SE = 2.1820749866
Hypothesis Testing

Answer each question completely to recieve full credit

There is a new drug that is used to treat leukemia. The following data represents the remission time in weeks for a random sample of 21 patients using the drug.

State the Null Hypothesis

Let XA represent the mean remission time of the new drug and XB the mean remission time of the previous drug, then the null hypothesis states that the eukemia remission times are not significantly different (Ho: XA = XB) between the two drugs.

State the Alternatice Hypothesis

The alternative hypothesis is that the time to remission is significantly different (H1: XA ? XB) between the two drugs.

State the Level of significance

= .01, two-tailed

State the Test Statistic

Z scores

Perform Calculations

Since ? = .01 and this is a two-tailed test, then the value for each tail would be .005. This corresponds to a Zcrit value of ±2.58.

XA = 17.095; SDA = 10.000;…...

global warming. One of the arguments in favor of this being an issue is that temperatures have increased over time, since humans began burning fossil fuels. There are a number of ways to look at the issue, but one thing that has not received much consideration is that baseline data, which is taken from urban areas, may be skewed by other factors besides anthropogenic global warming. One factor that has not yet been studied is the effect of cloudy days vs. sunny days on the temperature readings. To investigate whether there is any merit to this idea, we need test two hypotheses. The first is whether or not the weather in the region makes a difference to the mean daily temperatures that are recorded. The second is whether or not there has been a change in weather patterns (for example, if the pollution from our cities has brought about…...

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References

No author (2014). Introduction to hypothesis testing. San Jose State University. Retrieved March 30, 2014 from  http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/gerstman/StatPrimer/hyp-test.pdf

-Provide an example of a hypothesis where a one-tailed hypothesis test would be used.
An example of a one-tailed test is testing the claim that the mean score of the gender male is higher than the scores of the gender female in public institutions.
-Provide an example of a hypothesis where a two-tailed hypothesis
test would be used.
An example in this case is testing the claim that the mean scores between the gender male and the female are different in public high schools in the United States.
-If a researcher has set alpha at 0.05 for a two-tailed hypothesis test,
what is the p-value required to reject the null hypothesis?
The null hypothesis is rejected when the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05
-A researcher has set alpha at 0.05. When the researcher analyzes the
data from the experiment using a software program, she obtains a p-
value equal to 0.932. Based on this p-value, should the researcher
reject…...

Identification
Weeks, Matthew. (May 5, 1998) "A Regression Analysis of NBA Player's Salaries." Triangle Net Journal. Retrieved on July 27, 2004 at http://www.trianglenet.net/~weeks/nba/nbasalary.htm

ne common assumption in economics is that salary is directly related to quantitatively established aspects of job performance and the quality of one's education and occupation. But is this true of all professions? To take one extreme case to make a larger point, the example of NBA players can be used to see that player's statistics are not necessarily a reflection on what he is accomplishing on the job.

ne might assume just as in any other business field, a worker's salary is dependent on his performance but the author of this article "used basic statistics such as minutes per game and points per game to determine" if a player's wages could be explained by actual talents, or if the salaries are more due to non-related job performance aspects…...

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One common assumption in economics is that salary is directly related to quantitatively established aspects of job performance and the quality of one's education and occupation. But is this true of all professions? To take one extreme case to make a larger point, the example of NBA players can be used to see that player's statistics are not necessarily a reflection on what he is accomplishing on the job.

One might assume just as in any other business field, a worker's salary is dependent on his performance but the author of this article "used basic statistics such as minutes per game and points per game to determine" if a player's wages could be explained by actual talents, or if the salaries are more due to non-related job performance aspects such as agent's strengths and weaknesses. (Weeks, 1998) The "hypothesis going into the project was that a player's statistics have a positive affect on his salary. We decided that minutes per game, assists per game, rebounds per game, and points per game were variables that would affect salary in a positive manner. We felt that minutes per game was important in our analysis because we felt the more minutes the athlete played, the more he should earn. Points per game were included as a variable because we thought it to be a measure of the worth of that player to the team. Rebounds and assists are also important in judging the athlete's worth to the team. Our final analysis was that points per game would be the most significant variable." Yet, "through the use of hypothesis testing, we discovered that the model was significant at an alpha of.05. By performing individual tests, we found that the only variable that has a significant positive affect on salary is points per game. From here, one might want to examine the player's popularity, the impact of their agent, the perceived added income they bring to the team, as well as other, qualitative, variables." (Weeks, 1998)

How does this hypothesis affect daily life? Quite simply it shows that salary is not always contingent upon quantitatively established job performance variables, even in a highly numbers related sport. Other, more subjective factors come into play, no pun intended.

Prison GED Programs
Hypothesis testing of the effectiveness of prison GED programs in reducing recidivism

The effectiveness of prison GED programs in reducing recidivism

Prison GED programs

The General Education Development initialized as GED is a service program of the American Council on Education. The tests in the GED are for measuring the proficiency of the persons taking the test in science, mathematics, writing, social studies and reading (Kaprov & Kaprov, 2009). When the person passes the General Education Development, they acquire a certificate equivalent of the high school certificate credential. This gives the person the chance to enroll in a known university or college to further their skills that enable them to face the world. The tests issued measure the significant knowledge and skills a person can express Van & Salisbury, 2014). This includes the abilities of the person to evaluate, analyze and draw conclusions; and proficiently express ideas and thoughts in writing.…...

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References

Gideon, L., & Sung, H.-E. (2011). Rethinking corrections: Rehabilitation, reentry, and reintegration. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.

Kim, C.Y., Losen, D.J., & Hewitt, D. (2010). The school to prison pipeline: Structuring legal reform. New York: New York University Press.

Kaprov, R.M., & Kaprov, S. (2009). Peterson's Master the GED, 2010. Lawrenceville, NJ:

Peterson's.

statistical analysis as well as ensuring the data used is accurate, it is also essential that the appropriate statistical tools are used to undertaken in the analysis. Two similar tests are the t-test and the z-test. In both cases the test is usually applied in a situation where there is a desire to test the means of two samples, or the mean of one sample against a known mean to determine of there is a statistical difference. However, despite the similarities of the purpose of the t-test and the z-test, there are also some differences which mean that the tests are suitable for different types of situation. To appreciate when the different tests should be used, the paper will start buy looking at the z-test, and when it should be used, as well as consider the use of a t-test, which will lead to an understanding of when the…...

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References

Curwin J, Slater R, (2003), Quantitative Methods for Business Decisions, London, Thompson Business Press

Kahn Academy, (2014), Z-statistics vs. T-statistics, retrieved from   -- t-statisticshttp://www.khanacademy.org/math/probability/statistics-inferential/hypothesis-testing/v/z-statistics-vs .

Null Hypothesis and an Alternate Hypothesis
Hypothesizing in business assists leadership in deciding which avenue to take for the overall health of the organization. This is done by allowing the business managers to make decisions after having full research. Business leaders have had to employ hypothesizing to facilitate the implementation of right decisions in their lines of duty. This is an important process because organizations are made or destroyed by the nature of decisions that leaders make. Decisions that leaders make in an organization are critical, for they reflect the current and future success of the business. It is on this account that the business leaders work hard to test the hypothesis of different issues in an organization before making the right decisions (Albright, Winston, & Zappe, 2010).

Null hypothesis vs. alternate hypothesis

In practice, a hypothesis is a proposed explanation for observable phenomenon and often used to explain facts and observations on…...

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References

Albright, S., Winston, W. & Zappe, C. (2010). Data Analysis and Decision Making. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Cengage Learning

Anderson, D., R. & Sweeney, D.J. & Williams, T.A. (2011). Fundamentals of Business Statistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Cengage Learning

Owen, J., Levine, D.M., Stephan, D.F., Follett, R., Canavor, N. & Meirowitz, C. (2012). Business Basics: The Skills You Need to Succeed (Collection). London: FT Press

(Livingston 2012)
What are the positive aspects of this theory -explain how markets behave? Why?

The positive aspects of this theory are that it identifies changes in the markets early. This helps investors to be able to purchase stocks when everyone has become overly pessimistic (leading to a massive selloff). At the same time, this theory helps to determine when the underlying trends could be changing (with investors becoming overly optimistic). This helps these individuals to reduce their risks and increase the chances of realizing above average returns. (Livingston 2012)

A good example of this occurred in 2008 when the federal government was providing assistance to large financial institutions such as: AIG and Citigroup. At the time, the markets were in a free fall surrounding fears that the issues with housing market will cause a major economic implosion. Moreover, investors were fearful about the possibility of the Big Three Automakers entering bankruptcy…...

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References

Citigroup, 2012, Yahoo Finance. Available from: [16 March 2012].

Dow Jones Industrial Average, 2012, Yahoo Finance. Available from: [11 March 2012].

Efficient Market Hypothesis, 2012, Investopedia. Available from: [11 March 2012].

For Berkshire Hathaway's Warren Buffett, 2009, Guru Focus. Available from: [ 11 March 2012].

Gaia Hypothesis and Daisy World
The development of the Gaia Hypothesis is described with some emphasis on how the concept has evolved in response to other scientist's skepticism. The Gaia concept itself is described and discussed. A possible means for reconciliation of the holistic Gaia hypothesis with reductionist thinking is discussed. I conclude by summarizing what the paper has accomplished.

The Gaia Hypothesis was first published by James E. Lovelock in 1972 (Lovelock, par. 23). It was, at the time, the end product of a series of observations Lovelock had made about Earth, Mars and Venus (Margulis and Lovelock, p. 11(2)).

The premise underlying the Gaia hypothesis is that the entire planet evolves over time because of the interaction of living things with their surrounding environment. Because of the interdependence of the evolution of environment and biome, Lovelock likened the entire planet Earth to a living thing with complex interlocking planet-wide systems that…...

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References

1. Barlow, Connie, and Volk, Tyler. "Gaia and Evolutionary Biology." Bioscience 42.9 (1992): 686-693.

2. Fairbairn, Brett. "History from the ecological perspective: Gaia theory and the problem of cooperatives in turn-of-the-century Germany." American Historical Review 99.4 (1994): 1203-1239.

3. Holden, Constance. "Gaia Guru Wins Blue Planet Prize." Science 276.5321 (1997): 1977.

4. Laurence, William F. "Gaia's Lungs, Are Rainforests Inhaling Earth's Excess Carbon Dioxide?" Natural History 108.2 (1999): 96.

" The authors go on to mention that by comparing the Navajo silent film research with similar research using African-American high school drop-outs in Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania filmmakers, some "universals" and some differences as well came to light in the relationships between film and "linguistic" and cultural variables.
Zhu Zhifang, "Linguistic Relativity and Cultural Communication," Educational Philosophy and Theory. The author, a horf hypothesis believer, goes to some lengths in this piece to establish that due to globalization, philosophy is no longer universally believed to be the "ultimate foundation of cultural communication" (Zhifang 162). And yet, traditionalists still believe that the "merits of a culture" are given value based on how closely that culture adheres to the "objective truth and ideal morality." And there are two "presuppositions" associated with that view; one is metaphysical ("all cultures share the same worldview"); the second is the "linguistic presupposition that all languages…...

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Works Cited

Adai, John; & Wort, Sol. (1967). The Navajo as Filmmaker: A Brief Report of Research in the Cross-Cultural Aspects of Film Communication. American Anthropologist, 69(1), 76-78.

Bedau, Hugo a. (1957). Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee

Whorf by John B. Carroll. Philosophy of Science, 24(3), 289-293.

Bright, Jane O.; & Bright, William. (1965). Semantic Structures in Northwestern California and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. American Anthropologist, 67(5), 249-258.

students' absence. My first hypothesis is that the food was contaminated. I base my evidence on the following: Spikes of absence for band class in all four schools fall generally in the middle of the month and towards the ends of the month with a wide outbreak of the flue occurring during that time as well as evidence indicating that the food was improperly cared for.
For at least three schools (Roosevelt, Truman and Jackson) spokes of absence seem to be highest in the Band class particularly around 5/18 (with Jackson showing 33.3 absences on that day, 23.3 and 17.3 on consequent days until gradual reduction is again achieved. In Roosevelt, there are a similar high number of absences on 5/18 with 25.0. Truman's band class shows a huge number of absence on 5/18 (33.3; with 23.3 and 16. 3 on consequent days. Looking at the information on the school…...

Abstract Developing a researchable question is one of the challenging tasks a researcher encounters when initiating a project. In current clinical practice, both unanswered issues or when experiences dictate alternative therapies may provoke an investigator to formulate a clinical research question. This paper describes PICO (population, intervention, control, and outcomes) criteria in framing a research question. Finally, it assesses the characteristics of a peer-reviewed article on urinary tract infections.
Part 1
EBM, shorthand for Evidence-Based Medicine, is a core aspect of the medical profession. EBM provides statistical analyses and matters of clinical concern. It is based on research, reading, analysis, and combining many papers generated within the medical fraternity. EBM applications based on research evidence and clinical knowledge and reviews of the system go a long way in improving clinical decisions. Usually, the PICO guideline is applied in developing a comprehensive, focused definition of clinical concern. In such a system, clinical problems are…...

HYPOTHEI CHAPTER Hypothesis Chapter: mart MaskTheory of Reasoned Action (TRA)The theory of reasoned action is one of the key theories for understanding consumer behavior, intention, and planned purchase for a specific product or service. The theory, formulated by Fishbein and Ajzen, attempts to predict the behavioral intention of the buyer based on two factors: the attitudes that would lead to adopting the buying behavior and the subjective norms that come from the buyers social influence (Hosseini et al., 2015; Myresten & etterhall, 2015, p. 5). The factors that shape the buyers social influences mainly include the beliefs held by his surrounding people, which impact his decision-making process. There is an element of trust over the other persons beliefs that would affect the buyers action, which is highly dependent on the past behavior or experience (Chuchinprakarn, 2005).The resulting behavior is shaped by the attitudes modified by the held beliefs, which are…...

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Skoumpopoulou, D., Wong, A., Ng, P. & Lo, M.F. (2018). Factors that affect the acceptance of new technologies in the workplace: A cross-case analysis between two universities. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 14(3), 209-222. Teo, T. & Zhou, M. (2014). Explaining the intention to use technology among university students: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 26, 124-142.   J., Shahzad, F., Ahmad, Z., Abdullah, M. & Hassan, N.M. (2022). Trust and consumers’ purchase intention in a social commerce platform: A meta-analytic approach. Sage Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221091262Xu, W., Yu, Y. & Zhang, Q. (2018). An evaluation method of comprehensive product quality for customer satisfaction based on intuitionistic fuzzy number. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2018.   https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5385627https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-014-9080-3 Wang,

Efficient Market Hypothesis
As previously discussed, the weak form efficiency suggests that share prices should follow a random walk, in that each change in share price is unpredictable based on past information. Formally, this is expressed in the following relationship:

where the variables are independent and identically distributed random variables representing equity prices at times 1,2,3…,k. So X is the equity price, the equity price at a point in time n and the change in equity price at any given time is not explained by the past equity price.

The augmented Dickey-Fuller test considers the following model:

where p is the lag order of the process which can be determined by the examination of autocorrelation and autocorrelation plots, and are the factors determined by the regression. The unit root test has the null hypothesis, and the rejection of the null hypothesis implies that the time series is stationary. The variable y refers to the…...

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References

Chen, J. (2008). Variance ratio tests of random walk hypothesis of the euro exchange rate. International Business & Economics Research Journal. Vol. 7 (12) 97-105.

Jamaani, F. & Roca, E. (2015). Are the regional Gulf stock markets weak-form efficient as single stock markets and as a regional stock market? Research in International Business & Finance. Vol. 33 (2015) 221-246.

Wright, J. (2000). Alternative variance-ratio tests using ranks and signs. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics. Vol. 18 (2000) 1-9.

Behavioral Finance Concept v. Efficient Market Hypothesis:
For more than a century, the concept of efficient markets has been the subject of numerous academic researches and huge debates. An efficient market is described as a market with a large number of balanced profit maximizers that are actively competing against each other to forecast the future market values for individual securities. The efficient market is also defined as a market where current information is nearly freely available and accessible to all participants. Generally, in an efficient market, competition will make complete effects of new information on essential values to be reflected instantly in real prices (Singh, 2010). The efficient market hypothesis has developed to become a significant cornerstone of contemporary financial theory even though the market seems to be more modern and characterized by increased inefficiencies. As a result, the standard finance for rational analysis framework has been placed in an awkward…...

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References:

"Analysis of Behavioral Finance Efficient Market Hypothesis for the Amendment and Innovation." (n.d.). Tastecaste.com. Retrieved July 25, 2012, from http://www.tastecate.com/freepages336095_Analysis-of-behavioral-finance-efficient-market-hypothesis-for-the-amendment-and-Innovation#

"Behavioral Finance -- A Challenge to the EMH." (2010). Accredited Portfolio Management

Advisor. Retrieved July 25, 2012, from  http://www.cffpinfo.com/pdfs/APMA_Sample.pdf 

Cunningham, L.A. (2002, January 6). Behavioral Finance and Investor Governance. Washington and Lee Law Review, 59(3), 767-837. Retrieved from  http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1346&context=wlulr

A synthesis essay is a type of essay that uses a variety of different sources to support a central claim.  The central claim must be well-supported within the synthesis essay, even if it is not the most likely claim or generally assumed to be true outside of the essay.  Writing a synthesis essay has two main parts: synthesizing sources and supporting your main claim.

It is possible to write a synthesis essay about a hypothetical claim, but it will be more difficult to find the literature to support your claim. That is because you will not....

A conceptual framework is a type of tool used to analyze a topic.  Generally, in an academic context a conceptual framework is going to fall into one of several broad categories, including a working hypothesis, pillar questions, descriptive categories, models for decision making, or a formal hypothesis.  Deciding what approach you want to take to your research topic of how women leaders respond in time of crises in the field of education will help you decide what approach you want to take, which will guide your development of a conceptual framework.

Based on....

There are a number of topics you could research if you need to discuss how diversity or inclusion impacts corporate culture. It is one of the most relevant topics for the modern workplace and it impacts corporations in a number of ways. There is no doubt that corporations have been trying to become more inclusive and increase their diversity.  We have compiled a list of 10 potential topics and titles you could use for an essay on those broad topics.

1. The Role of Empathy in Diversity and Inclusion: How Empathy Can Make People....

Yes, there are several news topics related to book notes that could make good essay subjects. Here are a few suggestions:

1. The rise of e-books and its impact on book notes: You can explore how the increasing popularity of electronic books has affected the way people take notes and analyze texts. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of virtual note-taking and the implications for studying and retaining information.

2. The controversy surrounding marginalia in borrowed books: Marginalia refers to the practice of writing notes and comments in the margins of books. Some libraries and institutions have strict policies against it, while others....