PAT 1. An opinion poll asks a random sample of 100 college juniors how they view their job prospects once they graduate. Out of the 100 students 53 said Excellent. Find a 95% confidence interval to estimate the proportion of college juniors who think their job prospects are excellent. Assume large samples.The random sample is equivalent to 100 college juniorsFrom this sample, 53 of them considered their job prospects to be excellent, which is equivalent to 0.53.A 95% confidence interval implies that in the event that 100 different kinds of samples are taken into consideration and a 95% confidence interval is calculated for every sample, then roughly 95 out of the 100 confidence intervals will have the true mean value, which is To construct a 95% confidence interval for a population, mean , the correct critical value of z* (Sprinthall, 2003) is P (-1.96 < Z < 1.96) = 0.95The…...

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ReferencesSeber, G. A. (2013). Statistical models for proportions and probabilities. New York: Springer.Sprinthall, R. C. (2003). Basic statistical analysis. Allyn & Bacon.

PAT 11. a) What is the nonparametric alternative to a 1-sample t test for means?The non-parametric alternative to a 1-sample t test for means is the Wilcoxon signed-rank testb) What is the nonparametric alternative to a 2-sample t test for means?The non-parametric alternative to a 2-sample t test for means is the Wilcoxon 2-sample rank-sum testc) A test to see if three or more means are equal is called ANOVA for analysis of variance. What is the nonparametric alternative to an ANOVA test for means?The nonparametric alternative to an ANOVA test for means is the Kruskal-Wallis test2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of nonparametric testsAdvantagesi. The probability statements that are attained from majority of non-parametric tests are exact and precise probabilitiesii. If the sample sizes being used in the experiment or study are as minimal as 6, there is no other option but to make use of non-parametric tests with…...

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ReferencesWeiers, R. M. (2010). Introduction to business statistics. New York: Cengage Learning.Vaughan, L. (2001). Statistical methods for the information professional: A practical, painless approach to understanding, using, and interpreting statistics (Vol. 367). Information Today, Inc.

Tests and Measurements
The activities of the classrooms are revealed to the learners, instructors and the institutions through administering normalized tests. They encompass gathered knowledge in reading, mathematics, and English for learners starting from kindergarten up to the high school level. Several instructors detest from organizing and evaluating tests and a majority of the students are scared of appearing in them. ut tests are potent didactic instruments which provide at the minimum four tasks. First of all, tests assist in judging pupils and evaluating if they are receiving their education as per our reckoning. Secondly, properly planned tests provide inspiration and assist pupils to systematize their educational pursuits. (Davis, 1993, p.19)

Learners undertake their lessons in manners that show how they imagine their tests will be like. When they anticipate that a test is going to ascertain their knowledge about facts, they will get by heart the particulars; when they are hopeful…...

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Bibliography

Burley, Hansel. A Measure of Knowledge. American School Board Journal. Volume: 189;

No: 2; February 2002, pp: 43-48

Davis, Barbara Gross. Tools for Teaching. Jossey-Bass Publishers;

San Francisco, 1993

Parameter Estimation, Inferences, and Tests of Difference
The benefits of parameter estimation are that the measurement gives you a sense of which customers are buying which products, what the production costs are, and how the profits will look. Essentially it allows one to use sample data to gauge the parameters of the distribution. By performing a type of test, the statistical analysis will tell you more about the population with a fitted distribution line curve depicting true values. This is a statistical way to evaluate or project one's profit-making potential based on the evidence or data available.

Types of parameters that marketing decision-makers would use would include location parameter, dispersion or scale parameter and shape parameter. Concentration parameter could also be of interest along with statistical parameters such as regression coefficients.

Examples of parameter methods that might be of interest to decision-makers in areas such as marketing would be probability plotting, which is…...

tests are regularly used nowadays to measure intelligence Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon invented in 1905 what has come to be acknowledged as the first scale. This initial test was aimed at ?identifying children who were mildly or perhaps more seriously retarded? (Mackintosh, 2011, p. 5) by evaluating their performance and delegating specific task sets so as any average child pertaining to a given age group could solve approximately 50% of the test. Thus, based on the number of tasks that a child could solve, the scale ?would classify children's levels of mental functioning. (Urbina, 2011, p. 23). For example, if a six years old was able to solve 50% of the test that had been delegated to this particular age group, his mental age was set at six years old. f he was able to solve above the average expectation, then he would have been attributed a superior…...

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It is acknowledged unanimously that tests would be ?designed so that the mean score is 100 points, and the standard deviation is 15 points. (Shalizi, 2009, para. 2) Older versions of Binet's scale are subject to a standard deviation of 16 (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2013, p. 301). Thus, it is considered that individuals falling under the average value display or are subject to intellectual deficit while those above are intellectually superior. The mean score which is subject to intelligence testing is known as the deviation IQ and was introduced in the 1960 revised version of the Stanford-Binet Scale as ?simply a standard score? ((Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2013, p. 294) ?ascertained by evaluating the standard deviation of mental age for a representative sample at each age level. (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2013, p. 294)

III. Verbal vs. Performance Properties of the Modern Binet and Wechsler Scales

We stated earlier that there are various tests which measure intelligence and we have already spoken of Binet's contributions in this respect. However, there is another name which is often related to significant and effective scales of intelligence testing. David Wechsler proposed his first scale in 1939 for adults and ten years later, for children. It has even been argued that Wechsler developed subtests prior to the Binet-Simon scale (Boake, 2002, p. 383). Wechsler's first scale was designed in 1939 for adults and revised for publishing in 1955, being subject to subsequent revisions (Crawford

Efficient Market Hypothesis
As previously discussed, the weak form efficiency suggests that share prices should follow a random walk, in that each change in share price is unpredictable based on past information. Formally, this is expressed in the following relationship:

where the variables are independent and identically distributed random variables representing equity prices at times 1,2,3…,k. So X is the equity price, the equity price at a point in time n and the change in equity price at any given time is not explained by the past equity price.

The augmented Dickey-Fuller test considers the following model:

where p is the lag order of the process which can be determined by the examination of autocorrelation and autocorrelation plots, and are the factors determined by the regression. The unit root test has the null hypothesis, and the rejection of the null hypothesis implies that the time series is stationary. The variable y refers to the…...

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References

Chen, J. (2008). Variance ratio tests of random walk hypothesis of the euro exchange rate. International Business & Economics Research Journal. Vol. 7 (12) 97-105.

Jamaani, F. & Roca, E. (2015). Are the regional Gulf stock markets weak-form efficient as single stock markets and as a regional stock market? Research in International Business & Finance. Vol. 33 (2015) 221-246.

Wright, J. (2000). Alternative variance-ratio tests using ranks and signs. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics. Vol. 18 (2000) 1-9.

Data AnalysisTo analyze this data, one must identify the variables and their types. The variables in this dataset are: Participant: Categorical (1 = yes, 0 = no) Extra-Curricular Involvement: Categorical (1 = yes, 0 = no) Residence: Categorical (On campus, Off campus, Parents) Motivation: Numerical (1-10) Life Satisfaction: Numerical (1-10) Exam1: Numerical (0-100) Exam2: Numerical (0-100) Exam3: Numerical (0-100)One can analyze this data using descriptive statistics and data visualization techniques to understand the relationships between variables. Here are some possible analyses that one can perform:1. Descriptive statistics for each variable: Participant: 8 participants (53.3%) are not involved in the program, and 7 participants (46.7%) are involved. Extra-Curricular Involvement: 7 participants (46.7%) are involved in extra-curricular activities, and 8 participants (53.3%) are not involved. Residence: 5 participants (33.3%) live on campus, 4 participants (26.7%) live off campus, and 6 participants (40%) live with their parents. Motivation: The mean motivation score is…...

23343849
73

0.35009171

35-54

88.40378549

82

0.46387684

55+

81.36277603

93

1.66445872

2 = 11.39

This value does exceed the critical ?2 value for df = 2 at ? = 0.05. Therefore, we can assume that one of the observed values is significantly different from the expected value for that group. Without post-hoc pairwise tests it is impossible to say exactly which group is different. We can make an educated guess, however, that the proportion of 55+ shoppers in store a is statistically different from what would be expected by chance.

3. Collapse the response categories in the following table so that it meets the assumption of the Chi-square test, then perform the test.

Ownership (Collapsed)

Education

Owners

Non-owners

Some High School or Below

5

17

High School graduate

30

25

22

26

Post-Baccalaureate

5

7

Total

62

75

2 = 6.49. This does not exceed the critical ?2 value for df = 3, so we cannot assume that there is any significant difference between the observed counts of home ownership by educational level and those expected by chance.

4. A ?2 test to…...

testable hypothesis.
That residents spend less time teaching ever since promulgation of Duty-Hour estrictions (DH) and that this impacts their well-being and perception of patient-care.

Question 2 What research subjects or data sources did the researchers use in the study? 164 residents in internal medicine in UCSF. A survey was used that was first tested in a pilot study on noninternal medicine house-staff at the medical center and recent graduates of residency programs as well as reviewed by experts in medical education, outcomes research, and psychometrics. esearchers also used 'emotional exhaustion' scale to assess participants' level of exhaustion with their work.

Question 3 What are the specific variables of interest, as well as the possible confounds and covariates the researcher should consider? What are the data types and levels of these variables?

The specific variables of interest were the amount of time residents spent teaching before February 2003 compared to the amount of…...

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References

Goroll A.H, Sirio C, Duffy FD, et al. (2004). A new model for accreditation of residency programs in internal medicine. Annals of Internal Medicine, 140, 902 -- 9.

This is because, the efficiencies in the market are: providing no kind of leverage to these individuals. At which point, any kind of advantage that they may have would be eliminated. This is important, because it provides good insights, as to how efficient the markets really are. As a result, this is what will reduce the underlying returns every single year. The author is an economist with Oxford University. (urton 2005)
The article that was written by Chen (2005), discusses how the EMH theory can be able to provide the most relevant information surrounding stocks. Yet, when this was compared against computer-based programs, they were able to identify changes in prices at least 50% of the time. This is important, because it is showing how the changes in the expectations for stocks, can be more accurate when using various programs. Once this takes place, it meant that traders and investors…...

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Bibliography

Basu, S, 1977, 'Investment Performance of Common Stocks,' Journal of Finance, vol. 32, no. 3, 663 -- 682.

Bont, W, 1985, 'Does the Stock Market Overreact,' Journal of Finance, vol. 11, no. 30, 793 -- 804.

Brenner, M, 1977,'the Effect of Model,' Journal of Finance, vol. 32, no. 1, 57 -- 74.

Brenner, M, 1979,'Sensitivity of the Efficient Markets,' Journal of Finance, vol.34, no.4, 915 -- 933.

Data Analysis

1. The taster determined 11 of the 14 samples correctly. Three samples were incorrectly identified. Thus, the taster received a statistical score of 88%.

2. The results failed to support the null hypothesis. There was obviously a difference between the organic and conventional food items.

3. This output indicates that while there is a difference, the margin of 10% is too small.

4. The test indicated that for greater than 50% of the time the taster was able to identify the differences between organic and conventional foods.

5. For the next test, I would most likely use one fruit and run multiple tests with a single piece tasted each time.

Works Cited

Fullion, Laurence & Arzai, Stacey (2002), Does organic food taste better? A claim substantiation approach. Nutrition & Food Science, 32(4): 153-157.

Padel, Susanne & Foster, Carolyn (2005), Exploring the gap between attitudes and behaviour: Understanding why consumers buy or do not buy organic food.…...

If they can bench-press heavy weights, they may emphasize athletics at the expense of academics, in terms of how they prioritize their time. However, it is equally possible that in some schools, high-achieving students also use athletics as a way of bolstering their college resume. Factors such as the school, the degree to which athletics makes demands upon student athletes within the particular environment, and the intelligence of the players may indicate there is no correlation.
Daily air temperature & the average weight of clothing worn

H1: There is a negative correlation between temperature and weight of clothing -- in other words, greater the air temperature, the lighter the clothing.

H0: There is no correlation between temperature and weight of clothing.

Estimate: Negative correlation -1

Analysis: The research hypothesis is likely to be proven, with only small variations for such factors as rain and humidity.

orks Cited

Shuttleworth, Martyn. Null hypothesis. Experiment Resources.com. 2008.

September 15, 2009…...

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Works Cited

Shuttleworth, Martyn. Null hypothesis. Experiment Resources.com. 2008.

September 15, 2009 at  http://www.experiment-resources.com/null-hypothesis.html

The same variables of the cranial and caudal sacs would be observed in order to determine if the sounds being produced where indeed coming from these organs or not. It may be that these two organs are either the source of the sound or are in someway related to the sound that these researchers heard during the tank experiment coming from the swimbladder.
Did the newspaper article describe the research article correctly? Explain.

The newspaper article "Hearing the Repertoire of a Very Fearsome Fish" by Bhanoo (2011) did a good job in describing the research article correctly. It described how the researchers used piranhas to study and how they used a hydrophone to record underwater sounds coming from the piranhas. It described how the sounds made were recorded during fighting, charging and frontal display. The author explained how it was previously believed that piranhas produced only a single barking sound, but…...

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Works Cited

Bhanoo, S.N. 2011. "Hearing the Repertoire of a Very Fearsome Fish." Web. Available at:

  oire%20of%20fish&st=csehttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/18/science/18piranha.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=repert 

Millot, S., Vandewalle, P. & Parmentier, E. 2011. "Sound production in red-bellied piranhas

(Pygocentrus nattereri, Kner): an acoustical, behavioural and morphofunctional study." The Journal of Experimental Biology, 214, 3613-3618.

H Hypothesis
The general field of human resources has become more and more difficult as well as more perilous. That is not just a simple generalized statement made for dramatic effect and just for the purpose of setting up the introduction of this paper. Indeed, there are some questions that can and should be posed by human resources professionals that do not have clear answers because of how complicated and how contradictory the field's body of work has become. The ethical implications and obligations pertaining to human resources have been made very muddled by contradicting laws and guidelines thus making real compliance beyond a reasonable doubt very hard to pull off.

The hypothesis that underlies this report comes down to one main statement, and that is as follows:

The different ethics, laws and vagueness that exists in both has made it possible to become completely and reliably compliant with the expectations and laws…...

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References

Bruoden, B.C. (1989). TAX FACTORS IN CHOOSING THE CORRECT CORPORATE STATUS. Journal Of Financial Planning, 2(2), 75.

Charen, M. (2011, July 22). What Else Will ObamaCare Mandate? | RealClearPolitics. What Else Will ObamaCare Mandate? | RealClearPolitics. Retrieved October 26, 2013, from   all_be_free_110669.htmlhttp://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2011/07/22/it_should_ 

FoxNews.com. (2013, October 23). Teachers' unions fight bill that would bar sex offenders from schools. Fox News. Retrieved October 26, 2013, from  http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/10/23/teachers-unions-fight-bill-that-would -

bar-sex-offenders-from-schools/

INVERTED U. HYPOTHESIS
It has been established that competitive state-anxiety normally follows a certain pattern of one-sided feelings of anxiety as well as inadequacy that combines with increased arousal of automatic nervous system (Fazey, 2008). Accordingly, the theory of Inverted U. hypothesis was formulated to explain this aspect, and it is widely applied in sports psychology. Inverted U. hypothesis a theory that suggest that there is a relative amount of anxiety and arousal that triggers one to perform higher- extremely little arousal or anxiety and too much arousal or anxiety will lead to poorer performance. This present paper briefly discusses the Inverted U. hypothesis in sports psychology.

Discussion

Until presently, the traditional Inverted theory had been the key model employed by sports psychologists to explain the arousal-performance relationship. Nevertheless, various sport psychology researchers have criticized this relationship, and the modern trend is a change towards a higher multidimensional perspective of arousal-anxiety and its…...

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Bibliography

Fazey, J. (2008). The inverted-U hypothesis: a catastrophe for sport psychology? Leeds, British Association of Sports Sciences.

Pascuzzi, D.L. (2005). The effects of anxiety on gross motor performance a test of the inverted-U hypothesis. Thesis (M.S.) -- Western Illinois University, 1975.

Reeve, J. (2000). Understanding motivation and emotion. Fort Worth, TX, Harcourt College Publishers.

Schnabel, C., & Wagner, J. (2008). Union membership and age: the inverted u-shape hypothesis under test. Luneburg, Univ., Inst. fur Volkswirtschaftslehre.

Interviews vs. Questionnaires: Purpose and Distinction in Research

Introduction

Interviews and questionnaires are two widely used data collection methods in research. While both involve obtaining information from respondents, they differ significantly in their purpose, approach, and advantages. Understanding the distinction between these methods is crucial for researchers to select the most appropriate tool for their research objectives.

Purpose and Objectives

Interviews

Purpose: To gather in-depth, qualitative data from a small number of respondents.
Objectives:
Explore complex issues and perspectives
Understand motivations, beliefs, and experiences
Uncover hidden meanings and narratives

Questionnaires

Purpose: To collect quantitative data from a large number of respondents.
Objectives:
Measure variables and....

Purpose of Questionnaires in Research

Questionnaires are widely employed in research to gather data from a specific population or sample. They consist of a series of questions aimed at collecting information on various aspects of the research topic. Questionnaires serve several critical purposes in the research process:

1. Data Collection:

The primary purpose of questionnaires is to collect data on the research topic. They allow researchers to gather information on respondents' demographics, opinions, attitudes, behaviors, and experiences. This data is essential for understanding the research problem, testing hypotheses, and drawing conclusions.

2. Quantifying Responses:

Questionnaires typically use closed-ended questions, which allow respondents to select pre-defined....

Positivist and Constructivist Perspectives in Research

Introduction

The positivist and constructivist perspectives represent distinct paradigms in research methodologies, with contrasting approaches to understanding the nature of reality and the methods used to investigate it. This essay will explore the fundamental differences between these two perspectives in terms of their assumptions, methods, and implications for research practice.

Positivist Perspective

Positivism emerged as a dominant research paradigm during the 19th century, emphasizing the importance of objective, scientific inquiry to understand the world. Its proponents assert that reality exists independently of the observer and can be apprehended through empirical observation and experimentation.

Key Assumptions:
Reality is objective....

Critical Theory and Positivism in Health and Social Care Research

Introduction:

Critical theory and positivism are two contrasting epistemological approaches that significantly shape how health and social care issues are understood and researched. Each approach has its distinct assumptions, methods, and implications for knowledge production in this field.

Critical Theory:

Assumptions:
Reality is socially constructed and not objectively observable.
Power relations and societal structures influence knowledge production and social outcomes.
Research should aim to expose systemic inequalities and challenge dominant ideologies.

Methods:
Qualitative methods, such as ethnography, discourse analysis, and grounded theory.
Participatory approaches that involve marginalized populations in the research process.
Focus....