A psychologist should never solicit demands from the hostage-taker as this will give the hostage-taker an increased sense of power -- something that should be avoided at all costs (Hatcher etal, 1998, p. 460). ather a psychologist should wait for the hostage-taker to make demands. Once demands are made, the psychologist (or anyone else talking with the hostage-taker) should never dismiss the demands as unreasonable, impossible, or trivial. These demands are important to the hostage-taker and to dismiss his or her demands will in all likelihood be seen as a dismissal of the person and so cause the situation to escalate. The process of meeting a hostage-taker's demands is also one that can allow for an alliance to be built up over time between a psychologist and the hostage-taker, especially if the psychologist can break down negotiations into their component parts -- such as first negotiating that food will be…...

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References

Borum, W.R. (October 1988). A comparative study of negotiator effectiveness with "Mentally disturbed hostage taker scenarios." Journal of police and criminal psychology4(2): 17-20.

Hatcher, C. etal. (December 1998). The role of the psychologist in crisis/hostage negotiations. Behavioral sciences and the law 16(4): 455-472.

Lipsedge, M. (2004). Hostage-taking and domestic sieges. Psychiatry 3 (8): 24-26.

McMains, M. & Mullins, W. (2006). Crisis Negotiations: Managing Critical Incidents and Hostage Situations in Law Enforcement and Corrections. Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing Co.

Hostage Situation
The main difference between a hostage situation and a non-hostage situation is the threat to human life. "In most hostage incidents, the explicit threat is to the hostage's life. It is not the loss of property, status, or belonging to a community that is at stake. Life itself is at stake" (McMains & Mullins, 2010, p.12). The threat to human life gives the hostage-taker an advantage in the bargaining process, because it increases the press associated with an incident and increases the stakes of the negotiation.

A bank robber goes into the bank, but the police are alerted before he can leave. The bank robber takes one of the bank's customers and holds her at gunpoint, until the robber can reach the getaway vehicle. This is a hostage situation. The life of the teller has been threatened by the bank robber. The bank robber does not have to say that…...

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References

McMains, M.J. & Mullins, W.C. (2010). Crises negotiations (4th ed.). New Providence, NJ:

LexisNexis/Anderson.

Negotiation Crisis Team
The process of hostage and crisis negotiation is an event that involves a team, it is not something that can be performed by an individual and cannot be considered as a secondary activity. Such negotiations are meant to help in the management and/or resolution of very risky situations, and in most cases the situations are very tricky to deal with. The manner in which these situations present themselves often make it necessary to have specialized, explicit and compound knowledge backgrounds to be effectively handled. The effectiveness of such a process is very significant since the measure is through the loss of life avoided. The success or failure of such a team in the management and resolution of the situation is measured in terms of human lives saved or lost, this is why the team must be well composed. The knowledge and experience of each and every member of…...

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References

Bohl, N.K. (1992). Hostage negotiator stress, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 61(8):23-26

Butler, W.M. et al., (1993). The use of mental health professional consultants to police hostage negotiation teams. Behav Sci Law 11(2):213-221

Call, J. (2003). Negotiating crises: The evolution of hostage/barricade crisis negotiation. Journal of Threat Assessment, 2, 69-94.

Cooper, H. (1981). The hostage takers. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press.

Morey Unit Hostage Crisis
The hostage crisis that occurred at the Morey Unit of the Arizona State Prison Lewis Complex lasted for fifteen days and represented a hostage standoff that was the longest in U.S. history. The crisis began in the early morning hours of January 18, 2004 in the kitchen area of the unit, when two inmates, Ricky Wassenaar and Steven Coy, subdued a correctional officer and a kitchen staff employee. They subsequently took two hostages and inflicted serious emotional and physical damage to multiple correctional officers and civilian employees prior to engaging in the fifteen-day standoff. The lengthy episode challenged the resources of the Arizona Department of Corrections and magnified substantial security lapses and errors in judgment used by Department of Corrections officials. An ultimate analysis of the episode finds major flaws in the supervision of inmates at the Morey Unit, which the two inmates were able to take…...

The lasting legacy of the Iran hostage crisis is that the American public and government developed an attitude that the Iran people and government were a group of evil and crazy individuals who lacked the capacity to negotiate. This attitude caused a breakdown in negotiations at the time of the hostage crisis and has continued to the present day. Americans, as a rule, still fail to recognize that the Iranian people have legitimate concerns and that these legitimate concerns have value. Over the decades since the hostage crisis there has been little movement forward in regard to how Americans view Iran and the level of animosity between the two nations remains high. Farber suggests that this level of animosity helped to ensure that America's relations with the Muslim world would remain contentious and that such contentiousness led to the attacks of September 11 that resulted in the escalation of the…...

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Work Cited

Farber, David, the Iran Hostage Crisis and America's First Encounter with Radical Islam, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2006)

Iranian hostage and Jimmy Carter

Farber, David, the Iran Hostage Crisis and America's First Encounter with Radical Islam, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2006)

Ibid,15

Police Psychology
Scenario:

You are a police psychologist for a major metropolitan area. You are also a member of its hostage negotiation team. You have been called to a crisis incident at 3:15 P.M. On a Friday. It is in a residential area about three blocks from a middle school and a public library. The information you have at this time is that the subject is a 42-year-old male who is holed up in his house with his wife, son, and a family friend. He has murdered his next-door neighbor and is threatening to kill those in the house if his demands are not met. One of his demands is for immunity from the murder charge if he surrenders without harming any of the people in the house. His other demands are a case of beer and some fast food. He wants his demands met or "something will happen."u

Introduction

The crisis negotiation team…...

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Works Cited

Alaxander, D., & Klein, S. (2010). Hostage-taking: motives, resolution, coping and effects. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 176-183.

Cooper, H. (1981). Hostage-takers. Retrieved from National Criminal Justice Reference Service:  https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=75936 

Goldaber, I. (1979). Typology of Hostage-Takers. Police Chief, 21-23. Retrieved from Hughes, J. (2009). A Pilot Study of Naturally Occuring High-Probability Request Sequences in Hostage Negotiations. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 491-496.

McMains, M., & Mullins, W. (2010). Crisis Negotiation (4th ed.). New Providence: Lexis/Nexis/Anderson.

Ode noted a change in food provisions at this time. The restrictions on the hostages communicating with one another seemed to loosen as well, and Ode describes socializing with fellow hostages by playing chess. However, he also describes escalating brutality towards hostages who are not compliant, especially a hostage named done.
In fact, during the third phase of captivity, some of the students began to treat Ode in a different manner. They complained that he was opinionated and that he was always complaining. Actually, it was surprising to see how vocal Ode had remained throughout his ordeal, and how few repercussions he received for that vocal behavior. Carter was able to secure the safe return of the hostages, without the loss of a single hostage life, though American military men did die in a rescue attempt. However, the hostage crises probably tipped the 1980 election in favor of eagan, which…...

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References

Jimmy Carter Library and Museum. (2006). The hostage crisis in Iran. Retrieved February 22,

2010 from Jimmy Carter Library and Museum.

Website: http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/hostages.phtml

Ode, R. (1981). Iran hostage's diary. Retrieved February 22, 2010 from Jimmy Carter Library & Museum.

And if that policy is already in effect, then further training in that area is necessary.
The kitchen is an obvious source of "weapons" (like the heavy soup ladle used). It should be guarded more heavily and made less easily accessible. Routine searches of that area should be as thorough as possible. There was no video surveillance of this area -- a significant oversight. That is part of the reason the escape attempt went undetected for so long after the two employees were overwhelmed by the convicts.

There is no question that, in this situation, the escape attempt could have been stopped before it became dangerous if only one or two of the above recommendations had been followed.

~There existed too much open access to the security tower, and procedures to enforce security became lax and ineffective. Again, there is no doubt that had proper procedures been in place or had some…...

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Bibliography

Associated Press. (2004, March 4). Arizona prison standoff probe blames past decisions in part. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from USAToday.com:  http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-03-04-prison-hostages_x.htm 

Baker, J. (2004). Anatomy of a hostage negotiation: An interview with a primary negotiator. Retrieved May 31, 2009, from The Negotiator Magazine:  http://www.negotiatormagazine.com/article211_1.html 

Epler, P., & Rushton, B. (2004, February 19). Federal judge questions credibility of Arizona department of corrections director. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from Middlegroundprisonreform.org:  http://www.middlegroundprisonreform.org/news/NewTimesDoraCredibility.2004.htm 

NICIC. (2004). Preliminary finding and recommendations: The morey unit hostage incident. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from National Institute of Corrections Information Center (NICIC): http://www.nicic.org/Library/019617

This could be on account of the normal human reaction to being placed in frustrating conditions, or drawbacks like very poor security, and lethargy of the authorities. Investing in controlling mechanisms like weapons, guards, and other means of surveillance and control, while suppressing the violent tendencies of most inmates do little to help remove the causes of aggression. A more comprehensive approach is required that takes a study of the whole gamut of psychological emotional, physical needs and suffering into one group and then provide better training to the personnel in handling these emotions and the prisoners. They must be adepts in identifying the threat potential is necessary. (Carter; Glaser, 1977)
Another important fact that was clearly visible in the negotiation process and the later handling of the issue was the tardy help received from the outside, or the reluctance to get outside help. The negotiators must have gone in…...

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References

Carter, Robert Melvin; Glaser, Daniel. (1977) "Correctional Institutions" Lippincott.

Philadelphia, PA.

Corcoran, Michael H; Cawood, James S. (2003) "Violence Assessment and Intervention: The Practitioner's Handbook" CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL.

Garrett, Michael. (2004, Jun) "In Need of Correction: Arizona's prison system is overloaded and its staff is overwhelmed" Retrieved 4 April, 2008 at  http://www.tucsonweekly.com/gbase/Currents/Content?oid=oid%3A57551

Use sound reasoning to explain to Bradley how the situation will get better if he allows the hostages to go free. Perhaps the negotiator can call in a favor on Bradley's behalf if Bradley shows a sign of good faith and allows the hostages to go free.
Providing Bradley alcohol would be against protocol, but the food and the promise of aiding Bradley is getting the help he needs rather than going to jail may be of help. Bradley is looking for help right now and not to get drunk. He also may be looking to make a demand that the negotiator will say no to in order reiterate the fact that Bradley does not trust the police.

If the alcohol is a necessity to Bradley, the negotiator may try to pull some strings and allow it. Against protocol or not, if lives are in danger, providing the alcohol to Bradley…...

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References

ZAITSU, W. (2009). Bomb Threats and Offender Characteristics in Japan. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profi ling, 1(7). Retrieved November 17, 2010, from  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jip.106/pdf 

James, R.K., & Gilliland, B.E. (2001). Crisis intervention strategies (4th ed.). Belmont, CA, USA: Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.

Noesner, G. (1999, January 1). Negotiation concepts for commanders | FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, the | Find Articles at BNET. Find Articles at BNET | News Articles, Magazine Back Issues & Reference Articles on All Topics. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2194/is_1_68/ai_54036504/

Ultimately, most people recognized Hearst underwent intense brainwashing, and her prison sentence was eventually reduced. In fact, "she later had her sentence commuted by President Carter, after psychiatrists determined that she had developed a pseudo-identity as a survival strategy" (Card 214). Thus, the Stockholm Syndrome played a huge part in her support of her SLA captors and her eventual pardon.
The Stockholm Syndrome makes absolute sense in that hostages are at the will of their captors, and to live, they must quickly adapt. An expert said of Heart's situation, "If the pressure is strong enough, people exposed to new environments and beliefs can actually change their entire perspective" (amsland 5). While some people do not believe the syndrome exists, it simply makes sense from many perspectives that it does. According to Aristotle's definition of free will, some people will sometimes do what they desire because they want to, rather than…...

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References

Campbell, James F., and Paul Pederson. Hostage: Terror and Triumph. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992.

Card, Claudia. The Atrocity Paradigm: A Theory of Evil. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Ramsland, Katherine. "The Claiming of Patty Hearst." Crimelibrary.com. 2005. 14 Nov. 2006. http://www.crimelibrary.com/classics4/hearst/

Crisis Negotiations
Ebert (1986) believes "there is absolutely no justification for preventing mental health professionals from participating in virtually all facets of hostage negotiation," (p. 580). As Hatcher, Mohandie, Turner & Gelles (1998) point out, most mental health professionals that do participate in any aspect of hostage negotiation do so "by invitation only in police-established hostage negotiation schools," (p. 461). With this training, the mental health professional is thus theoretically prepared to engage the perpetrator directly. However, the mental health professional is only prepared when the training provided is thorough and consistent, and in accordance with the parameters and goals of each crisis situation.

The pros of employing a psychologist as a primary negotiator are clear. Most significantly, the psychologist has expertise in human behavior and cognition and can apply that knowledge to making quick decisions. The psychologist can also provide post-traumatic stress intervention services to the hostage victims and members of…...

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References

Ebert, B.W. (1986). The mental health response team: An expanding role for psychologists. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 17, 6, 580-585.

Hatcher, C., Mohandie, K., Turner, J. & Gelles, M.G. (1998). The role of psychologists in crisis/hostage negotiations.Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 16, 455-472.

The presence of the web, which allows time-sensitive information to be blogged as it occurs, plus the dire nature of the threat tipped the scales in favor of not releasing the information. It was seen as akin to not releasing certain details about a victim, to enable the police to conduct a more effective investigation of what potential suspects did or did not know.
However, it must be remembered that the primary interest of the newspaper is to tell the truth, not to further a particular social objective, as defined by a government agency, whatever the agency's goals. In the case of the hostage-taking, individual officer's lives were at stake. However, it would not be ethical to refuse to release information about the treatment of inmates at the prison that lead to the riots, even if this information was inflammatory. The benefits of exposing such abuses are so great, when…...

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Works Cited

"FAQ about comments." The New York Times. December 13, 2009.

 http://www.nytimes.com/ref/membercenter/faq/comments.html 

"What do you think of The New York Times' decision to withhold information regarding reporter

David Rohde's kidnapping?" Women on the Web. June 28, 2009. December 13, 2009.

Traits That Define a Leader
Stunning: Strength in Patchett's Works

Upon initial examination, the worlds and lives inhabited by Roxanne Coss, a glamorous opera singer who finds herself trapped by terrorists in Latin America for month on end in Bel Canto, and by Rose, who abruptly moves to a remote location in Kentucky to give birth to a daughter at a home for unwed mothers in The Patron Saint of Liars, appear to be decidedly different. However, due in no small part to the fact that each of these works of literature is authored by Ann Patchett, there is an abundance of similarities between the constitution and the manifestation of fortitude that both of these women summon in situations that unquestioningly call for their respective assertion. The common theme in each book is that the female protagonist in both tales draws upon reserves of strength to allow her to surmount what could…...

Guests of the Nation
Frank O'Connor's writing frequently deals with the issues of everyday violence which people have to engage in, whether they want to or not. Some people commit crimes because they believe that they have no choice. Other people kill in the name of religion. One of the most universally acceptable reasons for widespread acts of murder is nationalism. Two political factions, if not more, fight against one another in order that their perspective becomes accepted by the other population. For soldiers, particularly those who are members of the lower infantry ranks, they are given orders which must be carried out. If a soldier is told to kill, then he must continue killing until he is given an order to stop. It is a fact that soldiers are ordered to kill other human beings for reasons which may not be clear to them, which they may not even agree…...

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Works Cited

Korner, S. (2008). Frank O'Connor's 'Guests of the Nation.' 21st Century Socialism.

O'Brien, E. (2007). Guests of a nation; geists of a nation. New Hibernia Review. 11(3). 114-30.

O'Connor, F. (1987). Guests of the nation. Poolbeg Press: Dublin, Ireland.

Renner, S. (1990). The theme of hidden powers: fate vs. human responsibility. Studies in Short