ability to study of Human Genome is an important scientific discovery that posed major threats to the great ideals of human dignity, privacy and confidentially of one's medical history when it first made headlines in 1998. To fully exploit the scope of this discovery, Human Genome Project was launched that again had few supporters and numerous opponents. The general public, not aware of the deeper scientific reasons behind launching of this project, staunchly opposed it and yet there were some big names in the field who not only backed the program but also tried to raise awareness regarding its numerous benefits. One such person is James D. Watson, whose impressive credentials and long list of services in the field put him in an enviable position to carry put the task. His essay "The Human Genome Project: A Personal View" was one of the first few steps he took to…...
Obviously, this could have a lasting affect on the study of psychology and predicting many unwanted behaviors and addictions. By studying the human genome of a particular patient, the psychologist might be able to predict these behaviors, and begin treatment or medication to alleviate them.
In addition, children's genomes could be decoded early in life in an effort to find these problems before they start, and treat them behaviorally so they do not occur. Studying the genomes of known addicts or patients with other behavioral problems could also help researchers find more ways to predict these behaviors and perhaps a way to stop them from occurring someday.
This research has many other health implications as well. It could show that many issues that have always been thought to begin in the mind and the psyche can actually be hereditary, and there is no way to stop them from occurring, only treat…...
Human Genome SequencingThe Human Genome Project has shown us that, despite our many differences, we are all fundamentally the same. We share 99.9% of our DNA with every other human being on the planet. This clear evidence of our shared humanity should remind us of our common bonds and our responsibility to care for one another. The one humanity, many genomes project is an important step in furthering this understanding. By sequencing the genomes of people from all over the world, we can learn more about our shared history and the genetic diversity that makes us unique (Kidd et al., 2012). This knowledge can help us to develop new treatments for diseases, and to create policies that protect the rights of all people, regardless of their ancestry. In a world that is increasingly divided, the one humanity, many genomes project is a powerful reminder of our common humanity.So what makes…...
mlaReferencesKidd, J. M., Gravel, S., Byrnes, J., Moreno-Estrada, A., Musharoff, S., Bryc, K., ... & Bustamante, C. D. (2012). Population genetic inference from personal genome data: impact of ancestry and admixture on human genomic variation. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 91(4), 660-671.Mills, R. E., Walter, K., Stewart, C., Handsaker, R. E., Chen, K., Alkan, C., ... & Korbel, J. O. (2011). Mapping copy number variation by population-scale genome sequencing. Nature, 470(7332), 59-65.Wade, C. H., Tarini, B. A., & Wilfond, B. S. (2013). Growing up in the genomic era: implications of whole-genome sequencing for children, families, and pediatric practice. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 14, 535.
The Human Genome Experiment and Its Implications for Health Care
History of Medical Technology: Implications of Changes in the Theory and Practice of Medical Care
Innovations in medical devices and health care technologies have generated new questions concerning the precise role that race, gender and other human differences had on the theory and practice of medical care in the 20th century and what the implications of these important trends will be going forward. To determine these implications with more precision, the purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the relevant literature concerning research and development of the modern understanding of sickle cell disease, the Civil Rights Act (and subsequent desegregation) in addition to Medicare and Medicaid, and the Human Genome Project and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Following this review and analysis, a summary of the research and key findings concerning the foregoing issues are presented in the paper’s conclusion.
Review and…...
mlaWorks Cited
“About the Human Genome Project.” (.n.d.). Oak Ridge National Laboratory. [online] available: George, Stephanie and Mitchell, Elizabeth. “Sickle Cell Disease: Relating Community Health and Heredity.” Science Scope (2014, December), vol. 38, no. 4, p. 33.Greydanus, Donald E. and Leonov, Andrey. “The Legacy of Smallpox and Polio Vaccines: A Pandora Box or Gordian Knot in the 21st Century?” International Journal of Child Health and Human Development (2017, January 1), vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 3-6.Lecellier, Charles-Henri and Wasserman, Wyeth W. “Human Enhancers Harboring Specific Sequence Composition, Activity, and Genome Organization Are Linked to the Immune Response.” Genetics (2015, August), vol. 209. no. 4, pp. 1055-1061.Reverby, Susan M. “Cultural Memory and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study Is Surrounded by Illuminating Misconceptions-Myths That Cannot Be Blithely Dismissed Because They Actually Provide Some Insight into the Significance of the Study.” The Hastings Center Report (2001, October), vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 22-25.Smolin, David M. “Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, Social Change, and the Future of Bioethics.” Faulkner Law Review (2012, Spring), vol. 3,no. 2, pp. 229-234.Thomas, Karen K. Deluxe Jim Crow: Civil Rights and American Health Policy, 1935-1954. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2011.https://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/index.shtml
MEDICAL NUSING Medical Nursing: Human Genome ProjectWhat Is Human Genome Project (HGP)The Human Genome Project is an international venture based on research with the major goal of completing the chemical sequence of human genetic material (Collins & Fink, 1995). It would enable 50,000 to 100,000 genes to be completed within the genome, for which research tools and an international approach are required. This project aims to gain information on the genetic formation of human cells so that new strategies for treating and preventing diseases can be formulated for each unique human being. The powerful formula for understanding the pathology of illnesses is possible with a comprehensive interpretation of DNA (Collins & Fink, 1995). Multiple DNA mutations would help cater to the interpretation of complex physical and psychological disorders, along with inheritable ones, so that single to multiple gene mutations define the building blocks of the human body and its functionalities.Concept…...
mlaReferencesClari, M., Luciani, M., Conti, A., Sciannameo, V., Berchialla, P., di Giulio, P., Campagna, S. & Dimonte, V. (2021). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on nursing care: A cross-sectional survey-based study. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11(10). F. S., & Fink, L. (1995). The Human Genome Project. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19(3), 190–195.Ogunrinola, G.A., Oyewale, J.O., Oshamika, O.O. & Olasehinde, G.I. (2020). The human microbiome and its impact on health. International Journal of Microbiology, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8045646 Widiasih, R., Emaliyawati, e., Ermiati, Hendrawati, S., Susanti, R.D., Sutini, T., & Sari, C.W.M. (2021). Nurses’ actions to protect their families from Covid-19: A descriptive qualitative study. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 8. https://doi.org/10.1177/23333936211014851Yamamoto, S., Saito, M., Tamura, A., Prawisuda, D., Mizutani, T. & Yotsyanagi, H. (2021). The human microbiome and Covid-10: A systematic review. Plos One, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253293https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11100945 Collins,
While the bacterium has been recognized to cause Johne's disease for more than 100 years, methods for satisfactory diagnosis, treatment and prevention are lacking" Scientists Crack Genome Sequence Of Major Dairy Pathogen 2002). This problem would not have aroused studies and researches a few centuries ago. This study would not have been conducted in other countries because almost all the world's countries and their people possess unifying attributes that make them distinct and unmistakable for any other nationality, race, culture and language. Therefore, by understanding that sheep's make up is a valuable organism whose genome has been sequenced so that there is a greater knowledge of human make up.
From there, by understanding the genome sequences of a sheep, researchers can gain further insight into human genome sequences. In most cases, using virtual sheep is more in-depth for some researchers rather using real sheep. "The real sheep genome sequence assembly…...
mla(2001). Sheep Genomes. Retrieved March 30, 2010, from http://www.livestockgenomics.csiro.au/sheep/
(2002). Scientists Crack Genome Sequence Of Major Dairy Pathogen. Retrieved March 30, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/11/021121065328.htm
(2007). Using comparative genomics to reorder the human genome sequence into a virtual sheep genome. Retrieved March 30, 2010, from http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/7/R152
Genomes and Comparative Genomics
Over the last decade we have achieved rapid strides in the field of genetic engineering. The study of molecular biology has been fairly advanced mainly aided by the unprecedented growth in information technology. Today bio-informatics has opened new vitas for us and we are already progressing in investigating and in the comparative study of genomes. This has shed new light up on our knowledge of the evolutionary process and the important concepts such as protein folding and selective expression, which have so far eluded our understanding, are beginning to unfold. Let us have a brief overlook of the subject.
The Role of DNA
One of the greatest achievements of the twentieth century has been the unraveling of the mysteries behind the DNA and the mechanism of protein synthesis. Genes are the fundamental units of biological inheritance and are made up of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Genes are responsible for the…...
mlaBibliography
Mullis, KB (1990), Scientific American, April 1990, 56
Hecht, J., 19 May 2003, Chimps are human, gene study implies, New Scientist
Cohlan, A., 30 May 2002, "Just 2,5% of DNA turns mice into men," New Scientist
TK Attwood & DJ Parry Smith, "Introduction to bio Informatics," Published by ADDison Wesley Longman Ltd., 1999
It is not startling that some remarkable variation exists between the great apes as well as humans with regard to mental capabilities. Humans possess a lot higher intricate types of verbal communications compared to any other primates. Humans are the sole animal to make and apply symbols as a way to communicate with each other. Humans also have diverse as well as complex forms of social organizations compared to that of the other nonhuman primates. The most unique characteristic of humans lies in human mental capability to build novel ideas as well as intricate technologies. This has been considered to be important in the fight for endurance. (O'Neil 2007)
Further, the relatively negligible structural variations among humans and apes are generally an outcome of regular bipedalism observed in human beings. Quite a number of alterations in human bodies were linked to the growth of this type of locomotion. As opposed…...
mlaReferences
Berg, Kate; Bonham, Vence; Boyer, Joy; Brody, Larry; Brooks, Lisa; Collins, Francis;
Guttmacher, Alan; McEwen, Jean; Muenke, Max; Olson, Steve; Wang, Vivian Ota; Rodriguez, Laura Lyman; Vydelingum, Nadarajen; Warshauer-Baker, Esther. 2005, 'The Use of Racial, Ethnic, and Ancestral Categories in Human Genetics Research', American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 77, no. 4, pp: 519-532.
Bethesda, MD. 2006, 'Present-Day Non-Human Primates May Be Linchpin in Evolution of Language' Terra Daily. 25 Jul., p. 4
British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, 2007, the Zero option, Available at http://www.buav.org/campaigns/primates/zerooption.html
(iii) in the United States, Brazil, Germany and France, humans have been receiving their own stem cells to re-grow heart muscle in the unforeseen incident of heart attack or injury. This was found to be successful in majority of the cases. (iv) in one more incident, the vision of 23 patients was restored after limbal adult stem cell transplants. This line of therapeutic care has assisted a lot of people who have been suffering from blindness for years together that includes the sufferers of mustard gas attacks in Iraqi. (Life Issues Institute, 2006) v) Crohn's disease patients have in fact been treated with stem cells evolved from their own blood. (vi) Among the 90% of the 19 patients having several autoimmune disorders like systemic lupus has been on the path to recovery following treatment with their own blood stem cells. (vii) a research of Parkinson's disease displayed an average…...
mlaReferences
AAAS Center for Science, Technology and Congress. (2007) "AAAS Policy Brief: Human
Cloning" Retrieved 28 March, 2008 at http://www.aaas.org/spp/cstc/briefs/cloning/
Barnes, Deborah. (n. d.) "Research in the News: Creating a cloned sheep named Dolly"
Retrieved 28 March, 2008 at http://science-education.nih.gov/home2.nsf/Educational+ResourcesTopicsGenetics/BC5086E34E4DBA0085256CCD006F01CB
This bill was sent to the U.S. Senate and set for vote mirroring a bill previously passed by the House during the Summer of 2003 which failed to pass the Senate because of vehement disagreement that was even "within the parties over the prohibition of therapeutic cloning.(National Legislation Concerning Human and Reproductive Cloning, 2004; paraphrased) As of the date of the report on legislation eight U.S. states had passed laws that explicitly prohibited reproductive cloning using human embryos and another five U.S. states have placed a prohibition on cloning for any purpose whatsoever with 22 other U.S. states introducing bills outlawing the reproductive cloning of humans. (Ibid; paraphrased) Patenting laws for genetics allow inventors to patent genetics but only specific genetic factors may be patented and inventors are required to:
1) Identify novel genetic sequences;
2) Specify the sequence's product, 3) Specify how the product functions in nature --i.e. its use;…...
mlaBibliography
O'Connor, Sean M. (nd) Intellectual Property Rights and Stem Cell Research: Who Owns the Medical Breakthroughs?
Kadereit, Suzanne & Hines, Pamela J. (nd) Overview of Stem Cell Research New England Law Journal 2005 Mar 28. Online available at http://www.nesl.edu/lawrev/vol39/3/13%20Kadereit%20Final.pdf .
Chadwick, Ruth et al. (2004)HUGO Ethics Committee Statement of Stem Cells (2004) November
Legal Protection of Digital Information (2006) Chapter 5: Software-Based Inventions Online available at:. http://digital-law-online.info/lpdi1.0/treatise63.html
IV. TESTING ON HUMANS
The only thing that is lacking at this point according to all reports is for testing on humans to be completed. The Time Asia articles states: "The last step for the ace-2 inhibitor, as for any drug, is human clinical trials. ecause the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires such rigorous testing, this is by far the most expensive part of drug development. So for human trials in some cases, Millennium has formed partnerships with large pharmaceutical companies that have the necessary resources and will share in any eventual profits." (2001)
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
According to the work entitled: "rave New Pharmacy" published in Time Asia (2001) "When the human genome was sequenced...scientists finally gained access to the full text of God's reference manual; the 3 billion biochemical 'letters' that spell out our tens of thousands of genes. These genes, strung out along the 46 chromosomes in virtually every…...
mlaBibliography
Drug Design in the Fast Lane: Speeding Drug Design (nd)
Elmer-Dewitt, Phillip (2001) The Future of Drugs. Time Asia 22 January 2001 Vol. 57, No. 3 Online available at http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2001/0122/cover1.html .
Lemonick, Michael, D. (2001) Brave New Pharmacy - Time Asia 22 Jan 2001 Vol. 157. No. 3 Online available at http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2001/0122/drug.impact.html
Human Genetics
Inheritable neuropathies are among the globe's healthcare challenges today. Although their incidence is not as high, one in every 2500 people, as compared to other major healthcare problems, their symptoms, and consequences are equally fatal. Charcot Marie Tooth disease is among the inherited neuropathies, which has significantly shown potential and fatal consequences to people. Notably, the disorder does not have any known cure, but there are numerous therapies to control the disease. Although this is the current case, advancements in medicine, are gradually bearing fruits because experts have discovered a way to diagnose some types of these deadly disorders. Other types of neuropathy disorders include hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNNP), hereditary motor neuropathy (HMN), and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN or hereditary sensory neuropathy). In a second part of this paper is an experiment to detect HaeIII in given human DNA samples. Owing to…...
mlaBibliography
Brown, W.M. (1980).Polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of humans as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 6, pp. 3605-3609.
Murphy, M.S. et al. (2012). CharcoteMarieeTooth disease: frequency of genetic subtypes and guidelines for genetic testing. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 83, pp. 706-710
Orita, M et al. (1989). Detection of polymorphisms of human DNA by gel electrophoresis as single-strand conformation polymorphisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 86, pp. 2766-2770.
Saporta, S.D. A et al., (2011).Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) Subtypes and Genetic Testing Strategies. Ann Neurol, 69(1), pp. 22 -- 33
Another landmark case involved global giant British Petroleum (BP) in the largest fine in OSHA history. The case involved the explosion at a BP refinery in Texas that killed 15 people and injured 170 others. An OSHA press release notes, "This citation and penalty - nearly double the next largest fine in OSHA history - sends a strong message to all employers about the need to protect workers and to make health and safety a core value,' Solicitor of Labor Howard M. adzely stated" (Groover, 2005). The implications for human resource implementation are again clear. Without the proper training, the individuals in the plant did not operate some of the processing equipment effectively, and pressure built up in the unit that exploded. Part of the settlement required BP to "hire an expert to assess and report on communication within and between management, supervisors, and authorized employee representatives and non-management employees…...
mlaReferences
Editors. (2008). Breaking news: GINA becomes law May 2008. Retrieved from the Human Genome Project Web site: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/legislat.shtml .
Groover, P. (2005). OSHA fines BP Products North America more than $21 million following Texas City explosion. Retrieved 26 March 2009 from the OSHA.gov Web site: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document-p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=11589 .
Mitchell, B. (2007). U.S. Labor Department's OSHA announces workplace health violations against American Airlines at O'Hare International Airport. Retrieved 26 March 2009 from the Legal View Web site: http://mesothelioma.legalview.com/osha/570248/.
Genome-Wide Association Study for OCD Complications
The OCD (Obsessive -- compulsive disorder) is referred as repetitive behaviors and thoughts experienced by individuals. (Visscher, Brown, McCarthy, et al. (2012). Typically, the genes' characteristics of twins and families have revealed that the OCD has the feature of multifactorial familial condition involving both environmental and polygenic factors. (Moran, 2013). Genetic studies have revealed that the interaction of the glutamatergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic systems and genes affecting them play a crucial role in functioning of the circuit. (Yang, Lee, Goddard, Mand et al. 2011). Meanwhile, the environmental factors that include psychological trauma, adverse perinatal effects and neurological trauma may modify the risk genes, which can consequently manifest the compulsive-obsessive behaviors. (Visscher, Brown, McCarthy et al. 2012). The OCD is a frequent and, relative common debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder affecting 2% of the U.S. population. (Arnold, Sicard, Burroughs, et al. (2006). Typically, the OCD is obsessions…...
mlaReference
Arnold, P., Sicard, T., Burroughs, E. et al. (2006). Glutamate Transporter Gene SLC1A1 Associated With Obsessive-compulsive Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63(7), p.769.
Baxter, A., Scott, K., Vos, T. and Whiteford, H. (2012). Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychological Medicine, 43(05), pp.897-910.
Barrett, P., Healy-Farrell, L. & March, J. S. (2004). Cognitivebehavioral family treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: a controlled trial. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry . 43, 46-62.
Cantor, R., Lange, K. and Sinsheimer, J. (2010). Prioritizing GWAS Results: A Review of Statistical Methods and Recommendations for Their Application. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 86(1):.6-22.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is linked to genetic inheritance, and more than 250 genes have been explored as having potential links with CAD. Although these genes are thought not to directly pass on CAD, research has seen that some mutations within these particular genes actually increase the risk of CAD within an individual who as immediate family members who have already suffered from the affects of CAD. Further research has pinpointed six genes out of that larger batch which may also play a role in heart disease. As seen in people who have experienced heart disease, variations of these six genes prove relatively common in individuals under the age of sixty-six years old. Researchers are using these new and continuous findings regarding heart disease's genetic base in order to compile genetic testing which can prepare individuals to have to potentially take measures to avoid heart disease. Utilizing genetic testing…...
In an essay, an attention grabber is known as the essay hook. To help you out on your world civilization essay, we have put together a few topics, essay hooks, and thesis statements you could use for a world civilization essay.
World Civilization Essay Topics
Genetic Determinants of Complex Traits
The Role of Gene-Environment Interactions in the Development of Multifactorial Disorders
The Complexity of Polygenic Traits: Unraveling the Contribution of Multiple Genetic Variants
Epigenetics and Gene Expression: How Environmental Factors Influence Genetic Inheritance
Advancements in Genetic Technologies
The Impact of Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies on Genetic Research
CRISPR-Cas9 and Gene Editing: Ethical Considerations and Therapeutic Applications
Precision Medicine: Tailoring Treatments Based on Individual Genetic Profiles
Hereditary Diseases and Treatment
Genetic Testing for Hereditary Diseases: Implications for Prevention and Management
Gene Therapy: Current Challenges and Future Prospects
The Role of Pharmacogenomics in Personalized Treatment for Genetic Disorders
Genetic Diversity and....
Topic Idea 1: The Role of Nature and Nurture in Human Behavior
Discuss the relative contributions of genes and environment to human traits and behaviors.
Examine the interaction between genetics and upbringing, and how they shape personality, intelligence, and other characteristics.
Explore the ethical implications of understanding the role of nature and nurture in human behavior, particularly in the context of genetic testing.
Topic Idea 2: Nature vs. Nurture in Learning and Cognitive Development
Analyze the influence of genes and environment on cognitive abilities, such as language, memory, and problem-solving.
Discuss the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping intellectual development.
....
1. The role of ethics in scientific research: how can scientists ensure that their work is conducted ethically and with respect for human and animal subjects?
2. The impact of technology on the environment: are advancements in technology helping or harming our planet in the long run?
3. The intersection of science and religion: can these two belief systems coexist peacefully, or are they fundamentally incompatible?
4. The ethics of genetic engineering: should we be manipulating the genetic code of living organisms, and if so, what are the potential consequences?
5. The future of space exploration: what are the challenges and opportunities facing humanity....
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