Apple Hypothesis Testing Review
Statistical Testing: Hypothesis Test

The statistical analysis for this research focused on using the Z test to compare each more specified region to the national average. Thus, the data was divided into specific region, West, Midwest, Northeast, and South. Each one of these regions was then tested to the total national numbers. This helps illustrate more regional trends and how Apple should focus its marketing of its new product for each of the specified regions. Ultimately this research assumes that there should be no significant differences between the likes and dislikes of Apple based on region, considering the company's widespread national popularity. To test this, a two-tailed Z test was used with a significance level set at 0.05.

The first scenario to be tested was the category of the number of customers interested and willing to purchase. First was the West. Customers who showed interest in purchasing compared to…...

People
Hypothesis testing

There will never general agreement on the qualities that define and separate good people from bad. However when considering this topic I believed that it would be useful to look at the traits of individuals that allow them to contribute to the development of society and also to form and keep good relationships with others. In fact, it is possible that good relationships actually form the basis or bed rock of good people.

A good man possesses a number of critical characteristics I will however identify just a few for the purposes of this assignment. The first characteristic is integrity. A good man will not say one thing a do something else he can be counted on to act in a honest manner even when no one is looking at him. For me integrity is a very important characteristic of a good man and without it, men may cease…...

CUNE graduate students as intelligent, not as intelligent or more intelligent than graduate students at ABC University?
What is the sample for this study? Cune grad students and ABC grad students

What is the independent variable? (Think about this one carefully!) Education

What are the two levels of the independent variable? 1st level -- Cune; 2nd level -- ABC

What is the dependent variable? Intelligence

How could the DV be measured? Test scores

What is the null hypothesis for this study? The type of education one receives does not impact one's intelligence.

State a directional research hypothesis for this study. Cune graduate students will not have higher intelligence scores than ABC grad students.

QUESTION 6

State a nondirectional research hypothesis for this study. There will be no statistically significant difference between Cune graduate mean test scores and those of ABC grad students.

QUESTION 7

We have set alpha at .05. What does this mean? (Hint - refer to notes for…...

Data AnalysisTo analyze this data, one must identify the variables and their types. The variables in this dataset are: Participant: Categorical (1 = yes, 0 = no) Extra-Curricular Involvement: Categorical (1 = yes, 0 = no) Residence: Categorical (On campus, Off campus, Parents) Motivation: Numerical (1-10) Life Satisfaction: Numerical (1-10) Exam1: Numerical (0-100) Exam2: Numerical (0-100) Exam3: Numerical (0-100)One can analyze this data using descriptive statistics and data visualization techniques to understand the relationships between variables. Here are some possible analyses that one can perform:1. Descriptive statistics for each variable: Participant: 8 participants (53.3%) are not involved in the program, and 7 participants (46.7%) are involved. Extra-Curricular Involvement: 7 participants (46.7%) are involved in extra-curricular activities, and 8 participants (53.3%) are not involved. Residence: 5 participants (33.3%) live on campus, 4 participants (26.7%) live off campus, and 6 participants (40%) live with their parents. Motivation: The mean motivation score is…...

Parameter Estimation, Inferences, and Tests of Difference
The benefits of parameter estimation are that the measurement gives you a sense of which customers are buying which products, what the production costs are, and how the profits will look. Essentially it allows one to use sample data to gauge the parameters of the distribution. By performing a type of test, the statistical analysis will tell you more about the population with a fitted distribution line curve depicting true values. This is a statistical way to evaluate or project one's profit-making potential based on the evidence or data available.

Types of parameters that marketing decision-makers would use would include location parameter, dispersion or scale parameter and shape parameter. Concentration parameter could also be of interest along with statistical parameters such as regression coefficients.

Examples of parameter methods that might be of interest to decision-makers in areas such as marketing would be probability plotting, which is…...

Testing
In this week what was interesting in the realm of hypothesis testing is the t-test.

All areas of science make use of t-test. One of the major applications of that t-test is to provide means to research questions. In hypothesis building, it is very important to form correct and factual research questions. Along with the formation, researchers also need to have a broad idea of the possible answers to the hypothesis which can help identify the direction of the research. Sometimes referred to as "Student's t-test," it was named after the person who helped in the study of the distribution of the means from within a small sample way back in 1890. The student was a pseudo name of William Gosset found out that the means are normally distributed only is cases when it is possible to know the actual standard deviation in the population in case of all forms…...

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References

Gordon Lan, K., Soo, Y., Siu, C., & Wang, M. (2005). The Use of Weighted Z -Tests in Medical Research. Journal Of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 15(4), 625-639.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/bip-200062284 

Witte, R. & Witte, J. (2004). Statistics. [Hoboken, NJ]: J. Wiley.

Ultra violet light affects many people, and several experiments may be done to either support or disapprove the hypothesis. Approval of the hypothesis forms a theory that people who are highly exposed to ultra violet light have higher chances of getting skin cancer. Theories on some scientific approach may serve as sources for theories. Observation of people's behavior may lead to development of hypothesis. This includes looking at how people dress during certain times or what they do at certain times of the year. esults obtained over a research or experiment may lead to development of a theory. Experience of the scientists in their work may be a source of hypothesis and theory. Many things happen around that nobody can explain them scientifically. The scientists come with a hypothesis about something and do numerous tests and observations to know how some things happen Eberhardt, 2003()
ole of hypothesis and theory

A…...

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References

Dembo, a., & Peres, Y. (1994). A Topological Criterion for Hypothesis Testing. The Annals of Statistics, 22(1), 106-117.

Eberhardt, L.L. (2003). What Should We Do about Hypothesis Testing? The Journal of Wildlife Management, 67(2), 241-247.

Loosen, F. (1997). A Concrete Strategy for Teaching Hypothesis Testing. The American Statistician, 51(2), 158-163.

Moschopoulos, P.G., & Davidson, M.L. (1985). Hypothesis Testing in Anova under Multinomial Sampling. Sankhy?: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series B (1960-2002), 47(3), 301-309.

Suitable P-Value for a Clinical Trial
Statistical testing to determine whether results are significant is extremely useful in all types of research. In most cases, where a significant level, or p-value, is being chosen, a p-value of .05 is deemed to be sufficiently accurate. However, while this may be suitable for many types of research, it may be argued that in clinical trials from drugs, a lower p value may be more appropriate, due to the nature of the research. To understand this, it is necessary to understand what the p-value is, what it signifies.

The p value gives a probability, but is easy to misunderstand, as it indicates the level of support for the null hypothesis, with the probability level used to determine whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis. The p-value provides the probability of gaining an effect at the same level if the null hypothesis is true…...

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References

Berenson, A, (2006, May 31), Merck Admits a Data Error on Vioxx, The New York Times, retrieved 13 November 2015 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/31/business/31drug.html?_r=0 

Cowen, G. (1997). Statistical Data Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Transient Vibrations and Shock Loads in Spacecraft Components
Increasing performance, as well as the goals of reducing costs, have been the major factors affecting the design of the present and future spacecraft launching system. However, the level of vibration is currently affecting the design process, and launch phase, which may lead to a satellite failure. While it is possible to design the spacecraft to withstand the loads, it is still critical to add a substantial mass to the loads in order to enhance their launching survivability for the satellite operations. However, this option increases the costs of operations as well as reducing the mass margin needed to launch the additional payload. Moreover, on-orbit vibrations can induce spacecraft disturbances leading to negative effects on sensitive payloads' performances. (Denoyer, & Johnson, 2001). Space manipulators have also been identified as the complex systems composing of robotic arms and accommodating the orbiting platform. The…...

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Reference

Denoyer, K. K., & Johnson, C. (2001). Recent Achievements in Vibration Isolation Systems for Space Launch and On-Orbit Applications. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.,, 1-11.

Banerjee, A., Chitnis, U. B., Jadhav, S.L., Bhawalkar, J. S., & Chaudhury, S. (2009). Hypothesis testing, type I and type II errors. Ind Psychiatry J. 18(2), 127 -- 131.

Sabatini, M., Gasbarri, P., Monti, R., & Palmerini, G. B. (2011). Vibration control of a flexible space manipulator during on orbit operations. Act a Astronautica, 73, 109-121.

Statistical Terms
The author of this report has been asked to answer three broad questions about certain statistical terms and concepts. The first one of those will be standard deviation. The second of the three will be hypothesis testing. The final question will center on standard error and what it means. While statistics may be daunting and intimidating, the concepts and terms used in statistics parlance are not hard to understand or comprehend so long as they are explained and quantified carefully.

The first overall question is what precisely standard deviation happens to be. To put it simply, standard deviation is how dispersed a set of numbers are. For example, the numbers 1, 2 and 3 are very close together so the standard deviation value would be rather small. However, the numbers 1, 1000 and 1,000,000 would have a very large standard deviation because the overall range of the numbers is much…...

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References

Investopedia. (2007). Null Hypothesis Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. Retrieved 4 July 2015, from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/null_hypothesis.asp 

Investopedia. (2010). Standard Error Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. Retrieved 4 July 2015, from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/standard-error.asp 

Math Is Fun. (2015). Standard Deviation and Variance. Mathsisfun.com. Retrieved 4 July 2015, from  http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-deviation.html 

Stat Trek. (2015). Alternative Hypothesis: Definition. Stattrek.com. Retrieved 4 July 2015, from  http://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=alternative_hypothesis

Efficient Market Hypothesis
As previously discussed, the weak form efficiency suggests that share prices should follow a random walk, in that each change in share price is unpredictable based on past information. Formally, this is expressed in the following relationship:

where the variables are independent and identically distributed random variables representing equity prices at times 1,2,3…,k. So X is the equity price, the equity price at a point in time n and the change in equity price at any given time is not explained by the past equity price.

The augmented Dickey-Fuller test considers the following model:

where p is the lag order of the process which can be determined by the examination of autocorrelation and autocorrelation plots, and are the factors determined by the regression. The unit root test has the null hypothesis, and the rejection of the null hypothesis implies that the time series is stationary. The variable y refers to the…...

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References

Chen, J. (2008). Variance ratio tests of random walk hypothesis of the euro exchange rate. International Business & Economics Research Journal. Vol. 7 (12) 97-105.

Jamaani, F. & Roca, E. (2015). Are the regional Gulf stock markets weak-form efficient as single stock markets and as a regional stock market? Research in International Business & Finance. Vol. 33 (2015) 221-246.

Wright, J. (2000). Alternative variance-ratio tests using ranks and signs. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics. Vol. 18 (2000) 1-9.

As emotionally intelligent employees are reportedly more content, conscientious and committed in the workplace, businesses and organizations are repeatedly advised to recruit and retain these individuals. Abraham (2006), nevertheless, reports that the strongest findings emerging from her study was.".. The effect of job control on emotional intelligence." She contends that emotionally intelligent employees will not just naturally thrive in their workplace; that the work environment needs to provide independence in decision making for employees to succeed.

Aims and Objectives

Aim

To explore concepts encapsulated in and related to EQ testing, through intensive research and appropriate assessment of collected data.

esearch for this project proposes to increase understanding of EQ testing, as well as, complementary components.

Each objective presented in this proposal reflects an area of interest which will be expounded upon. As Objective 5, however, mirrors a primary consideration, plans are to include numerous samplings of related studies.

1.2 Objective

Define EQ and expand on its role…...

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References

Abraham, Rebecca. "The Role of Job Control as a Moderator of Emotional Dissonance and Emotional Intelligence -- Outcome Relationships.(Statistical Data Included)," the Journal of Psychology, March 1, 2000.

Bar-on, Reuven Ph.D (2005). "The World's First Scientific Measure of Emotional Intelligence."(2006). PEN Psychodiagnostics [26 September 2006].  http://www.eqiq.nl/eqivol.htm .

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008598359

Before You Start Your Fruit and Fibre Diet You Should Speak to This Man. (2005, February 9). Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales), p. 12.

Patient Perceptions of Maternal HIV Testing
Ob-Gyn Maternal HIV Testing Study

Coleman et. al., (2009) Patient Perceptions of Obstetrician-gynecologists' Practices Related to HIV Testing. Maternal Child Health Journal 13: 355-363.

The study objectives were to identify the percentage of women who had been tested for HIV, explore the perceptions of women patients about HIV testing and ascertain their knowledge about their own HIV risk status, to determine the primary reasons patients refuse to be tested for HIV, and to learn what patients recall about how their obstetrician-gynecologists' introduced the topic of HIV testing.

The authors hypothesized that pregnant women, women seeking preconception care, and women with risk factors for HIV infection would recall their obstetrician-gynecologists recommending HIV testing" (Coleman, et al., 2009)

Overall research goal & recommendation. The purpose of the study was to identify if patient-physician communication about HIV risks and testing to pregnant women is consistent with current recommended practice, and to determine…...

testable hypothesis.
That residents spend less time teaching ever since promulgation of Duty-Hour estrictions (DH) and that this impacts their well-being and perception of patient-care.

Question 2 What research subjects or data sources did the researchers use in the study? 164 residents in internal medicine in UCSF. A survey was used that was first tested in a pilot study on noninternal medicine house-staff at the medical center and recent graduates of residency programs as well as reviewed by experts in medical education, outcomes research, and psychometrics. esearchers also used 'emotional exhaustion' scale to assess participants' level of exhaustion with their work.

Question 3 What are the specific variables of interest, as well as the possible confounds and covariates the researcher should consider? What are the data types and levels of these variables?

The specific variables of interest were the amount of time residents spent teaching before February 2003 compared to the amount of…...

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References

Goroll A.H, Sirio C, Duffy FD, et al. (2004). A new model for accreditation of residency programs in internal medicine. Annals of Internal Medicine, 140, 902 -- 9.

23343849
73

0.35009171

35-54

88.40378549

82

0.46387684

55+

81.36277603

93

1.66445872

2 = 11.39

This value does exceed the critical ?2 value for df = 2 at ? = 0.05. Therefore, we can assume that one of the observed values is significantly different from the expected value for that group. Without post-hoc pairwise tests it is impossible to say exactly which group is different. We can make an educated guess, however, that the proportion of 55+ shoppers in store a is statistically different from what would be expected by chance.

3. Collapse the response categories in the following table so that it meets the assumption of the Chi-square test, then perform the test.

Ownership (Collapsed)

Education

Owners

Non-owners

Some High School or Below

5

17

High School graduate

30

25

22

26

Post-Baccalaureate

5

7

Total

62

75

2 = 6.49. This does not exceed the critical ?2 value for df = 3, so we cannot assume that there is any significant difference between the observed counts of home ownership by educational level and those expected by chance.

4. A ?2 test to…...

Interviews vs. Questionnaires: Purpose and Distinction in Research

Introduction

Interviews and questionnaires are two widely used data collection methods in research. While both involve obtaining information from respondents, they differ significantly in their purpose, approach, and advantages. Understanding the distinction between these methods is crucial for researchers to select the most appropriate tool for their research objectives.

Purpose and Objectives

Interviews

Purpose: To gather in-depth, qualitative data from a small number of respondents.
Objectives:
Explore complex issues and perspectives
Understand motivations, beliefs, and experiences
Uncover hidden meanings and narratives

Questionnaires

Purpose: To collect quantitative data from a large number of respondents.
Objectives:
Measure variables and....

Purpose of Questionnaires in Research

Questionnaires are widely employed in research to gather data from a specific population or sample. They consist of a series of questions aimed at collecting information on various aspects of the research topic. Questionnaires serve several critical purposes in the research process:

1. Data Collection:

The primary purpose of questionnaires is to collect data on the research topic. They allow researchers to gather information on respondents' demographics, opinions, attitudes, behaviors, and experiences. This data is essential for understanding the research problem, testing hypotheses, and drawing conclusions.

2. Quantifying Responses:

Questionnaires typically use closed-ended questions, which allow respondents to select pre-defined....

Positivist and Constructivist Perspectives in Research

Introduction

The positivist and constructivist perspectives represent distinct paradigms in research methodologies, with contrasting approaches to understanding the nature of reality and the methods used to investigate it. This essay will explore the fundamental differences between these two perspectives in terms of their assumptions, methods, and implications for research practice.

Positivist Perspective

Positivism emerged as a dominant research paradigm during the 19th century, emphasizing the importance of objective, scientific inquiry to understand the world. Its proponents assert that reality exists independently of the observer and can be apprehended through empirical observation and experimentation.

Key Assumptions:
Reality is objective....

Critical Theory and Positivism in Health and Social Care Research

Introduction:

Critical theory and positivism are two contrasting epistemological approaches that significantly shape how health and social care issues are understood and researched. Each approach has its distinct assumptions, methods, and implications for knowledge production in this field.

Critical Theory:

Assumptions:
Reality is socially constructed and not objectively observable.
Power relations and societal structures influence knowledge production and social outcomes.
Research should aim to expose systemic inequalities and challenge dominant ideologies.

Methods:
Qualitative methods, such as ethnography, discourse analysis, and grounded theory.
Participatory approaches that involve marginalized populations in the research process.
Focus....