International Humanitarian Aid: Aims vs. Outcome
Humanitarian aid represents a commitment to support vulnerable host populations that have experienced a sudden emergency, requiring ongoing assistance to maintain or improve their quality of life.[1] Over the past 15 years the number of humanitarian agencies, private organizations, governments (taxpayers), corporations, individuals and other stakeholders have grown enormously.[2][3] This group of diverse donors have differing mandates, values, goals, strategies, actors and activities, but most function under one universal humanitarian principle: to protect the vulnerable by decreasing morbidity and mortality, alleviate suffering and enhance well-being, human dignity, and quality of life. However, many stakeholders believe that humanitarian aid has been unsuccessful in delivering on these promises through lack of coordination and duplication of services. This results in a failure to meet the needs of those meant to benefit. Indeed humanitarian aid with its diverse mandates, roles, people, time lines and funding, as well as the…...

International Disasters and Humanitarian Law
Great infrastructure damage and social dislocation have been common consequence of natural disasters and social disasters for example wars. The aims of relief and post-disaster reconstruction comprises of:

Instant physical relief of victims

eduction of social dislocation

estoration of a function of social organization and reparation of physical infrastructure

The major disaster or wars international actors are United Nations agencies and ed Cross Movement.

International policies and laws have played a greater impact in helping shift disaster relief and post-disaster reconstruction in that, whenever there is major disaster there is immediate establishment of a rescue and recovery command center under the body of the United Nations, ed Cross and affected governments; this aid in supervision of relief efforts participating foreign military such as U.S. forces being part of it. For example for the case where there was establishment of U.S. dominated command centre set at airbase in Utapoa, Thailand at the…...

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REFERENCES

Jonathan Winters, (2009) combating Corruption in the Multilateral Development Banks'

Paul Wodlfowitz, (2006) press conference, U.S.Pacific command, Indonesia 16 January

SAFETY
United Nations (OCHA)

U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

United Nations Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

OCHA forms a significant part of the United Nations secretariat, which contributes remarkably in matters concerning human welfare across the globe. OCHA's responsibility is key to activities that relate to the saving of human life and interventions of various humans aids that come in handy during natural and man-made disasters. It is a part of the United Nations organization that forms a network, which connects various humanitarian actors in times of emergencies. OCHA has a policy development that distinctly defines its core functions as supporting effective humanitarian aid, saving life, and reducing suffering (OCHA, 2012).

The roles and responsibilities of OCHA cannot be sidelined from the core values and mission of the United Nations body. The mission is to:

Gather humanitarian efforts form different national actors across the globe to help save human life in…...

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References

Teng'o, D., & Khan, F.A. (31st March, 2012). Humanitarian response to IDP influx in KP. Humanitarian Bulletin: Pakistan. 3(1). Pp 2-7.

OCHA. (2012). Coordination. OCHA. Retrieved July 20, 2012, from http://

US Aid to Afghanistan
The issue of United States' aid to Afghanistan is a topic of interesting consideration given the current U.S. budget deficit and ongoing economic uncertainty. Over the years the United States has spent billions providing money and food aid to help build strength and confidence in Afghanistan's rising new government. Unfortunately, the results of this have not been entirely positive nor have they been driven by the purest of motives; there is some level of profiteering occurring using aid money, and there is also a practical U.S. interest in the stability and viability of the Afghan nation and people. If the United States were providing purely humanitarian aid without military or political involvement and requirements, the situation would be quite different. As it is, U.S. aid in the country is a complex and controversial issue.

Since Afghanistan was taken over by the Taliban, the country has been in…...

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References

Agnieszka, Flak. "INTERVIEW-Afghanistan Food Aid at Risk as Donors Trim Support |

Agricultural Commodities | Reuters." Reuters.com. 24 Dec. 2011. Web. 04 Feb. 2012.

This is significant, because it is illustrating how the act is giving all nonprofits the chance to be in compliance with: various provisions of the law the moment a particular organization has been added to the list. As a result, the arrests and the activities of law enforcement that are directed at these groups is Constitutional. This based on the premise that they are supporting terrorism by: continually ignoring these distinctions that have been made. At which point, they should be subject to arrest and prosecution under the law.
Analysis

In this aspect, the decision will have an impact on number of different stakeholders. As far as institutions / groups are concerned, this will have a positive impact for law enforcement and the intelligence community. The reason why is because, they can use the decision as way to effectively target those individuals that are providing any kind of support for terrorist…...

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Bibliography

"Case Detail." WLF, 2010. Web. 18 Jun. 2011.

"Empirical," The Free Dictionary, 2011. Web. 18 Jun. 2011

Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project." Brennan Center, 2009. Web. 18 Jun. 2011.

"Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project." Law Notes, 201. Web. 18 Jun. 2011.

PMESII-White PaperIntroductionThe United States has long been an important partner of Pakistan, providing essential economic and military assistance. However, in recent years the relationship has become strained, due in part to Pakistan\\\'s failure to adequately tackle the problem of terrorism within its borders. This paper describes the operating environment in Pakistan, the desired end state and problem frame, as well as the whole of government course of action for the United Statesconsisting primarily of the provision of essential services, economic/infrastructure investment and development, and regional security. It concludes with an assessment of potential risks.Description of the Operating EnvironmentPakistan has faced many challenges in recent years, including terrorism, economic instability, and environmental problems. However, the country remains an important player in the region and on the global stage. The economy is struggling, and unemployment is high. Pakistan also faces significant demographic challenges. Over 60% of the population is under the age…...

interventionism from the perspective of realism vs. idealism. Realism is defined in relationship to states national interests whereas idealism is defined in relation to the UNs Responsibility to Protect doctrine -- a doctrine heavily influenced by Western rhetoric over the past decade. By addressing the question of interventionism from this standpoint, by way of a case study of Libya and Syria, a picture of the realistic implications of "humanitarian intervention" becomes clear. Idealistically, humanitarian interventionism is a process that stops atrocities and establishes peace and prosperity. Realistically, interventionism allows Western businesses to reap the spoils of destabilization -- as has been seen in Libya with the Libyan oil fields being claimed by Western oil companies -- and as is being seen in Syria, with the threat of invasion bound to have detrimental effects on the construction of a new pipeline that bypasses the Turkey-Israel pipeline. Syria also presents itself…...

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'Violent chaos': Libya in deep crisis 2 years since rebels took over', 2013, RT, 26 Aug.

Available from . [24 Aug 2013].

Weiner, T 2008, Legacy of Ashes, Anchor Books, NY.

Global Refugee Regime eems to Be Veering Away From Traditional Rules
As the threat of war looms large, the situation of those displaced because of violence and fights is becoming the focal point of talks amidst humanitarian groups. Many wrote about the situation in Afghanistan. The last many years have brought about quite a lot of enormous "refugee movements and humanitarian emergencies." More than 50 million people have been displaced by conflicts, war and other disasters and things may get worse.

The many organizations that offer aid to those who are forced to flee from their native lands are trying their level best to reach out and help each one of them. But nations all over seem to be hesitant to take in refugees who do not have any place else to go. What is the solution? How can humanitarian agencies cope with the increasing number of refugees? A book report from…...

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Sources

Agamben, Giorgio (1995). We refugees.(Section 2: Issuing Identity) Symposium v49, n2 (Summer):114

Appling, Cathy (1995). United Nations Involvement in Haiti from a Humanitarian Perspective. Current World Leaders 38, 4, Aug, 83-98.

Copeland, Emily (1992). Global refugee policy: an agenda for the 1990s. (Conference Reports) International Migration Review v26, n3 (Fall):992

Deng, Francis M. (1995). Dealing with the Displaced: A Challenge to the International Community. Global Governance 1, 1, winter, 45-57.

229). The John Howard government cemented the lesson as a "significant shift in our dealings with the South Pacific," (quoted in McDougall and Sherman, p. 178) and as a result Australia now effectively reserves the right to step in to maintain (or restore) the rule of law throughout the region.
If anything, Australia's relationship to Papua New Guinea is stronger than its interest in the Solomon Islands (Wainwright 2003, p. 26), given its colonial history there. Somewhat more recently, Australia provided tacit material support for Papua's invasion of the breakaway Bougainville faction (McMillan 1997, p. 8) before the Sandline mercenary scandal and ensuing general strike made policy makers rethink their role in the affair and, by extension, the nightmare prospect of a true state failure in the region:

In today's globalized world, the failure of [a] modern nation state would not simply mean that its people would revert to the Pacific…...

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References

Anthony, MC, 2005, Regional security in Southeast Asia: beyond the ASEAN way, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies: Singapore.

Checchi, F, Elder, G, Schafer, M, Drouhin, E, & Legros, D, Jul 5, 2003, "Consequences of armed conflict for an ethnic Karen population, "The Lancet, vol. 362, pp. 74-5.

Cheesman, N, 2002, "Seeing 'Karen' in the union of Myanmar," Asian Ethnicity, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 199-220.

Dixon, G, Gene, M, & Walter, N, 2008, Joint review of the enhanced cooperation program (ECP), Governments of Australia & Papua New Guinea: Canberra & Port Moresby, viewed 30 March, 2010, http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/ecp_final_report2008.pdf.

International elations
The ole of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and their Involvement in the elief Efforts Following the 2002 Nyirangongo Eruption

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) operates under the remit of the United Nations Secretariat, with 35 global offices and approximately 1,900 staff (OCHA, 2012). The organization has four principle roles which are stated as being a part of its' mission (OCHA, 2012). The first role is as an inter-agency body; involved in the mobilization and coordinating of actors that respond to humanitarian emergencies, which it aims to perform in a principled manner to help alleviate the suffering caused by disasters and emergencies (OCHA, 2012). The actors that are mobilized and coordinated by the OCHA include United Nations (UN) actors and non-governmental organizations (NGO's) at both national and international levels (OCHA, 2012). The second role of the OCHA is that…...

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References

OCHA, (2012), retrieved 12th August 2012 from  http://www.unocha.org/ 

O'Malley, Stephen, (2002, Sept 16), The role of OCHA in the emergency operations following the eruption of the Nyiragongo Volcano in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo, report for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, retrieved 12th August 2012 from  http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/role-ocha-emergency-operations-following-eruption-nyiragongo

PTSD
Developing and Supporting a esearch Question on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Various occupations expose practitioners to traumatized communities or victimized individuals. The exposure increases the risk of these groups to significant levels of stress that affect their health and health outcomes negatively. Empirical evidence shows that people such as clinicians working with those in pain, fear, and suffering have a high risk of developing cognitive, emotional, and physical consequences. Whether exposure to a traumatic event is a disaster or occupational hazards, the consequences of such exposure might present with symptoms of sleeplessness, nightmares, hopelessness, and other forms of stress traumatic disorders (Engel, Schutt, & Engel, 2010). However, exposure to extreme levels of such stress predisposes the individuals to post-traumatic stress the presents over time, unless a corrective action is taken. Therefore, it is at this level that the role of the social worker becomes apparent. The social workers provide services that…...

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References

Corby, B. (2006). Applying research in social work practice. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Engel, R.J., Schutt, R.K., & Engel, R.J. (2010). Fundamentals of social work research. Los n Angeles: SAGE.

Engel, R.J., & Schutt, R.K. (2011). The practice of research in social work. Los Angeles: SAGE.

Epstein, I. (2010). Clinical data-mining: Integrating practice and research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

On November 8, 2001, the U.S. Senate passed several new conditions before direct 'military-to-military relations can be restored with Indonesia including the punishment of the individuals who murdered three humanitarian aid workers in West Timor, establishing a civilian audit of armed forces expenditures, and granting humanitarian workers access to Aceh, West Timor, West Papua, and the Moluccas."
Following are two very recent bills and rulings by the U.S. Congress concerning the Indonesian presence, changes, and sanctions.

In the House resolution, number 666, urton (R-IN), Wexler (D-FL), and lumenauer (D-OR) congratulate the Indonesian people and government for a successful election process, supported Indonesia in political and economic transformations, expresses gratitude to Indonesian leadership for arresting 109 terrorists, supports the emerging legal framework, commends Indonesia for "discovering new ways of working with regional law enforcement and intelligence communities in a sincere effort to root out domestic radicalism, and urged Indonesia to conduct ongoing…...

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Bibliography

(2001). U.S. And Indonesia Pledge Cooperation, Joint Statement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Indonesia.

(2001, October 1). U.S. To Send Team to Indonesia To Discuss Combating Terrorism. Xinhua News Agency.

(2001, November 27). U.S. Admiral Urges Indonesian Military To Account for East Timor Mayhem. Agence France-Presse.

Baker, P. (1997, April 22). U.S. To Impose Sanctions on Burma for Repression. Washington Post.

(1996) This separation of individuals and groups from the wrongs that have been perpetrated against them in the rhetoric and reality dehumanizes them to a degree and allows discourse on redress and resolution to falter.
Having discussed the main premises of these three, for lack of a better word, philosophers one must now look to Nyers, who discusses the political nature of the status of "refugee" and how in the modern, post 9-11 atmosphere many states have opted to lay a veil of security across international border crossing and refugee status. In the post 9-11 atmosphere it has become common place to "detain" and "deport" those who are seeking political asylum when they come from places of security risk. In short the current situation, cumulative of the highly political and state sponsored international humanitarian body that seeks to divorce individuals and groups from the wrongs that have been done to…...

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Bibliography

Campbell, David. 1998. Why Fight: Humanitarianism, Principles, and Post-structuralism. Millennium 27. 497-521.

Edkins, Jenny. 2003. Humanitarianism, humanity, human.. Journal of Human Rights. ( June) 2(2). 253-258.

Malkki, Liisa H. (1996) Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization. (August) 11(3). 377- 404.

Nyers, Peter (2003) Abject Cosmopolitanism: The Politics of Protection in the Anti-Deportation Movement. Third World Quarterly. (December) 24(6). 1069-1093.

The Emerging Crisis of Climate efugees: Crafting a Comprehensive esponseThe consequences of climate change are progressively more conspicuous, resulting in a distinctive crisis characterized by climate refugees. These climate refugees are individuals who are compelled to abandon their homes in response to environmental disasters and the impacts of climate change, thereby presenting a multifaceted challenge. This complex issue has ignited extensive debate and deliberation among experts and scholars, focusing on who bears responsibility for these displaced individuals and how to address this impending crisis effectively. This essay explores the provided articles, synthesizing their varied perspectives while proposing a comprehensive solution that considers the nuanced aspects and counterarguments pervasive within the climate refugees discourse. In doing so, we aim to contribute to a deeper understanding of the issue and guide further efforts toward practical and ethical resolutions in this increasingly pressing global concern.Understanding the ProblemEffectively addressing the climate refugee crisis necessitates…...

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ReferencesAhmed, Bayes. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Who Takes Responsibility for the Climate Refugees?\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, vol. 10, no. 1, 2017, pp. 5-26.Eckersley, Robyn. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"The Common but Differentiated Responsibilities of States to Assist and Receive ‘Climate Refugees’.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" European Journal of Political Theory, vol. 14, no. 4, 2015, pp. 481-500.Frick, Johann. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"National Partiality, Immigration, and the Problem of Double-Jeopardy.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy, vol. 6, 2020, pp. 151-182.Hartmann, Betsy. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Rethinking Climate Refugees and Climate Conflict: Rhetoric, Reality and the Politics of Policy Discourse.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association, vol. 22, no. 2, 2010, pp. 233-246.Hingley, Rebecca. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"‘Climate Refugees’: An Oceanic Perspective.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, vol. 4, no. 1, 2017, pp. 158-165.Jolie, Angelina. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Climate Change Is Already Displacing Millions of People. It\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s Our Responsibility to Help Them.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" Time, 2019.Kabisch, Nadja et al. Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: Linkages between Science, Policy and Practice. Springer Nature, 2017.Kemp-Neal, William CC. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Environmental Racism: Using Environmental Planning to Lift People out of Poverty, and Re-Shape the Effects of Climate Change & Pollution in Communities of Color.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" Fordham Env\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'t L. Rev., vol. 32, 2020, p. 295.Podesta, John. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"The Climate Crisis, Migration, and Refugees.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" 2019.

Conflict in DC (Case Study)
Conflict in DC

Conflict in the Democratic epublic of Congo

Background of DC Conflict

The Democratic epublic of Congo (DC), otherwise also known as epublique Democratique du Congo from their French masters and formerly Zaire is a nation situated in Central Africa boasting of a very brief coastline that runs approximately 37 Kms. DC is the third largest country in the entire Africa and stands at 12th position in terns of size in the world scale with 2,345 Square Kms (U.S. Department of State, 2010). It is the eight in the world in terms of population and fourth in Africa with the 71 million populations.

DC is neighbored by Central Africa epublic and Sudan from the northern side, the Atlantic Ocean is on its West, to the south Zambia and Angola border it and wanda, Uganda and Burundi are its neighbors to the East.

DC has one of the poorest populace…...

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Reference

Claudia Rodriguez, (2007). Sexual Violence in South Kivu, Congo, Forced Migration

Retrieved February 11, 2011 from  http://www.vday.org/drcongo/background 

Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa, (2011). Democratic

Republic of the Congo. Retrieved February 10, 2011 from  http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/drc.htm

Topic 1: The Geopolitics of Resistance: Understanding the Regional and Global Implications of Ukraine's Defiance

Introduction:

The ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict has reverberated across the globe, highlighting the complex interplay between geopolitics, nationalism, and international relations. Ukraine's unwavering resistance against Russian aggression has tested the limits of power and diplomacy, with profound consequences for the region and the world. This essay will delve into the geopolitical implications of Ukraine's defiance, examining its impact on regional alliances, global security dynamics, and the future of the post-Cold War order.

Body:

1. Reshaping Regional Alliances:

Ukraine's resistance has strengthened ties between Western nations, solidifying NATO as a united front....

## Impact of Military Police on Discipline and Order

Military police (MPs) play a crucial role in maintaining discipline and order within the armed forces, both during times of conflict and peace. Their responsibilities encompass a wide range of tasks, including:

Enforcing Law and Order: MPs uphold military law and regulations, ensuring that military personnel adhere to established standards of conduct. They investigate crimes, make arrests, and provide security to military installations.

Maintaining Public Order: In combat zones, MPs assist in the maintenance of public order among civilians. They provide crowd control, protect property, and enforce curfews, contributing to the stability....

Addressing the Rising Issue of Food Insecurity Globally
Food insecurity affects millions of people worldwide, posing a grave threat to human well-being. To effectively address this crisis, a multifaceted approach is required, incorporating the following solutions:
1. Increase Agricultural Production:
Expand sustainable farming practices: Implement techniques that enhance crop yield and soil health, such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and agroforestry.
Provide smallholder farmers with access to resources: Offer financial assistance, improved seeds and fertilizers, and training to increase productivity.
Invest in research and development: Support research on drought-resistant crops, disease-resistant varieties, and improved irrigation systems.
2. Reduce Food Waste:
Improve food storage....

Essay Topic 1: The Efficacy of Global Governance in Maintaining International Peace

Viewpoint 1: Global Governance is Essential for Peace

Argument: A well-coordinated global governance system can effectively prevent conflicts by promoting cooperation, facilitating dialogue, and establishing international norms.
Evidence: The United Nations, World Bank, and other international organizations have played a vital role in resolving disputes, providing humanitarian aid, and promoting sustainable development.
Counterargument: Global governance bodies can be slow to respond to crises and may face challenges in enforcing their mandates.

Viewpoint 2: Global Governance Undermines National Sovereignty and Peace

Argument: International organizations can infringe on the sovereignty of individual....