Once a patient is being treated for hyperthyroidism, his or her health professional will usually test TSH and thyroid hormones several times each year to evaluate how well the patient is responding to treatment and to check for a worsening of the condition. ("Hyperthyroidism: Topic Overview -- Exams and Tests," ebMD, Last updated 6 Aug 2003) Other tests include an anti-thyroid antibody test, which may help specifically diagnose Graves' disease and autoimmune thyroiditis, if the patient is known to have a genetic history of Graves in particular. ("Hyperthyroidism: Topic Overview -- Exams and Tests," ebMD, Last updated 6 Aug 2003) radioactive thyroid scan and radioactive iodine uptake tests are also often performed to evaluate why the thyroid gland is overactive. "Radionuclide uptake and scan" can also easily distinguish the high uptake of Graves' disease from the low uptake of thyroiditis" and provide other useful anatomic information about failures in the…...

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Works Cited

AMA Featured Report. (2000) "Sex and Gender-Based Differences." Presented Dec 2000.Last updated 18 Aug 2005. Retrieved 1 Nov 2005 at  http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13607.html 

Bowen, R. (2003)"The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands: Introduction and Index." Colorado State. H-books. Last updated 11 Oct 2003. Retrieved 1 Nov 2005 at http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/thyroid/index.html

Ch, Henzen. (8 Jan 2003) "Hyperthyroidism -- differential diagnosis and differential therapy." Schweiz Rundsch Med Praxis. Jan 8; 92(1-2): 18-24.

Graves' Disease." (2003) WebMD. Retrieved 1 Nov 2005 at.webmd.aol.com/hw/health_guide_atoz/stg124253.asp?navbar=hw149041

Grave's disease is an autoimmune condition which impacts the human thyroid gland. Excessive production of the thyroid hormone engorges the gland and it continues to grow. Because of this, there can be many adverse affects to the person's health, particularly in terms of ophthalmological and dermatological symptoms. The exact cause of the condition has not been determined nor has a cure for the disease. However, there are treatment methods available which can alleviate symptoms and even prevent further hyperthyroidism in the patients.
Overview and Brief History of the Condition:

Grave's disease is an autoimmune disorder which most commonly affects the thyroid gland and results in hyperthyroidism, or over activity of the gland. Patients with this disease experience various symptoms but have a shared epidemiology. This condition creates antibodies which impact receptor activation within the thymus.

Causes:

The specific cause of Grave's disease is as yet unknown; however there are theories as to what might…...

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Works Cited

Agabegi, E. & Agabegi, S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Hagerstown, MD. 157.

Bunevicius, R. & Prange, AJ. (2006). Psychiatric manifestations of Graves' hyperthyroidism:

pathophysiology and treatment options. CNS Drugs. (20:11). 897-909.

Cawood, T., Moriarty, P., & O'Shea, D. (2004). Recent developments in thyroid eye disease.

Endocrinology
AMAZING HORMONES

Counterbalance of Sugar and Fat Content between Insulin and Glucagon

Physical survival depends on the sustained availability and use of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate or ATP from sufficient levels of a substance, called glucose (owen, 2001). The use of energy depends on the varying levels of activity. Hence, the amount of glucose needed for activity likewise varies each day. Too much or too little glucose is damaging to the body, hence the need for some system to regulate the availability of glucose. It must be present at the precise time and amount that it is needed in order to maintain what is called glucose homeostasis. Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain internal stability and balance through the coordinated responses of body parts to stimuli or conditions (owen).

Insulin and Glucagon

The regulation of glucose availability begins with the pancreas, primarily by its production of the two…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Biomed (2002). Insulin/glucagons. Brown University. Retrieved on November 25, 2013

from http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/B1108/B1108_2002_Groups/pancstems/stemcell/insulin_glucagon.htm

Bowen, R.A. (2001). Hormones, receptors and control systems. University of Colorado.

Retrieved on November 25, 2013 from http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/basics/index.html

Essay Topic Examples 1. The Impact of Hypothyroidism on Metabolic Function:
    Explore how an underactive thyroid gland can result in hypothyroidism, leading to a slowing down of metabolic processes. Discuss the physiological mechanisms of the condition, its symptoms, such as fatigue and weight gain, and the implications it has on overall health and energy levels.

2. The sychological Consequences of Thyroid Disorders:
    Delve into the cognitive and mood-related changes that can accompany both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Analyze the effects these disorders can have on mental health, including their potential to mimic or exacerbate symptoms of depression and anxiety, and the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment.

3. The Role of the Thyroid in Reproductive Health:
    Discuss the critical role thyroid hormones play in reproductive health for both sexes, with a focus on how disturbances in thyroid function can affect fertility, menstrual cycles, and pregnancy outcomes. Review the recommendations for thyroid screening in planning for pregnancy and…...

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Primary Sources

Garber, Jeffrey R., et al. \"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypothyroidism in Adults: Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association.\" Thyroid, vol. 22, no. 12, 2012, pp. 1200-1235.

Biondi, Bernadette. \"Thyroid and Obesity: An Intriguing Relationship.\" Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 95, no. 8, 2010, pp. 3614-3617.

Köhrle, Josef. \"The Colorful Diversity of Thyroid Hormone Metabolites.\" European Thyroid Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, 2014, pp. 71-86.

Saravanan, P., and C. M. Dayan. \"Thyroid Autoantibodies.\" Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America, vol. 30, no. 2, 2001, pp. 315-337.

Aoki, Y., et al. \"Environmental Factors and Thyroid Autoimmunity.\" Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 21, no. 3, 2016, pp. 99-104.

Myxedema is a potentially deadly endocrine regulation disease that usually arises in connection with pre-existing hypothyroidism, when the normal homeostatic mechanisms for responding to hypothyroidism are overwhelmed. It occurs most often in elderly women, and is usually characterized by swelling of the skin and other soft tissues (Wall, 2000).
The thyroid gland is central to homeostatic metabolic functions, and operates as part of a complex feedback loop involving both the pituitary and hypothalamus to control essential elements of fluid and electrolyte balance and thermoregulation. Under normal conditions, the hypothalamus influences pituitary hormonal output of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) via the secretion of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TH). Virtually any disruption of the precise functioning of these individual glands, or their complex interrelationships can precipitate conditions of hyperthyroidism and Grave's Disease or hypothyroidism and myxedema (MedicineNet, 2002).

Classic symptoms of myxedema include facial puffiness caused by subcutaneous accumulation of mucoploysaccharide, coarsening or roughening facial…...

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References

Information on Hypothyroidism. (MedicineNet.com website)

Accessed July 25, 2004, at  http://www.medicinenet.com/hyperthyroidism/page1.htm 

Last updated: July 2, 2002

Manifold, C.A. Hypothyroidism and Myxedema Coma. (E-medicine.com website)

ecent CasePatient Information:Betty Thompson is a 45-year-old African American female. She works as a school teacher and lives with her husband and two teenage children.Subjective CC (chief complaint):Betty reports irregular periods and hot flashes for the last six months. She has also been feeling unusually tired recently.HPI: The key symptoms reported by Betty are irregular menstrual cycles, hot flashes, and fatigue. These symptoms can indicate the onset of perimenopause.Current Medications: Betty is currently taking multivitamins and calcium supplements.Allergies: Betty has an allergy to shellfish.PMH: No history related to surgery or immunization recorded.Soc & Substance Hx: She reports no tobacco or drug use and consumes alcohol socially. She exercises moderately and follows a balanced diet.Fam Hx: Her mother had breast cancer diagnosed at age 50.Surgical Hx: Betty underwent an appendectomy at age 20.Mental Hx: No history of mental illnesses.Violence Hx: No history of violence reported.eproductive Hx: Betty has two children and…...

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ReferencesBarber, M. R., Clarke, A. E., Adams, C. D., & Skeith, L. (2022). Severe thrombotic complications secondary to antiphospholipid syndrome and undiagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus. Cmaj, 194(36), E1243-E1247.Britt, K. L., Cuzick, J., & Phillips, K. A. (2020). Key steps for effective breast cancer prevention. Nature Reviews Cancer, 20(8), 417-436.Critchley, H. O., Babayev, E., Bulun, S. E., Clark, S., Garcia-Grau, I., Gregersen, P. K., ... & Griffith, L. G. (2020). Menstruation: science and society. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 223(5), 624-664.De Leo, S., Lee, S. Y., & Braverman, L. E. (2016). Hyperthyroidism. The Lancet, 388(10047), 906-918.Hahner, S., Ross, R. J., Arlt, W., Bancos, I., Burger-Stritt, S., Torpy, D. J., ... & Quinkler, M. (2021). Adrenal insufficiency. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7(1), 19.Harlow, S. D., Gass, M., Hall, J. E., Lobo, R., Maki, P., Rebar, R. W., ... & de Villiers, T. J. (2012). Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(4), 1159-1168.Napolitano, M., Dolce, A., Celenza, G., Grandone, E., Perilli, M. G., Siragusa, S., ... & Mariani, G. (2016). Iron-dependent erythropoiesis in women with excessive menstrual blood losses and women with normal menses. Annals of hematology, 95(4), 525-533.Pomey, M. P., Ghadiri, D. P., Karazivan, P., Fernandez, N., & Clavel, N. (2015). Patients as partners: a qualitative study of patients’ engagement in their health care. PloS one, 10(4), e0122499. Top of Form

Essay Topic Examples
1.Thyroid Disorders and Mental Health:
    Explore how thyroid imbalances can influence mood, cognitive functions, and mental health disorders like depression and anxiety.

2.Thyroid Effects on regnancy:
    Discuss the impact of thyroid function on fertility, pregnancy outcomes, and the health of both mother and child.

3.Nutritional Impact on Thyroid Function:
    Examine how diet, particularly iodine intake, affects thyroid health and the consequences of deficiencies or excesses.

4.Thyroid Disease and Cardiovascular Health:
    Analyze the relationship between thyroid disorders and cardiovascular diseases, including heart rate, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels.

5.Aging and Thyroid Function:
    Investigate how thyroid function changes with age and its implications for elderly care and health management.

Essay Title Examples

1.Thyroid Imbalance: A Hidden Trigger for Mental Health Issues

2.The Thyroid-regnancy Connection: Navigating Health Challenges

3.Dietary Thyroid: The Role of Nutrition in Thyroid Health

4.Thyroid and Heart: Unraveling the Cardiovascular Link

5.Thyroid Health in the Elderly: Challenges and Management

Essay Hook Examples

1.Did you know that your mood swings might not just be in your…...

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Primary Sources

Primary Sources

Thyroid Research

Endocrinology

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

Thyroid

Clinical Thyroidology

Te tyroid is regulated by te pituitary gland. Autoimmune diseases, infections, ormonal imbalance or ereditary conditions can result in tyroid malfunction. Tese tyroid disorders usually come in one of two forms: functional, suc as ypotyroidism and ypertyroidism, and structural, suc as nodules and goiters, as in te case of te former President. Earlier tis year, Barbara Bus ad a mild relapse of er Graves' disease. Se began experiencing eartbeat irregularities tat can lead to cardiac arrest in older patients.
Graves' disease is te most common cause of ypertyroidism in te United States. Symptoms of te disease, suc as anxiety, restlessness, irritability, emotional instability, fatigue, muscle weakness or cramps, increased appetite, palpitations and eate intolerance can be accompanied by a quickened eartbeat, atrial fibrillation, tremor, an eye stare or canges in te air. Oter symptoms include increased sweating and bowl movements, sortness of breat on exertion and weigt canges.

(Dwyer)

First Lady Barbara…...

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http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/barbara-bush-mild-relapse-graves-disease-released-houston/story?id=10249550 

3. Fitzgerald, Paul. Graves Disease. 16 December 2003.

Accessed at:  http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/25/health/your-thyroid-may-be-talking-but-is-the-doctor-listening.html?pagewanted=2

Synthroid, Drug Profile
SYNTHROID® (levothyroxine sodium tablets, USP) is an important drug, used to treat hypothyroidism. Synthroid has been extensively studied for over 42 years. It is the most widely prescribed thyroid medicine in the United States. Currently, over eight million people are using Synthroid for thyroid replacement therapy. [Abbott, 2001]

Synthetic Levothyroxine (T4 ) is identical in chemical composition and molecular weight to naturally secreted T4. Synthroid tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: acacia, confectioner's sugar, lactose, magnesium stearate, povidone, talc, and color additives.[Abbott, 2001].

Synthroid is pregnancy category A. Studies have shown that Synthroid increases the risk of fetal abnormalities if given during pregnancy. The possibility of fetal harm does appear to be remote, however, Synthroid should only given during pregnancy if it is clearly needed [Abbott, 2001]. In addition Abbot Laboratories reports that thyroid hormones do cross the placental barrier to some extent. T4 levels in the cord blood of…...

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Works Cited

Abbott Laboratories, (2001) Synthroid Product Information. Synthroid,.com. Abbott Park, Illinois Accessed February, 2002 URL:  http://www.synthroid.com/ 

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology. (AACE) (1995)clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 1;1995:56-62.

Banahan BF, et al.(1998) Generic substitution of NTI drugs: Issues for Formulary Committee Consideration. Formulary. 33;1998:1082-1096.

BASF Pharmaceuticals.(2002) Synthroid. Drug Manufacturer Information. Found on Commercial website. Drug InfoNet. Com Accessed February, 2002. http://www.druginfonet.com/synthrod.htm

Graves' Disease
Identify the Disease

Graves' disease is a disorder of the immune system that results in too many thyroid hormones being produced, a situation that is called hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormones impact many different body functions, so the " ... signs and symptoms" that are linked to Graves' disease cannot easily be zeroed in on specifically (Mayo Clinic). Anyone can be stricken with Graves' disease but it is far more common among women who haven't reached the age of 40 yet. To summarize, Graves' is actually caused by a "malfunction of disease-fighting immune system," which is, too many thyroid hormones are being produced.

The Mayo Clinic provides a list of signs and symptoms that a person may have Graves' disease. Some of the signs associated with Graves' disease include: being irritable or anxious; a fine tremor in hands or fingers; sensitive to heat and increased perspiration; losing weight though eating normally; enlarged thyroid…...

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Works Cited

Acton, A.Q. (2013). Graves' Disease: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional. Atlanta,

Georgia: ScholarlyEditions.

Bahn, R.S. (2015). Graves' Disease: A Comprehensive Guide for Clinicians. New York:

Springer.

In addition, epinephrine injection should not be used when women are in the second stages of labor. Furthermore, because the effects of this drug on pregnant women remain unclear, pregnant women should only use epinephrine injection when the risks to the mother outweigh the potential risks to the fetus (product insert).
hat not to do when taking this medication:

Although there are no specific recommendations provided by the manufacturer, patients who use this drug should be aware of the possible side effects and avoid strenuous activities that will cause additional increases in blood pressure or heart rates. Take it easy after using this drug!

In addition, patients should avoid using the same injection site repeatedly since it can adversely affect skin integrity (product insert).

You may experience the following side effects following an injection:

Headaches, fear, and hearts palpitations (these side effects are more common in patients who suffer from hyperthyroidism).

You may also experience…...

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Works Cited

Albertine, Kurt H. Anatomica. Willoughby,

NSW: Global Book Publishing Ptd

Ltd.

Barlow, David H. Anxiety and Its Disorders:

, 2006). The evidence reflects only a low level weight loss but is still worthwhile to consider in controlling weight at roughly 0.007 kg per week. It is useful for individual weight loss programs. Losing 0.2 kg per week requires a decrease of 220 kilocalories per day. Achieving a 32% reduction requires a sacrifice of 330 kilocalories a day from sucrose by substituting aspartame. Using aspartame replaces 70 g of sucrose or roughly two cans of soft drinks every day (Hunty et al.). This means less expense.
200 Times Sweeter and Cheaper

On the average, aspartame is 200 times sweeter than sucrose (Hu et al., 2008). Not only does it mean less calories but also less cost. The taste difference between them is that the sweetness of aspartame is detected by the taste buds longer than sucrose. This can, however, be resolved by adding acesulfame potassium. Aspartame also has limited hydrolyzing properties,…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

FDA (2007). FDA statement on European aspartame study. Office of Food Additive

Safety: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved on April 2, 2011 from http://www.fda.gove/Food/FoodingredientsPackaging/FoodAdditives/ucm200858.htm

Hendrickson, K. (2011). Differences in aspartame and fructose. Live Strong:

Demand Media, Inc. Retrieved on April 2, 2011 from  http://www.livestrong.com/article/278757-differences-in-aspartame-fructose

1958

After studying the cardiovascular effects of various catecholamines, Moran and his research partner, Perkins, are published in the same journal as Ahlquist arguing "that DCI's activity belonged to Ahlquist's 'beta-adrenergic' type, and coined the term 'beta-adrenergic blocking drug', later shortened to 'beta-blocker'"

1959

Sir James Black joins the cardiovascular team at Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., reads Moran's research and realizes the possibilities of synthesizing an analog to DCI that would be clinically useful.

1959

Black's ICI report contradicts Waring's arguing that the "altered fat metabolism with associated changes in blood coagulability interact, permissively, with sympathetic neurohumoural stress responses to produce fatal damage."

1962

Black synthesizes propranolol (Inderal)

1963

ICI launches Black's first beta blocker treatment -- pronethalol (Alderlin).

1964

The first clinical studies are conducted for the use of proopranolol.

1965

ICI launches propranolol, the replacement for propranolol as it was found to cause thymic tumors in mice.

1966

Propranolol is first marketed in the U.S.

1967

Lands identifies a variety of models of sensitivity to…...

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References

Altman, L. (2 Feb 1982), New class of drugs revolutionizes therapy for heart disease, [Online], Available:   [22/10/09].http://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/02/science/new-class-of-drugs-revolutionizes-therap-y-for-heart-disease.html?&pagewanted=print 

Archard, G. (2005), Beta-Blocker Use in CHF Patients: History of CHF Treatments, [Online], Available:   [22/10/09].http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/510212_2 

Betaxolol, (2008), [Online], Available:   [22/10/09].http://www.medicinenet.com/betaxolol/article.htm 

Bisoprolol, (2008), [Online], Available:   [22/10/09].http://www.medicinenet.com/bisoprolol/article.htm 

S. Congress that the prospects of stem cell research were so vast that it could touch all the realm of medicine (Connor 2000). An unlimited source of embryonic stem cells will solve the problem of shortage of transplants. Embryonic stem cells will save lives by curing generative diseases of the brain, hepatitis, diabetes, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis and diseases of the heart and kidneys. ut current laws restrict the use of stems cells on embryos less than 14 days old and for correcting fertility, reproduction or congenital disorders. The restriction is grounded in the belief that the embryo is a potential human being from the moment of conception. It thus possesses a soul and a dignity just like any other viable person (Connor). Previous scientific research presented evidence that genetically engineering cells could partly repair a defective immune system (Travis 2002). Two new studies bolstered this…...

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Bibliography

Bauer, D.G. (2005). Review of the endocrine system. MedSurg Nursing: Jannetti Publications, Inc.

Connor, S. (2000). Science: the miracle cure with a catch. The London Independent: Newspaper Publishing PLC

Degen. D (2008). Body organization and homeostasis. 1 page. Bones, Muscles and Skin. Pearson Education, Inc.: Pearson Prentice Hall

Farabee, M.J. (2006). Animal organ systems and homeostasis. 18 web pages. Estrella Mountain Community College. Retrieved on February 1, 2006 at http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookMUSSKEL.html

" Long-term use may develop psychoses, like schizophrenia and severe depression. The use of MDMA may produce psychological difficulties, like confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe anxiety and paranoia, even weeks after the use of the drug. MSMA develops symptoms, such as muscle tension, nausea, blurred vision, rapid eye movements, faintness, chills, sweating, and increased heart rate and blood pressure. it, therefore, poses a special risk for those with heart disease. Overuse can lead to death (Kurtzweil).
West Africans used ibogaine as a stimulant and aphrodisiac in the early 1900s (Kurtzweil 1995). Native Americans used mescaline from peyote cactus in religious rituals. LSD was first synthesized in 1938. Throughout history, it was considered a source of many types of medications. Its psychedelic effects were first discovered in 1943. Two decades after World War II, LSD was used to determine its effects on patients with schizophrenia and other mental disorders. It…...

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Bibliography

Kotler, Steven. Drugs in Rehab. Psychology Today: Sussex Publishers, Inc., April 2005

Klotter, Jule. End-of-Life and Psychedelic Research. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients: The Townsend Group, July 2005

Kurtzweil, Paula. Medical Possibilities for Psychedelic Drugs. FDA Consumer: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1995

Luke, David P. And Marrios Kottenis. A Preliminary Survey of Paranormal Experiences with Psychoactive Drugs. Journal of Parapsychology: Parapsychology Press, 2005