human body is made of 206 bones and an estimated 500 muscles, most of which are skeletal muscles attached from one bone to another. While one end of the skeletal muscles attaches to a relatively stationary bone, the other attaches to a movable bone. Some of the major bones of the body and muscles attached to each include
Tibia -- which is one of the bones in the lower leg with several muscles attach to it. These muscles include hamstring muscles, calf muscles like popliteus and soleus, and muscles that flex and expand ankles and toes like tibialis anterior.

Fibula -- the second bone in the lower leg, which also acts as an attachment place for muscles that extend and flex the foot. It has similar muscles to tibia.

Scapula -- sixteen muscles attach to it including the four rotator cuff muscles, upper back muscles, deltoids, bicep and tricep muscles, pectoralis minor,…...

A decomposition does not end after the soft tissue has disappeared. The skeleton also has a decompositional rate that is based on the loss of organic (collagen) and inorganic components. Some of the inorganic compounds we use to determine the length of time since death include calcium, potassium and magnesium. (ibid)

In a temperate climate for example, it normally takes ten to twelve years to decompose fully to a skeleton. Therefore, the high number of variables involved making exact calculations based on a few characteristics of decomposition are extremely difficult and very often all the possible decomposition factors have to be taken into account.

The role played by microbes and bacteria is extremely significant in the decomposition process, but difficult to use as a dependable measurement in forensics as there are a vast amount of different types of bacteria associated with the decomposition of the body. These include Staphylococcus, Candida, Malasseria, acillus…...

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Bibliography

Chemistry. [Internet] Adipocere. Available at   [Accessed February 1, 2005.http://adipocere.homestead.com/chemistry.html 

Decomposition: Free-Template. Available at 2 Febraury 2005]http://www.free-template.org/de/decomposition.html[Accessed

Decomposition. [Internet] Available at Accessed 2 Febraury 2005]http://deathonline.net/decomposition/body_changes/rigor_mortis.htm.

Decomposition: Wikipedia [Internet] Available at   22 January 2005] (Health. [Internet] BBC. U.K. Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/ask_doctor/death_body.shtml [Accessed January 30, 2005) (How fast does a human body begin to decompose, and what are the products? [Internet] BBC. U.K. Available at  http://www.shroudstory.com/faq/turin-shroud-faq-11.htm . [Accessed February 3, 2005)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition [Accessed

..). Because of these problems, employees working under these conditions also suffer from more vehicle related accidents. In particular, individuals working evening and night shifts are more likely to fall asleep on their way home after work. Statistics demonstrate that "...41% of extended hours employees reported nodding off while driving compared with 28% of day workers" (Extended hours...). What this effectively suggests is that firefighters and first responders face a number of notable health and safety threats as a direct result of their schedules and the resultant sleep outcomes.
Addressing the Issue

Although the overall research that has been collected in this field is not extensive, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2005, Extended...) notes that there are some steps that employers can take to improve outcomes for professionals that must work unusual work schedules. Specifically, this organization reports that "When there is a choice, managers should limit the use of…...

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References

Akerstedt, T., Fredlund, P., Gillberg, M., & Jansson, B. (2002). A prospective study of fatal occupational accidents -- relationship to sleeping difficulties and occupational factors. Journal of Sleep Research, 11(1), 69-71.

Akerstedt, T., & Nilsson, P.M. (2003). Sleep as restitution: An introduction. Journal of Internal Medicine, 254(1), 6-12.

Extended unusual work shifts. (2005). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Accessed November 17, 2007 at  http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_Hurricane_Facts/faq_longhours.html .

Kenyon, T.A. (2007). On call: Alert or unsafe? A report of the AORN on-call electronic task force. AORN Journal, 86(4), 630-39.

Human Health and Disease
How could the information learned about a disease's epidemiology be used to protect public health? What kind of epidemiological information would a public health official want to know about this disease? What actions might they take based on this information?

The epidemiology will look at factors such as demographics, causes, patterns and the impact the disease is having. This is used to determine the symptoms, educate the general public and create vaccines to treat the condition. Public health officials need to know about which groups of people are most vulnerable, the way the disease is spread, mortality rates, possible vaccines and what actions are being taken by other stakeholders (i.e. governments, nonprofits and businesses). These areas will help them to determine impact it is having and create strategies to prevent it from spreading. To achieve these objectives they will educate the public, work with researchers to find a…...

EVA Kwong and the Human Body
Eastern philosophy and culture are highly driven by an underlying sense of animism, which denotes that there is life and interconnectedness in all things. The trees, rocks, soil, air and even our own bodies are seen as connected on a continuum that is imbued with the energy of life. This is perhaps the underlying principle defining the work of Hong Kong-born sculptor Eva Kwong. Indeed, this principle converges with the estern ideals of abstract representation to shape the remarkable body of work the Kwong has produced. Pursuing the larger part of her studies in American universities and ultimately becoming a professor at Kent State University, according to the article by Hawk (2010), Kwong's work suggests a philosophical convergence of both Eastern and estern values. Particularly, as the discussion here shows, Kwong's best works express this idea of animism through abstract representations of the aspects, operations…...

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Works Cited:

Kwong, E. (2008). Energy Vibrations. Harn Museum.

Hawk, S.R. (2010). Eva Kwong: Works. Sherrie Gallerie.

Hoffmann, R. (2008). Love Between the Atoms: Eva Kwong. Roaldhoffmann.com.

Images:

Ergonomic isk Assessment
The human body encourages a specific posture and has muscles and joints which can become overstressed through repetition or overextension. Unfortunately, every job has actions which cause these types of problems. Injuries in the workplace are expected to a degree because it is impossible to determine every area that could cause an incident, but the science of ergonomics is used to act as a mitigating factor for some common injuries that could easily be eliminated with a simple assessment. Ergonomic risk assessments are completed as a specific look at the occupations in a particular workplace to determine the possible risks that exist and to find solutions to those issues. This paper discusses the common reasons for ergonomic assessments, their benefits, why they are not performed, and what one should include.

Background

The literature on this subject is very clear in its description of a wide range of injuries that can…...

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References

Adeyemi, A.O. (2010). ICT facilities: Ergonomic effects on academic library staff. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-3.

Brandenburg, D.L., & Mirka, G.A. (2005). Assessing the effects of positive feedback and reinforcement in the introduction phase of an ergonomic intervention. Human Factors, 47(3), 526-534.

Environmental Safety. (2012). Statistics. University of Maryland. Retrieved from  http://www.des.umd.edu/os/erg/stats.html 

IAPA. (2007). Ergonomic risk assessment. Industrial Accident Prevention Association. Retrieved from http://www.iapa.ca/pdf/fd_erg_risk_assessment.pdf

Water: The Only Liquid the ody Needs
To live a fully healthy and functional life, water is indispensible. From the point in history when primitive species moved from the oceans to land, a major factor of survival has continually been stopping dehydration. The important adaptations that enable this are present in almost all species of animals, including man. Water makes up varying percentages of the body weight of humans from 75% in infants, to about 55% in the elderly, and is crucial for maintenance of cellular homeostasis (Popkin, D'Anci and Rosenberg). Even though humans can survive a couple of weeks without eating, the human body cannot last even a few days devoid of water (Student Nutrition awareness campaign). Even slight dehydration can disturb physiological functions resulting in headaches, exhaustion, dryness of the mouth, and even muscle weaknesses and mental deterioration, according to Heller (Reinberg).

When talking about body fluids we are basically…...

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Bibliography

Beck, Melinda. Studies Lead You to Water, But How Much to Drink? 1 July 2008. 29 April 2015.

Grandjean, C. Ann. Water requirements, impinging factors, and recommended intakes. n.d.   29 April 2015.http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrequirements/en/ .

Gwinnutt, Matthew and Jennifer Thorburn. Body Fluids - part 1. 2010.

Popkin, M. Barry, E. Kristen D'Anci and H. Irwin Rosenberg. "Water, Hydration and Health." Nutr Rev (2010): 439-458.

The initial, dramatic increase in the body's production of TNF-alpha in response to viral exposure demonstrates a heightened immunological response targeted to the protection against infection.
Viral respiratory tract infections, such as cold and influenza, are the most common human illnesses. They have significant health and economic consequences, particularly with young children and youth, older individuals and those with other underlying or chronic conditions. Annually, an average of 5 to 20% of Americans contract influenza, with over 200,000 being hospitalized with influenza-related complications and about 36,000 dying from the disease. It is also estimated that 1 billion colds occur each year in the U.S. Only medications that help with the symptoms medications and homeopathic remedies have been available until this time. Due to these high incidence rates, a safe and effective alternative is clearly needed to reduce the burden of illness.

Although the study did not directly evaluate an immune response…...

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References Cited:

Baron, M. (2009) A Patented Strain of Bacillus coagulans Increased Immune Response to Viral Challenge Postgraduate Medicine. 121(2): 114-18

Endres, J.R., Clewell, A., Jade, K.A., Farber, T., Hauswirth, J & Schauss, A.G. (2009)

Consuming large doses of Bacillus coagulans deemed safe for humans Food and Chemical Toxicology 47(6): 1231-1238.

Medical Diagnostic Tools and the Effects of Nuclear Radiation on the Human ody
Computed axial tomography (CAT) or computer tomography (CT) scanning technologies have been thoroughly incorporated into modern medical diagnostics. In some clinical respects, CT scans are preferable to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and much better than traditional X-rays. However, CT scans expose patients to more ionizing radiation and could conceivably contribute to cellular damage and to harmful cellular mutation (i.e. cancer), especially in the long-term. It is not yet understood precisely how much damage is caused by each isolated exposure, largely because it is extremely difficult to isolate clinical radiation exposure from either natural (i.e. non-manmade or man-caused) sources or radiation exposure or from other risk factors and independent variables. Nevertheless, the implication of empirical evidence to date is that certain segments of the patient population in particular are more vulnerable to the detrimental health effects of exposure to…...

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Bibliography

Bleise, A., Danesi, P.R., and Burkart, W. (2003). Depleted uranium: Properties, use and health effects of depleted uranium (DU): a general overview. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 64(2/3): 93-112.

Brenner, D.J. And Hall, E.J. (2007). Computed Tomography -- An Increasing Source of Radiation Exposure. New England Journal of Medicine, 357:2277-2284.

Retrieved May 30, 2013, from  http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmra072149 

Cirincione, J. (2007). Bomb Scare: The History & Future of Nuclear Weapons. Columbia University Publishing: New York.

Degenerative ailments, for example Alzheimer's, could be treated. Recovery from traumatic injuries like burns and strokes can occur more quickly with stem cell technology as well. It is not hyperbole to suggest that stem cell research is the most important area of research in medicine today, and from it we are likely to derive a wide range of treatments and therapies that will extend our lives and improve their quality as well.
2. There are two types of stem cells -- adult and embryonic. The latter are derived from embryos, typically ones that come from fertility clinics and with donor consent. These are then cultured in a lab to generate a cell line. Over time, the stem cell line can be duplicated and enlarged to a point where it is ready for use in labs (NIH, 2002).

Adult stem cells come from adults. There are differences between embryonic and adult stem…...

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Works Cited

NIH.gov. (2002). Stem cell basics. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved April 29, 2013 from  http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics1.aspx

Sexing the ody
DELVING DEEPER

Sexing odies

What is at Stake in the Continued Scientific Pursuit of the Essential Differences between Males and Females

Right away, what is at stake is the entire life of an intersexual person, which is meddled into and muddled by mainstream medicine's gender biases (Fausto-Sterling, 2000, pp 8, 16). Not only modern America but also the world-at-large demand that a person be either male or female in unquestioning obedience to, or "sublime" conformity with, medicine. A mainstream physician, for example, who comes across the male sex organ of a newly-born hermaphrodite and finds that it measures less than 3 cm, decides that it should be "repaired" to conform to genital norms. He decides to shorten the small phallus to make it look like a clitoris through appropriate surgical procedures and ultimately declares the newborn to be a girl. A hermaphrodite is also called an intersexual, or a person who…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cooper-White. M. (2014). Sex may explain why men have superior navigational

Skills. The Huffington Post. Retrieved on December 8, 2014 from  http://www.brainfacts.org/brain-basics/neuroanatomy/articles/2014/his-and-hers-sex-differences-in-the-brain/ 

Curley, A. (2014). His and hers: sex differences in the brain. Brainfacts.org. Retrieved on December 8, 2014 from

Muscle fiber type and performance The body majorly has two types of muscles, the slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers. Most people have, on estimation, 50% slow-twitch fibers and 50% fast-twitch ones. This however can significantly change depending on the type of training an athlete goes through. The slow-twitch muscles come into play for the endurance athletes hence they will develop more of this type over time with training. Fast-twitch muscle fibers are way better for activities that need short periods of intense activity such as among sprinters hence such athletes will develop more of this over time (Rivera H., 2018).
Breakdown of glycogen
Glycogen Phosphorylase catalyzes breakdown of glycogen into Glucose-1-Phosphate (G1P). The reaction that produces G1P from the glycogen in the body is referred to as phosphorolysis. Phosphorolysis reaction use phosphate to breakdown bigger molecules into smaller ones. The process of breaking down of the glycogen into glucose is referred to as…...

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References

Bazenilla F., (2002). The Nerve Impulse. Retrieved February 25, 2017 from

Hamilton A., (2018). Fat as Fuel. February 25, 2017 from https://www.peakendurancesport.com/nutrition-for-endurance-athletes/supplements/fat-as-fuel/

National Center for Biotechnology Information, (2018). Glycogen Breakdown Requires the Interplay of Several Enzymes. February 25, 2017 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22467/

Rivera H., (2018). Muscle Fiber Types and How They Relate To Your Training Program. February 25, 2017 from http://www.hugorivera.net/muscle-fibers-trainin.html

Virtual Medical Centre, (2018). Blood Function and Composition. February 25, 2017 from https://www.myvmc.com/anatomy/blood-function-and-composition/

http://nerve.bsd.uchicago.edu/TheNerveImpulse05.pdf

Discussion Sodium and potassium could be seen as the dynamic duo critical for normal functioning of several processes in the body. In addition to assessing the role the sodium-potassium pump plays in the propagation of an action potential, this text will also highlight both the pathophysiologic impact of hyperkalemia on the action potential as well as the resulting clinical manifestations.
The Role of the Sodium-Potassium Pump on the Propagation of an Action Potential
In essence, messages sent by axons, according to Kalat (2012), are referred to as action potentials. In the context of this discussion, therefore, action potential has got to do with the electrical potential changes as a consequence of impulse passage along a nerve cell’s membrane.
The generation of action potential is dependent upon active transport pumps as well as a number of positive transport channels. With regard to the sodium-potassium pump (which is essentially a carrier protein), it is important to…...

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References

Kalat, J.W. (2012). Biological Psychology (11th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

Mushiyakh, Y., Dangaria, H., Qavi, S., Ali, N., Pannone, J. & Tompkins, D. (2012). Treatment and Pathogenesis of Acute Hyperkalemia. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect, 1(4), 39-46.

Toole, G. & Toole, S. (2004). Essential A2 Biology for OCR. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.

Biological structures like bones, tendons, and ligaments have mechanical properties that allow the body to move. Furthermore, bones, tendons, and ligaments are structurally, mechanically, and functionally related. Bone is connected to other bone with ligament. Tendons connect muscles to the bone, enabling movement. Both ligament and tendons are comprised primarily of collagen. However, both ligament and tendon have a unique hierarchical structure, in which the outer casing contains successive layers of inner material called fascicles. The structure of tendons and ligaments is not unlike that of a Russian doll. Although both tendons and ligaments have a similar hierarchical structure, they differ in the way the fascicles (including subfibrils, fibrils and fibers) are arranged. Their differential structural arrangement is impacts their different mechanical properties. Generally, ligaments are less tightly structured and therefore more elastic in nature. Tendon fibers, on the other hand, have more of a parallel arrangement with larger fibers. Ligament…...

The large intestine begins near the lower coils of the small intestines but then ascends up the right side and bend back over the top of the highest loop of the small intestine. Several layers of muscle and sinewy tissue wrap around the area housing the internal organs (Iazzetti & igutti, 2007).
The other organs located in the major body cavity include the bladder, gall bladder, and pancreas. In addition, the female body cavity also contains a uterus.

Besides the major internal organs, there are major blood vessels that run down the body cavity directly from the heart and branch off to smaller arteries and veins that carry blood throughout the rest of the body (Iazzetti & igutti, 2007).

eferences

Iazzetti, G, igutti, E.…...

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References

Iazzetti, G, Rigutti, E. (2007). Atlas of Anatomy. London: TAJ Books.

1. "Unlocking the Miraculous Power of Bone Marrow: A Comprehensive Analysis"
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4. "The Significance of Bone Marrow in Health and Disease: A Persuasive Argument"
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6. "Beyond Blood Cells: The Multi-faceted Functions of Bone Marrow"
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8. "Uncovering the Mysteries of Bone Marrow: An Enlightening Study"
9. "From Donor to Recipient: The Journey of Bone Marrow Transplantation"
10. "The Impact of Bone Marrow Research on Modern Medicine: An....

My Aspiration to Become a Doctor

From a tender age, the allure of the medical profession has captivated my heart, igniting within me an unyielding desire to pursue a career as a doctor. The prospect of alleviating pain, restoring health, and promoting well-being has always resonated deeply with my values and aspirations.

Nurturing a Passion for Medicine

Growing up, I was fascinated by the human body and its intricate workings. I spent countless hours poring over medical textbooks and encyclopedias, delving into the wonders of anatomy, physiology, and pathology. The complexity and elegance of the human organism amazed me, inspiring me to seek....

I want to become a massage therapist because I have always had a passion for helping others and making people feel more relaxed and at ease.

I believe that massage therapy is a powerful tool for improving physical and mental well-being, and I want to be able to use my skills to make a positive impact on the lives of my clients.

I am also interested in the holistic approach to health and wellness that massage therapy promotes.

By becoming a massage therapist, I will have the opportunity to create a peaceful and healing environment for my clients, and help....

Introductory Science Essay Topics for Beginners

Biology

The Role of Photosynthesis in the Food Chain: Explore the fundamental process by which plants convert sunlight into energy and its critical importance for all life on Earth.
Evolution and Natural Selection: Examine the theory of evolution, including the mechanisms of genetic variation and how it drives the diversification of species.
The Human Body and Homeostasis: Investigate the complex systems and processes that maintain stability and balance within the human body.

Chemistry

The Structure and Properties of Matter: Describe the basic components of matter (atoms, elements, molecules) and their arrangements in solids, liquids, and gases.
....