus within the body and are programmed to destroy it. This process is completed by the IgE antibodies when they signal the basophile or mast cells to release a histamine or other damaging chemical to the invading antibody. In the war to provide immunity to the body IgE is a main weapon that can neutralize those pathogens that are consistent with an asthma patient.

Each type of IgE has a specific code or mission that is designed to…...

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References

Ritter, C., Battig, M., Kraemer, R., & Stadler, B.M. (1991). IgE hidden in immune complexes with anti-IgE autoantibodies in children with asthma. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 88(5), 793-801.

Seeger, M., Thierse, H.J., Lange, H., Shaw, L., Hansen, H., & Lemke, H. (1998). Antigen-independent suppression of the IgE immune response to bee venom phospholipase A2 by maternally derived monoclonal IgG antibodies. European journal of immunology, 28(7), 2124-2130.

Immune Elephant
Experience and Reaction: Different Views on the Physiology and Psychology of the Negative

There are many different explanations for the way in which thoughts are formed, impressions are made, and perceptions are shaped, and though the modern era has provided an abundance of objective observation and experimentation in the area this has not settled the issue. Far from it, in fact; if anything, the growth of reliable research and evidence in this area has contributed to a divergence of theories that, at least in some aspects, currently appear to be mutually exclusive. The theories of psychologists and neuroscientists at times seem especially opposed to each other, and it will require deeper investigations and the uncovering of more substantial evidence to truly bring many of these well-founded theories in line with each other.

An excellent case in point of the apparent divergence of psychology and neuroscience when it comes to explaining behavior…...

Whey protein includes a range of fractions such as alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin and the minor fractions such as lactoferrin and serum proteins. These fractions are established immuneenhancing components" ("Whey and HIV / AIDS").

In addition, recent research has shown that whey protein has a rich concentration of cysteine, which boosts glutathione (GSH) production. "GSH is an anti-oxidant required for a healthy immune system" ("Benefits of Whey").

The concentration of GSH regulates the body's antioxidant and immune defense system. Other protein sources simply do not have the ability to boost GSH production, as whey protein does. It is this GSH production boost that optimizes many aspects of the immune function. An abundance of cysteine to the liver, through the consumption of whey protein, will boost muscle glutamine production and help maintain immune competence ("Whey and HIV / AIDS").

In the end, proteins are a necessary building block of life. Without protein, the body looks…...

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References

Benefits of Whey Proteins. 2001. Whey Protein Institute. December 12, 2006  http://www.wheyoflife.org/benefits.cfm .

Oshman, D. & Oshman, P. "Fit & Well: Protein has Big Role in Fitness." Maryland Gazette 8 Dec. 2004: p. C5, ProQuest. ProQuest. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. December 12, 2006  http://proquest.umi.com .

Whey and HIV / AIDS." Dairy Field 189(1) Jan 2006: p. 48, ProQuest. ProQuest. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. December 12, 2006

e. hypertrophy). In the elderly, this process is reverse. Hence, the functional reserve capacities of the skeletal muscles decline with age, largely due to diminished levels of physical activity. As a result daily tasks once taken for granted become progressively more difficult, and eventually impossible, to perform. In illustration, a great deal of muscle force is required to simply stand up or to climb stairs. Therefore, skeletal system is relying upon the reserve capacity of the heart to provide the endurance needed to perform such activities. If an elderly person does not engage in some sort of endurance-based activities, he or she will not have the cardiac reserve capacity needed for daily tasks. More importantly, diminished capacity may not counteract illnesses or diseases. Although strength-based activities help the cardiac reserve, it may not benefit the skeletal system. "While resistance exercise promotes fiber hypertrophy in skeletal muscles, the explosive power of…...

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References

Bailey, R. (2011). Muscle tissue. About.com Guide. Retrieved from  http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa022808a.htm 

Carpi, A. (1999). Basic anatomy - tissues & organs. Retrieved from http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy.htm

Lakatta, E.G. (1994). Cardiovascular reserve capacity in healthy older humans. Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, 6(4): 213-23.

Courtesy of Musculartory System BlogSpot

1. The life-saving potential of bone marrow transplants
2. The ethical considerations of bone marrow donation
3. The impact of bone marrow diseases on patients and their families
4. The scientific advancements in bone marrow research
5. The role of bone marrow in maintaining a healthy immune system
6. The process of matching bone marrow donors and recipients
7. The emotional and psychological implications of undergoing a bone marrow transplant
8. The challenges and barriers to increasing diversity in bone marrow donor registries
9. The future advancements in bone marrow therapies and treatments
10. The societal importance of increasing awareness about bone marrow donation and transplants.
11. The financial implications....

1. "Unlocking the Miraculous Power of Bone Marrow: A Comprehensive Analysis"
2. "The Vital Role of Bone Marrow in the Human Body: An In-Depth Exploration"
3. "Unveiling the Secrets of Bone Marrow: A Critical Examination"
4. "The Significance of Bone Marrow in Health and Disease: A Persuasive Argument"
5. "The Life-Saving Potential of Bone Marrow: A Thought-Provoking Essay"
6. "Beyond Blood Cells: The Multi-faceted Functions of Bone Marrow"
7. "Bone Marrow: Nature's Key to Healing and Regeneration"
8. "Uncovering the Mysteries of Bone Marrow: An Enlightening Study"
9. "From Donor to Recipient: The Journey of Bone Marrow Transplantation"
10. "The Impact of Bone Marrow Research on Modern Medicine: An....

Of course! Here is a potential thesis statement on the benefits of breastfeeding:

"Breastfeeding offers numerous advantages for both mothers and infants, including improved immune system function, reduced risk of chronic illnesses, and enhanced bonding between mother and child, making it a crucial and beneficial practice for optimal health outcomes."
When discussing the benefits of breastfeeding, it is important to highlight the positive impact it has on a baby's immune system. Breast milk contains antibodies that help protect infants from infections and diseases, providing them with a strong defense system during the critical early stages of life. This immune support can....

Thesis Statement: Breastfeeding offers substantial benefits for both mothers and infants, promoting optimal health outcomes and fostering a unique bond between them. Its advantages range from providing essential nutrients to reducing the risk of diseases and enhancing cognitive development in infants, while also providing health benefits and convenience for mothers.

Introduction:

The practice of breastfeeding has been recognized as a fundamental aspect of parenting, providing infants with the optimal nutrition they need to thrive. This thesis delves into the multitude of benefits breastfeeding offers to both mothers and their infants, highlighting the positive impact it can have on health, development, and emotional....