Hydraulic Fracturing
Fracking

Fracking or hydraulic fracturing can be described as a process of drilling deep the earth after which a high pressure water mixture can be directed within the rocks for the gas trapped beneath the sand to be released. The rock is injected with sand, chemical and water at high pressure that will make the gas underneath to flow out on top of the well.

As much as fracking has its advantage to a nation, it also have some negative part of it for example in U.S., it has revolutionized the energy industry, but also prompted environmental concerns.

Advantages

Through fracking drilling firms are able to access resources which are difficult to reach such as gas and oil. Fracking has helped to significantly boost the U.S. domestic oil production as well as driven down gas prices. USA has been provided with gas security for about 100 years, this is in addition to an…...

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Reference

Kevin A. Hassett, Aparna Mathur (2013) "Benefits of Hydraulic Fracking" Oxford Energy Forum. Retrieved September 20, 2013 from http://www.aei.org/article/economics/benefits-of-hydraulic-fracking/

The growing opposition to the shale gas industry has conflicted with the need for domestic independence on energy and a reasonable debate is understandably created. Like a Pandora's box, a great and helpful technology has been afforded to the people of this country in the form of hydraulic fracturing, however this technology must be tempered in order for the true and real benefits to be realized. Debate and opposition on this topic is welcomed and will produce a situation where many interests have been heard and incorporated within the argument. " if the hype turns into reality, then the world energy markets can look forward to floating on clouds of cheap gas, certainly up to 2030, if not beyond, " (p.10).

There is a great deal of literature extant on this topic and is worth exploring to gather a finer appreciation for what is at stake in this shale gas revolution.…...

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References

Aladeitan, Lanre, and Chisom Nwosu. "Shale Gas Development: Their Gain, our Pain and the Cost." Journal of Politics and Law 6.3 (2013): 216-26. ProQuest. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

Biello, David. 2010. "What the Frack? Natural Gas from Subterranean Shale Promises U.S. Energy Independence - With Environmental Costs." Scientific American (March 30).

Blackmon, David. 2013. "Texas Amazing Shale Oil and Gas Abundance." Forbes (July 5).

Brooks, D. (2011). Shale Gas Revolution. The New York Times, 3 Nov 2011. Retrieved from  http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/04/opinion/brooks-the-shale-gas-revolution.html?_r=1& ;

Anthropogenic Technologies Such as Fracking on the Environment
The people living in the Midwestern United States and most especially Oklahoma have become increasingly alarmed by the number of earthquakes they have experienced in recent months due to the efforts of the oil and gas industry to extract every last ounce of petroleum from the ground using hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") technologies.. On the one hand, these efforts can be viewed as laudable since they optimize the amount of natural energy available, but on the other hand, these extractions methods have caused unprecedented earthquake activity in regions that have not experienced any earthquakes for more than a century. hat is particularly problematic about these events is the fact that regulatory agencies have failed to implement effective policies that could potentially prevent these manmade disasters. For instance, according to a recent report by Cook (2015), "Although injection induced earthquakes have become commonplace across…...

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Works Cited

Beckrich, Amanda. (2012, September). "Fracking for Natural Gas." The Science Teacher 79(6): 10-13. Print.

Booher, Jacob. (2015, Winter). "Fracking-Caused Earthquakes: How Alleged Threats Could Trigger the Corps of Engineers' Section 10 Jurisdiction." Environmental Law 45(1): 235-240. Print.

Cook, Terri. (2015, April 22). "Fracking's hidden hazards." NOVA Next. Web.

Rousu, Matthew C. and Dave Ramsaran. (2015, May). "Guidelines for Conducting Economic Impact Studies on Fracking." International Advances in Economic Research 21(2): 213-215. Print.

Hydraulic Fracturing ("Fracking")
The Legal and Environment Aspects

Page 3 Introduction / hat is Fracking? / Executive order

Page 4 Department of Energy Advisors

Page 7 Law Student Article -- Let States Regulate

Page 8 European Union on Fracking

Page 8 Legal Action in yoming / California Controversy

Page 9 riter's Opinion on Fracking

Legal Issues in Fracturing

Hydraulic Fracturing -- also commonly referred to as "fracking" -- is a technique for extracting natural gas and oil from the crust of the earth. It has become a controversial program because there are environmental impacts associated with fracking. This paper reports on existing laws and policies in states and at the federal level that have to do with fracking.

hat is Fracking?

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) explains that hydraulic fracturing creates "fractures in the rock formation that stimulate the flow of natural gas or oil" -- and by creating fractures, it makes it possible to recover volumes of oil and…...

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Works Cited

Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). The Process of Hydraulic Fracturing. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from  http://www.epa.gov .

European Union. (2012). Statement on the use of hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") in the European Union. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from  http://ec.europa.eu .

Federal Register. (2012). Executive order 13605 / Supporting Safe and Responsible

Development of Unconventional Domestic Natural Gas Resources. 77(74).

For G&G personnel, it will provide an ability to recognize very early in the evaluation process the potential for fracturing to improve potential target formations, as well as learning what types of formations make the best targets for fracture stimulation.
Hydraulic Fracturing -- Design and reatment

Michael B. Smith • 9 -- 10 February

his 2-day post-conference course provides a sound engineering approach to fracture treatment design. It covers the fundamental principles concerning how hydraulic fracturing treatments can be used to stimulate oil and gas wells. he material also includes a thorough discussion of fluid/proppant selection and ancillary fracturing topics such as how to perforate for a frac treatment and how to select appropriate diagnostics.

Conclusion

he SPE Conference I recently attended from February 6 to 8, 2012, at the Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center, the Woodlands, exas, covered shale fracturing, soft rock fracturing, fracture diagnostics, fracture materials, fracture conductivity, fracture modeling…...

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This 2-day post-conference course provides a sound engineering approach to fracture treatment design. It covers the fundamental principles concerning how hydraulic fracturing treatments can be used to stimulate oil and gas wells. The material also includes a thorough discussion of fluid/proppant selection and ancillary fracturing topics such as how to perforate for a frac treatment and how to select appropriate diagnostics.

Conclusion

The SPE Conference I recently attended from February 6 to 8, 2012, at the Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center, the Woodlands, Texas, covered shale fracturing, soft rock fracturing, fracture diagnostics, fracture materials, fracture conductivity, fracture modeling and microseismic. A number of innovative products were demonstrated that hold significant promise for improved three-dimensional modeling. In addition, new applications of distributed acoustic sensing of multiple fractures in horizontal wells, and other exciting developments in hydraulic fracturing technologies indicate that interest is increasing and researchers continue to build on the growing body of knowledge concerning hydraulic fracturing. Finally, the studies reviewed and presentations that were attended provided me with a valuable snapshot of the latest in hydraulic fracturing technologies and hard- and digital-copies of the reviewed studies, as well as the others presented at the conference, are available for review by interested individuals.

Fracking in Colorado
Hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") is not a new approach to locating and exploiting gas and oil in the United States. It has been used as a strategy since 1949, according to Earthworks, an environmental group. Fracking is a strategy oil and gas companies use to retrieve quantities of oil and gas that are trapped in shales, coalbed formations and other underground areas that have previously been drilled. The environmental impacts of fracking can be significant, especially for neighborhoods and communities that are near to the fracking project. In Colorado there are a number of controversies surrounding the process of fracking, and this paper reviews those issues and proposes solutions to those issues.

hat is Fracking? How does it ork?

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is presently studying fracking to determine if the current tactics used by oil and gas companies are having negative impacts on water resources in the areas where…...

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Works Cited

Berwyn, Bob. (2012). Colorado: Battle lines drawn over fracking setbacks. Summit County

Voice. Retrieved October 21, 2012, from  http://summitcountyvoice.com .

Finley, Bruce. (2012). Fracking of wells puts big demand on Colorado water. The Denver

Post. Retrieved October 21, 2012, from  http://www.denverpost.com .

Legal Issues in Hydraulic Fracturing
Energy is major driving factor in all daily activities, from home use to industries. There are various sources of energy, the major one being natural gas and petroleum. Throughout the years, methods of harvesting these forms of energy have been met by many challenges. However, with the advancing steps made in technology as a field, new ways of harvesting the petroleum and gas energy have been designed and modified over time. It is in this line that the hydraulic fracturing method of getting access to these fuels was developed.

Hydraulic fracturing is the process of introduction of fractures in a rock layer by use of a pressurized fluid. Naturally, hydraulic fractures usually form and occur as veins or dikes. Artificial hydraulic fracturing is also known as hydro fracturing or fracing. It is used to retrieve petroleum, natural gas and other substances from their underground reservoir wells. It…...

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References

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2012). Natural Gas Extraction

Hydraulic Fracturing. Retrieved on 8th January 2013 from  

Legal Issues in Hydraulic Fracturing
This study provides a comprehensive elaboration of the legal implications of hydraulic fracturing. Moreover, it reviews the environmental issues associated with the process of hydraulic fracturing. The role of hydraulic fracturing in the United States energy needs is also reviewed. Some of the environmental issues raised concerning the process include ground water contamination, chemical implications as well as air contamination. The legal issues handled include the absence of adequate regulations within the national environmental laws framework that govern hydraulic fracturing (Tiemann, & Vann, 2011).

Legal issues

The current trends in the federal regulatory process, in the country are contained in the underground injection control program. However, the legal framework fails to articulate the requirements for the hydraulic fracturing activities clearly. This exemption at the national level allows for the continued use of a process that has negative implications t the environment. On several accounts, proposed legislation on the…...

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References

Craddock, H. (2012). Shale gas the facts about chemical additives. Norwich, N.Y.: Knovel

Hall, K.B. (2011). Hydraulic Fracturing: What are the Legal Issues? The Louisiana Bar Journal Vol. 59, No. 4,-page 250-253. Retrieved January 19, 2013 from http://www.lsba.org/documentindex/publications/Journal-Feature2-December2011.pdf

Tiemann, M. & Vann, A. (2011). Hydraulic Fracturing and Safe Drinking Water Act Issues. Congressional Research Service, pp 1-37 retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http://www.arcticgas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/hydraulic-fracturing-and-safe-drinking-water-act-issues.pdf

Pennsylvania Act 13? Compare it to Vermont's May 2012 legislation: http://www.leg.state.vt.us/docs/2012/Bills/Intro/H-464.pdf Compare these with the New York State decision on local control of fracking found in Doc Sharing at.
The Pennsylvania Act 13 of 2012 provides tougher environmental standards, and authorizes local governments to assess an impact fee on fracking operations but is otherwise intended to facilitate the extraction of natural gas from unconventional sources. The Act's provisions include (a) increased setback requirements for unconventional gas development; (b) enhanced protection of water supplies; and (c) strong, uniform, consistent statewide environmental standards. Based on this framework, Pennsylvania seeks to ensure the responsible development of these important resources. By contrast, the New York State decision on local control of fracking In re Cooperstown Holstein Corp. v. Town of Middlefield made it clear that the local communities retain jurisdiction over the roads that facilitate access to energy sources, but the New York State…...

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References

Patel, T. (2012, August 29). France to keep shale ban until fracking alternative emerges.

Bloomberg News. Retrieved from  http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08 -

29/france-to-keep-shale-ban-until-fracking-alternative-emerges.

Legislative History of Fracking
Legislative history is a term used to refer to the background or events that contribute to the enactment of a statute (Taylor, p.1).  This process includes various activities and/or events such as committee reports, hearings, and floor debates.  Apart from referring to events leading to the enactment of a law, legislative history is usually documented so that it can be utilized in the future to help in the interpretation of a law.  Generally, legislative history provides a suitable foundation for understanding what was involved in the formulation and enactment of a statute.  An example of an issue with a strong legislative history in the United States is hydraulic fracking, which is commonly known as fracking.  This paper examines the legislative history of fracking in the United States and part of policy writing and analysis.  The evaluation includes a brief description of the historical/political context of the issue…...

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Works Cited

Davenport, Coral. "New Federal Rules Are Set for Fracking." The New York Times. The New York Times, 20 Mar. 2015. Web. 08 Nov. 2017.

GovTrack. "Fracturing Responsibility and Awareness of Chemicals Act of 2013 (2013 - H.R. 1921)." GovTrack.us. Civic Impulse, LLC, n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. .

GovTrack. "H.R. 1084 (112th): Fracturing Responsibility and Awareness of Chemicals Act of 2011." GovTrack.us. Civic Impulse, LLC, n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. .

Kramer, Bruce M. "History and Current Status of Federal Fracing Regulation." American Bar Association. American Bar Association, 3 June 2013. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. .

Hydraulic Fracturing: Understanding the Controversial Extraction Method




Introduction

Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, is a controversial method of extracting natural gas and oil from deep
underground rock formations. This process involves injecting high-pressure water, sand, and chemicals into shale or
other rock formations to create fractures, allowing the trapped gas or oil to flow more freely and be extracted.

The use of hydraulic fracturing has sparked intense debate between those who advocate for its economic benefits and
those concerned about its environmental impact. Proponents argue that fracking has helped to increase domestic energy
production, create jobs, and reduce reliance on foreign oil. They also point to the economic…...

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References

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. \"Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report).\" EPA, 2016.

2. Society of Petroleum Engineers. “Hydraulic Fracturing: Fundamentals and Advancements.” Journal of Petroleum Technology, 2010.

3. King, George E. “Hydraulic Fracturing 101: What Every Representative, Environmentalist, Regulator, Reporter, Investor, University Researcher, Neighbor and Engineer Should Know About Estimating Frac Risk and Improving Frac Performance in Unconventional Gas and Oil Wells.” SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, 2012.

4. Jackson, Robert B., et al. \"The Environmental Costs and Benefits of Fracking.\" Annual Review of Environment and Resources, vol. 39, 2014, pp. 327-362.

Hydraulic fracturing can be compared and contrasted in sharply different manners; rhetoric on both sides can go over the edge, and oftentimes such extreme rhetoric ensures that any type of sane or rational discussion is rendered virtually impossible. Opponents have gone so far as to call hydraulic fracturing an "abnormally dangerous activity" (inaldi, 2015, p. 388) while proponents often argue that additional "EPA controls would cause energy prices to skyrocket, slow the development of natural-gas fields, and block enormous economic benefits" (Hobson, 2009, p. 19).
Both sides of the issue seem to make strong points in order to support their positions. Few and far between are the calls for objective and trustworthy research such as the one in America (the magazine) that asks for opponents and proponents to at least agree on the fact that the science behind fracking should take into effect the complexity of the situation as well as…...

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References

Christopherson, S. & Rightor, N.; (2012) How shale gas extraction affects drilling localities: Lessons for regional and city policy makers, Journal of Town and City

Management, 2(4) p. 350-368.

Environmental Protection Agency (2010) Scoping materials for initial design of EPA

research study on potential relationships between hydraulic fracturing and drinking water resources, accessed on December 7, 2015 at:

Hydraulic Conductivity, How it Is Measured and hy it Is Important for Transient Storage
The hydraulic conductivity of soil is related to its texture. The rate is generally higher in coarser soils, but it is also influenced by structure and can be profoundly influenced by soil management operations and the exchangeable cation status (Richards 1956). The quality of irrigation water is an important consideration when determining irrigation feasibility and permanence alternatives. Rather than hazards to irrigation agriculture from the soluble constituents of irrigation water, the main problems appear to be the accumulation of soluble salts and exchangeable sodium in soil. In this regard, the salinity of irrigation water has a direct impact on such factors as crop selection, the appropriate method of application of the water, as well as the leaching required to effectively manage salt accumulations in the soil, all of which are factors subject to constraints imposed by drainage…...

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Works Cited

Ali, S. Harris. (1999). The Search for a Landfill Site in the Risk Society. The Canadian Review

of Sociology and Anthropology, 36(1):1.

Beven, Keith J. (2004). Soil moisture. In Encyclopedia Britannica [premium service].

Caldwell, Robert N. (1998). Six-Packs for Subdivisions: The Cumulative Effects of Washington's Domestic Well Exemption. Environmental Law 28(4):1099.

1. Executive summary
While the extraction of natural gas by means of hydraulic fracturing is a decade- long practice, of late, it has witnessed immense development owing to advancements in the area of horizontal drilling which enables gas and oil operators to now harness earlier- unprofitable natural gas reserves within rock formations. Extant extraction- related policies combine state-federal alliances and voluntary endeavors by private organizations. More unprejudiced, scientific studies providing details on how fracturing and extraction potentially affect environmental media like water and air are essential, in addition to those focusing on natural gas surges’ long- term effects on local societies. Primary models and hypotheses may offer a basis to reasonably discuss possible effects.

Maintenance of the current state of affairs with regard to free market rules and governmental policies will potentially continually check short- run public expenses; however, it will not contribute sufficiently to furthering response to concerns regarding about hydraulic…...

Business hetoric: Drilling in the Marcellus Shale
and Environmental Politics

Inexpensive energy sources are a requirement if the country is going to continue to thrive the way it has for more than 200 years. The United States is trying to decrease the amount of fossil fuels that it uses in everyday applications. However, the worry is not the fuels themselves, but the costs associated with the fuels. Fossil fuels are a viable resource if they are clean and extracted from the earth in ways that can be shown to be environmentally friendly. Because of these requirements, natural gas has become one of the new class of fuels that is thought of as superior to producing products from crude oil.

Natural gas is a clean energy source that can be extracted more safely than other sources of gas. Another bonus is that the product is very plentiful in the United States. More than any…...

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References

American Petroleum Institute (API). (2010). Hydraulic fracturing: Unlocking America's natural gas resources. American Petroleum Institute.

Brown, V.J. (2007). Putting the heat on gas. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(2), 76-77.

Chambers, A.J. (2007). Report of the international energy transactions committee. Energy Law Journal, 30(1), 207-217.

City of New York. (2010). Natural gas drilling overview. Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/news/natural_gas_drilling_overview.shtml

Oil and gas well development using hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is a somewhat controversial way to get petroleum products out of the ground.  It has greatly increased the amount of accessible petroleum products that people can get from the ground, but comes with environmental concerns.  The two major environmental concerns seem to the increased potential for groundwater pollution and the increase in the likelihood of earthquakes in the area where the fracking is occurring.  Because these concerns are so well-known, we would address them in any research we did about hydraulic fracturing. 

Research Topics on Hydraulic Fracturing

1. What fluids work....