Human Cloning
The Cloning of Human Beings

Cloning is the creation of an exact biological twin generated from the DNA of a donor. In effect, a person creates an exact copy, with the exact genetic sequence, from their own DNA. hile the cloning of human beings has been the realm of science fiction, the creation of sheep clones has pushed the idea of human cloning into the range of possibilities. At present, the idea of human cloning is almost universally repulsive, but over time that may no longer be the case. And with the coming reality of human cloning a number of ethical considerations must be addressed. Leon Kass, in his paper entitled "Cloning of Human Beings," presents a number of arguments against the idea of human cloning including (1) the ethical implications of experimenting on human beings, (2) concerns over the identity of the clone and its ability to remain an…...

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Works Cited

Mappes, Thomas and David DeGrazia. Biomedical Ethics. Boston: McGraw Hill,

2001. Print.

Human Cloning
The subject of human cloning was once the stuff of science fiction novels and television programs. As technology and science improves, the creation of clones has become, potentially, a real likelihood in the impending future. For the follow, the definition of human cloning is that which has been designated by the American Medical Association:

The term "cloning" will refer to the production of genetically identical organisms via somatic cell nuclear transfer. "Somatic cell nuclear transfer" refers to the process in which the nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing (or previously existing) organism is transferred into an oocyte from which the nucleus has been removed. "Human cloning" will refer to the application of somatic nuclear transfer technology to the creation of a human being that shares all its nuclear genes with the person donating the implanted nucleus (Ethics 1999).

Scientists are proceeding ahead with research into the field with little…...

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Works Cited:

"Cloning Fact Sheet." (2009). Human Genome Project Information. Retrieved from  http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml 

"The Ethics of Human Cloning." (1999). Reports of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs

of the American Medical Association.

"Human Cloning." (2007). Stem Cell Research. American Medical Association. Retrieved from  http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-science/genetics-molecular-medicine/related-policy-topics/stem-cell-research/human-cloning.page

It focuses on the controversy, and provides answers to the question of whether or not stem cell research is providing the benefits in the ways in which the public believes they will soon be benefiting from the research.
The authors contend that partisan responses to the public's concerns over stem cell research are delaying the benefits of much needed treatments and cures that can be derived from stem cell research because funding is being reduced and restricted by the government.

Kass, Leon. Human Cloning and Dignity: The Report of the President's Council on Bioethics. New York: Public Affairs, 2002. Print.

Kass' book is important to this research paper because it explains the government's definition of human cloning (1), which helps shed light on the policy that has been, and will be formulated around the evolving science and application of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering can only proceed to the extent that the laws…...

Human loning
The debate over human cloning generally assumes it's possible to safely clone a completely normal human being, and ignores the multitude of problems that routinely plague the process of cloning animals. The current definition of 'successful cloning' is the generation of a viable adult organism (Gurdon and Melton, 1811), a definition used rather loosely given the prevalence of defects that occur. As discussed below, this definition has been traditionally applied to the cloning of domesticated animals and is not adequate for defining success should human cloning ever be attempted.

Somatic ell Nuclear Transfer

The number of mammals that have been successfully cloned from somatic cells has increased steadily since the first sheep, Dolly, was cloned in 1996 (reviewed by ampbell et al., 257). These include mouse, rat, cow, goat, pig, rabbit, cat, dog, mule, horse, and deer. The process of cloning involves the transfer of a unit of complete genetic material…...

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Campbell, Keith H.S., Alberio, Ramiro., Choi, Inchul., Fisher, Pat., Kelly, Richard D.W., Lee, Joon-Hee, Maalouf, W. "Cloning: Eight years after Dolly." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 40.4 (2005): 256-268. Web.

Gurdon, John. B. And Melton, Doug A. "Nuclear reprogramming in cells." Science 322.5909 (2008): 1811-1815. Web.

Palmieri, Chiara., Loi, Pasqualino., Ptak, Grazyna., Salda, Leanardo Della. "Review paper: A review of the pathology of abnormal placentae of somatic cell nuclear transfer clone pregnancies in cattle, sheep, and mice." Veterinary Pathology 45.6 (2008): 865-880. Web.

Human Cloning Debate
When Frankenstein was adapted for stage in 183 the production's title was Presumption; or, The Fate of Frankenstein. A Victorian audience was concerned with the theme of a man's ambition to replace God by creating a new species. Equal emphasis was placed on this aspect of the novel in the 1831 introduction of Frankenstein, "It is Mary Shelly's critique of where such highly abstracted creative powers can lead when put in a 'realizing' scientific context and then driven along by 'lofty ambition' and 'high destiny' (Shelley, 004, 04) that we see in the pages of Frankenstein" The novel was controversial in that it went against the traditional religious ideas of the time; Victorian morality held that God was the Almighty Creator. However, modern readers, with less restricted moral boundaries to those of the Victorians, likely see Victor's main crime within the novel more the perverse way in which…...

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2. Will cloning lead to designer babies who are denied an open future? Certainly, there has been a great deal of speculation regarding the issue of "designer babies." If one can genetically opt out of obesity, heart disease, cancer, etc., then why not opt for clones that are of a "type" desired by parents (eye color, facial shape, etc.)? Is this a designer baby? In a sense, this is part of the entire eugenics debate, or the practice of improving the human species by discouraging reproduction from those with perceived undesirable traits. The moral issue is who decides what traits are most desirable? The temptation, assuredly, would be to opt for greater strength and intelligence, and as some science fiction authors have prophesized, a society of blond-haired, blue eyed "perfect" Aryan babies who grow to be adults and perpetuate this "ideal." However, in the real world, while the temptation might be there, it is far more likely that at first negatives (disease, decay, etc.) would be focused upon. As far as denying the child an open future; children now must typically deal with the genetics they are given, they have both an open and closed future. Some may be gifted in music, others in math; some may be savants, others lacking cognitive skills, but excelling in other areas (Fuller, 2009).

3. Does a human clone have the same rights and legal protections as a human being? This is both an ethical and political question since the framers of the Constitution (at least of the United States) did not have to worry about the issue at the time of writing. In essence, though, a cloned human is still a human based on the biological definition of humanity. Therefore, the individual's status could be nothing more than human since the clone is certainly not anything else, nor did it arise from anything else (e.g. As in an artificial intelligence machine, robot, etc.). (McGee, 2011).

4. Is it ethical to create an embryo solely for research? This question has larger implications about ethics of research. Is it ethical to destroy thousands of animals in the pursuit of research to heal humans? Certainly, by the definition of the individual, if the clone is a fully sentient being, with cognition and self-awareness, then it is no more ethical to create an embryo for research than it is to experiment on other human

(Weiler, 1998)
Weiler states that in relation to the offspring the following must be examined closely:

1) a single parent (genetically) of the offspring which is at the same time a genetic sibling. This issue parallels the non-zygotic fertilization;

2) Multiple twinship. Cloning a number of brothers or sisters from the same cell is similar to the case of twins only more extreme due to the intervention occurring in the process of creating this particular "twinship" if we regard human clones as siblings in every sense, should we forbid them sexual relations? Will it be necessary therefore to maintain a strict register of all clones?; and 3) the psychological and social identity of cloned offspring will not be like that of children born without cloning. (Weiler, 1998)

The work of Dixon (1998) entitled: "Reasons Against Cloning" relates the following disadvantages to cloning:

1) Health risks due to mutation of genes - Dixon states: "an…...

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Bibliography

Morioka, Masahiro (1999) the Ethics of Human Cloning and the Sprout of Human Life - in Heiner, Roetz (ed), Cross-Cultural Issues in Bioethics: The Example of Human Cloning. Rodopi, Amsterdam, the Netherland, (2006), pp.1-16.

Weiler, Yael (1998) Israel Faces the Issue of Human Cloning: A Discussion of the Ethical and Social Implications Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 8 (1998), 10-12.

Dixon, Patrick (1998) Reasons against Cloning. Future. Online available at  http://www.globalchange.com/noclones.htm 

Human Cloning: Ethical Issues (2005) UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC and CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)

Human Cloning: The Ethical Debate
Human cloning is best described as "the creation of a genetically identical copy of an existing human or growing cloned tissue from that individual" (Wikipedia, 2004). The term usually refers to artificial human cloning; human clones in the form of identical twins are typical and commonplace, with their cloning occurring during the natural process of reproduction.

"human clone" is a scientific replication of another person (Jones, 1998). A clone is not actually an exact replica of the original, but rather a younger identical twin. As with identical twins, the clone and the original person have different fingerprints. They are also likely to have different personalities.

Human somatic cell nuclear transfer, which is commonly referred to as creating an embryo by "cloning," involves the following (McGee, 2001):

The starvation and subsequent implantation of DNA from specialized, non-sexual cells of one organism (such as cells that make an organism's hair or…...

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Bibliography

Caplan, Art. (December 14, 2003). Cloning ethics: Separating the science from the fiction. MSNBC.

Jones, A. (April 8, 1998). Human Cloning: The Religious and Ethical Debate. University of Virginia Press. Retrieved from the Internet at http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~jones/tmp352/projects98/group1/home.html.

McGee, Glenn. (February, 2001). Primer on Ethics and Human Cloning. Action Bioscience. American Institute of Biological Sciences.

Wikipedia. (2004). Human cloning. Retrieved from the Internet at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cloning .

Legal costs might also haunt governments that allow cloning research. To prevent complications related to direct government investments in cloning research, legislation could open the door for privately-funded cloning research projects while at the same time banning federally- or state-funded research projects.
However, most opponents of cloning cite the ethical costs involved in cloning legislation. Opponents of stem cell research sometimes "argue that permitting nuclear transplantation would open the door to reproductive cloning, because a ban only on implantation would be difficult to enforce." (AAAS). Even groups who would welcome therapeutic cloning research fear legal ambiguities. Stem cells do not necessarily need to be harvested from cloned human embryos: they can be harvested from discarded embryos used for in vitro fertilization or from other sources like human placenta. At the same time, legislation can easily permit therapeutic cloning while still maintaining a ban on reproductive cloning.

The social benefits of therapeutic…...

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References

American Association for the Advancement of Science. "Policy Brief: Human Cloning." Retrieved Nov 20, 2006 at  http://www.aaas.org/spp/cstc/briefs/cloning/ 

American Medical Association. "Human Cloning." April 6, 2006. Retrieved Nov 20, 2006 at  http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/4560.html 

Human Genome Project. "Cloning Fact Sheet." Retrieved Nov 20, 2006 at  

Cloning
The debate about human cloning was carried out within the field of science fiction and fantasy, until recently. ith the victorious cloning of the sheep Dolly in 1997, it became obvious that earlier or later, scientists might be able to clone human beings too. There is both encouragement and disagreement for this likelihood. Though cloning has been explained by newspapers and magazines as an exhilarating step onward that allows genetic engineers to lessen the qualms of reproduction, they have also made available comments by religious figures, scientists, and others who view human cloning as an assault on human dignity. (Cloning: The science of Controversy)

In Greek the word clone means taking an intersection from a plant. To make a correct genetic copy of an available life form is cloning. In many plants and even a few animals cloning takes place by itself. Except for identical twins, this phenomenon does not occur…...

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Works Cited

Bostrom, Nick. "Human Reproductive Cloning from the Perspective of the Future." Yale University. Chair, World Transhumanist Association. 27 December 2002. Retrieved at   Accessed on 02/26/2004http://www.nickbostrom.com/views/cloning.html .

Hoon H, Tae. "Human Cloning is beneficial"

Retrieved at   Accessed on 02/26/2004http://www.humancloning.org/tae.htm .

Human Cloning: Is making people wrong?"

Human Cloning
This report aims to address various issues and concerns regarding human cloning. "On Sunday morning, 23 February 1997, the world awoke to a technological advance that shook the foundations of biology and philosophy. On that day, we were introduced to Dolly, a 6-month-old lamb that had been cloned directly from a single cell taken from the breast tissue of an adult donor." (Brannigan, 10) But that was a sheep and as of today, there have been no confirmed occurrences of any human beings having been cloned. However, the Dolly phenomenon has brought human cloning as an event into the realm of possibility. Although it is rarely thought about by the average person on the street, man as a species is still in a constant battle to survive and evolve within the confines of nature. Through science and technology, man is on and will continue to be on a constant…...

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Works Cited

Brannigan, Michael C. Ethical Issues in Human Cloning: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives. New York, NY: Seven Bridges Press, LLC, 2000.

Five Years Later, Stem Cells Still Tantalize. Ed. University of Wisconsin. The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Retrieved on 25 February 2005, from

Hughes, Kristina. "Stem Cell Issue Is 'Personal, Not Political' For Some." State News - MSU Independent Voice. (1996).

Human Cloning Headlines. Ed. Dr. Patrick Dixon. Retrieved on 25 February 2005, from

Human Cloning Should be Allowed to Continue
Human cloning is an issue involved in much debate, with the majority view being that cloning should not be allowed to continue. hile the argument against human cloning is persuasive, it is also an argument based on fear and misunderstanding rather than reality. The negative view of human cloning is based on a negative perception of it based almost entirely in speculation. A closer view of the argument against cloning will show the errors inherent in it. Rather than react to the issue based on negative perceptions of cloning, it is necessary that the reality of cloning be considered, with its real impact investigated rather than a speculative impact based on misunderstanding.

One author argues that the entire cloning debate is argued out of context, with the reality of cloning substituted for a science fiction view of the issue. As the author says, cloning,

Has…...

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Works Cited

Brock, D.W. "Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con." In Clones and Clones. Ed. Martha C. Nussbaum and Cass R. Sunstein. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998.

Dawkins, R. "What's Wrong With Cloning?" In Clones and Clones. Ed. Martha C. Nussbaum and Cass R. Sunstein. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998.

Dawson, K. "A scientific examination of some speculations about continuing human pre-embryo research." Ed. Peter Singer, Helga Kuhse, Stephen Buckle, Karen Dawson, & Pascal Kasimba. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Edwards, R. Life Before Birth: Reflections on the Embryo Debate. London: Hutchinson, 1989.

Another writer notes, "WHO considers the use of cloning for the replication of human individuals to be ethically unacceptable as it would violate some of the basic principles which govern medically assisted procreation. These include respect for the dignity of the human being..." (Harris, 2004, p. 34). Dignity is an important concept here, because the loss of human dignity goes against the concept of natural law and natural rights. It takes away the rights humans enjoy and depend on, and replaces them with unnatural reproductive procedures. It takes the natural joy, love, and family out of a loving conception, and replaces it with a test tube, something that is clearly not good, but evil and frightening. We enjoy the ability to reproduce not only for survival, but for love, and to take that away is to take away one of our basic human rights and privileges. Harris goes on…...

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References

Brannigan, M.C. (Ed.). (2001). Ethical issues in human cloning: Cross-disciplinary perspectives. New York: Seven Bridges Press.

Harris, J. (2004). On cloning. New York: Routledge.

Walters, L. (2004). The United Nations and human cloning: A debate on hold. The Hastings Center Report, 34(1), 5+.

Cloning
The topic discussed in this document is cloning. This topic is explored through the film entitled "Womb." Cloning is a popular scientific topic of interest for numerous reasons. There are a number of implications for the technology behind this phenomena, which has existed, at this point, for several years. The breadth of those implications span ethical concerns, religious ones, pragmatic necessities, and societal issues. Considering these factors, the topic is relevant today primarily because cloning represents the most successful efforts (to date), of the displacement of the reproductive process from humans to the realm of science. Typically, reproduction pertains to the realm of nature and biology -- the latter of which is essentially the science of the inner workings of organisms. Cloning is such a controversial topic and at the forefront of the aforementioned realms of life because it represents a man-made, scientific way to reproduce -- outside of…...

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References

Fiester, A. (2005). Ethical issues in animal cloning. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 48(2), 328-343. Retrieved fromhttp://repository.upenn.edu/bioethics_papers/35

Pimple, K. (1998). The ethics of human cloning and the fate of science in a democratic society. Valparaiso University Law Review. 32(2), 727-737.

Rauch, J. (2003). Will Frankenfood save the planet? The Atlantic. Retrieved from  http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/10/will-frankenfood-save-the-planet/302806/ 

Womb. (2010). Dir: B. Fliegauf. Perf: Green, E., Smith, M., Manville, L.

Cloning
Human Cloning

The cloning of human beings is both fascinating and highly controversial. It creates a copy of a human that is genetically identical to one that is already in existence (Russel; 27). hen people are born, they are all genetically different from one another, so cloning would produce a very different dynamic between one person and his or her identical clone. The exception to this difference is identical twins, who are basically clones of one another (de Grey & Rae, 44). However, human cloning does not refer to the natural process that produces identical twins, but rather to taking tissue and cells from a human being and using them to produce a genetically identical human being through artificial means. There are two types of artificial cloning that takes place: reproductive and therapeutic (de Grey & Rae, 51). The ethics of these issues differ, as do the perceived uses, risks, and…...

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Works Cited

Russel, Peter J. iGenetics: A Molecular Approach. San Francisco: Pearson Education. 2005. Print.

de Grey, Aubrey and Michael Rae. Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. New York: St. Martin's. 2007. Print.

Human cloning is not only morally repugnant; it is not scientifically viable at this stage. As a news source and a source of public opinion, the Monroe Evening News has a direct responsibility to take a stance on banning human cloning. My personal opinion reflects a broader fear in our society that permission granted to scientific institutes to practice human cloning will have detrimental consequences.
This fear is not, as some would believe, based solely on religious values, although it may be. Religious beliefs should not influence public policy, however. What should influence public policy is science. Many scientists oppose human cloning and do not espouse it just because it is possible. While there are some potential benefits to human cloning, such as organ harvesting, these "benefits" must be weighed and examined in light of their consequences. When a new human being is created in the laboratory, what rights does it…...

1. The Ethics of Human Cloning: A Controversial Debate

2. The Science and Technology Behind Human Cloning

3. The Potential Benefits and Dangers of Human Cloning

4. Examining the Legal and Moral Implications of Human Cloning

5. The Role of Religion in Shaping Views on Human Cloning

6. A Comparative Analysis of Human Cloning Policies Around the World

7. The Future of Human Cloning: Possibilities and Pitfalls

8. Human Cloning and Genetic Engineering: Where Do We Draw the Line?

9. The Psychological and Social Impact of Human Cloning on Society

10. Human Cloning: A Tool for Advancing Medical Research or a Slippery Slope towards Eugenics?
11. Ethical Considerations in Human....

Title 1: The Ethical Labyrinth of Human Cloning: A Philosophical Exploration of Moral Dilemmas

Title 2: Unraveling the Scientific and Ethical Implications of Human Cloning: A Comprehensive Analysis

Title 3: Human Cloning: Exploring the Boundaries of Bioethics and the Human Experience

Title 4: The Promise and Perils of Human Cloning: Navigating the Uncharted Territory of Scientific Advancement

Title 5: Cloning: Unlocking the Pandora's Box of Human Genetics and the Potential for Human Enhancement

Title 6: The Future of Humanity in the Shadow of Human Cloning: Ethical, Social, and Philosophical Perspectives

Title 7: The Cloning Controversy: A Debate Between Innovation and the Preservation of Human Dignity

Title 8:....

1. With the potential to clone humans, we are on the brink of a new era filled with moral and ethical conundrums.

2. Imagine a world where genetic replication is commonplace - the very essence of what makes us unique could be at stake.

3. The possibility of creating identical copies of individuals raises questions about individuality and the value of human life.

4. Human cloning could pave the way for revolutionary medical advancements, but at what cost to our humanity?

5. As science advances, the boundaries between what is ethical and what is possible....

1. "The ethical dilemmas posed by human cloning have sparked heated debates, raising questions about the sanctity of life and the potential for scientific advancements."

2. "With the advent of human cloning technology, the world stands at a crossroads, contemplating the profound societal and ethical implications it brings."

3. "As scientific advancements continue to push the boundaries of human knowledge, human cloning presents a unique challenge that forces us to re-examine our values and moral principles."

4. "The allure of scientific progress in human cloning must be weighed against the potential ethical quagmires it could create, demanding careful consideration of the consequences."

5. "The....