Hostage Negotiation
Keeping people as hostages has happened all through history. In the recent years, political events in Algeria, Kenya and Vietnam show examples of such terrible acts. Criminals, mentally challenged, prisoners are usually the people involved in hostage taking. Hostage crises have prevailed due to escalations of family member-on-member, family member-on-employee, intoxicated colleague, household dispute situations, disturbed client-on-employee and disturbed employee-on-client violence at workplace. Those involved in hostage taking activities involved in either properly assessed or quick responses to a situation. Professional criminals might involve a hostage being taken accidentally or due to a fight or flight panic response when the criminal activity is understood and interrupted, involving the criminals without a pre-decided plan of activity. The hostages are then held as a method of barter for escape. Inadequate personalities are people who are emotionally challenged people who might keep a hostage to obtain and maintain continued attention to them…...

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References

"Crisis Negotiation" (December, 2002) Retrieved from Accessed on 25 April, 2005http://fbilibrary.fbiacademy.edu/Templates/B=crisisnegotiation.htm

Duffy, James. E. (June, 1997) "Situation boards - hostage situations" The FBI Law Enfocement Bulletin. Retrieved from   Accessed on 25 April, 2005http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2194/is_n6_v66/ai_20213075/pg_2 

"Hostage Negotiation Study Guide" (2003) Retrieved from   Accessed on 25 April, 2005http://www.learning-for-life.org/exploring/lawenforcement/study/hostage.pdf 

Moll, Rob. (14 March, 2005) "Weblog: Is Ashley Smith's Hostage Story a Testimonial? More than a story of faith and hope, this hostage practiced the Sermon on the Mount" Christianity Today. Retrieved from   Accessed on 25 April, 2005http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2005/111/31.0.html 

Hostage Negotiations
Following the deadly aftermath/fallout from the Attica prison riot in New York State in 1971 -- and from the bloody terrorist attack during the 1972 Olympic Games in Germany -- there have been attempts to change the way in which authorities go about crisis negotiation. This paper discusses the responses that authorities have had to these crisis situations and outlines the steps that have been taken to improve the strategies that are needed when there is a crisis.

Attica -- what changes (if any) have been made in crisis negotiation?

ithout going into great detail regarding the causes of the insurrection at Attica Prison in 1971, it should be noted that the living conditions for many inmates at Attica were deplorable. Attica was a place where 2,200 men were jammed into a facility that was built for 1,600, according to "the smart negotiator." In the end, after the riot, hostage-taking, and…...

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Works Cited

Coutu, D.L. (2002). Negotiating Without a Net: A Conversation with the NYPD's Dominick J.

Misino. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved October 12, 2013, from  http://hbr.org .

The Smart Negotiator. (2013). Tag Archives: Attica Prison Riot / Setting a Precedent:

Comfortable Excuse. Retrieved October 12, 2013, from  http://thesmartnegotiator.wordpress.com .

Deception techniques & lying

There are situations in which lying or other deception techniques are used and are allowed as negotiation technique to save possible loss of life or to avert other such critical situations. Certain experts do not encourage the use of such techniques. Some say that lying or deception can only be used as last resort. The idea of using deception techniques if used regularly and randomly may damage the reputation of police and in case of future crisis, criminals would become wary of promises by the negotiators. "Psychologist Harvey Schlossberg warns: "Remember, tomorrow's hostage -taker is watching today's news report." Such a warning, especially from a prominent expert, reinforces the belief that maintaining credibility for future incidents is indeed of great importance" (urke, 1995). Therefore, it is suggested that the dealings and interaction of negotiators should be genuine and deception techniques should be avoided as much as possible…...

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Bibliography

Burke Jr. F. (1995). Lying during Crisis Negotiations: A Costly Means to Expedient Resolution. Vol. 14

Grabianowski, E. (n.d.). How Hostage Negotiation Works. Retrieved on Oct 3, 2005 at  http://science.howstuffworks.com/hostage-negotiation.htm 

Smith, A. (1993). Developing an Action Plan to Resolve Hostage Situations. Vol. 55, August

Zandt, C. (1993). Hostage Survival Strategies. Vol. 37. January

Hostage Negotiation
The 4th, 5th, and 6th amendments have had serious impacts on modern hostage negotiations and will be examined in this paper. Elements that are to be considered include promise making, incriminating statements, as well as the planting of listening devices. Graham vs. Connor, State vs. Sands, and Taylor vs. Watters, among others, are some of the court cases that will be used in this discussion. Again, the impact of these cases, as well as, three amendments on modern day hostage negotiations will be examined in this paper.

Impact of 4th, 5th, and 6th Amendments

Legal Issues Associated With Hostage Negotiations

The world of emergency mental health is full of crises, but few of these are ever as critical as hostage situations. In such occasions, lives are in danger and at risk of immediate death, and it is often at the hands of unstable, emotionally traumatized, and desperate individuals in a highly chaotic…...

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References

18 U.S. Code § 2511 - Interception and disclosure of wire, oral, or electronic communications prohibited. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2015, from  https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2511 

Blume, J. (1984). Deadly Force in Memphis: Tennessee v. Garner. Cumberland Law Review, 5(1). Retrieved April 22, 2015, from  http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/273/ 

Chhablani, S. (2009). Disentangling the Sixth Amendment. Journal of Constitutional Law,11(3). Retrieved April 21, 2015, from https://www.law.upenn.edu/journals/conlaw/articles/volume11/issue3/Chhablani11U.Pa.J.Const.L.487(2009).pdf

CITY OF CANTON, OHIO V. HARRIS. (2010, October 7). Retrieved April 21, 2015, from http://nccr.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=466:city-of-canton-ohio-v-harris

Crises Negotiations
The field of hostage negotiating did not develop on the front lines of police work, but, instead, in the broader political context, dealing specifically with the taking of hostages. In modern times, these events have been large-scale terrorist events, such as when terrorist took athletes hostage at the 1972 Munich Olympics. This helped hone the field of hostage negotiations, because of a belief that appropriate intervention and negotiation could yield results that save lives in the event of hostage scenarios. Of course, hostage taking, and, therefore, hostage negotiation is not a new phenomenon; people have been taking hostages for years. In fact, when one looks at how piracy worked, it becomes clear that in many instances pirates were taking and holding hostages in an effort to get ransom for them. Any kidnap-for-ransom scenario is a hostage scenario. This was so commonplace that different ranks of crewman had different set…...

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References

McMains, M. & Mullins, W. (2014). Crisis Negotiations, 5th Ed.. Waltham, MA: Anderson

Publishing.

Crisis Negotiations
There are numerous stages in a crisis scenarios. Crises can be seen as happening in stages that have different characteristics and require different skills to manage" (McMains & Mullins, 2010, p.25). These stages are: pre-crisis, crisis/defusing, adaptation/negotiation, and resolution/surrender (McMains & Mullins, 2010, p.25). Pre-crisis does not refer to a specific event, but to an organization prior to a crisis. It is characterized by practice, planning, and prevention by the negotiators and their support teams (McMains & Mullins, 2010, p.25). The crisis/defusing stage involves the recognition that there is a crisis and the negotiators attempts to deescalate the situation into one where there can be negotiation. It is during this time period that negotiators often assess whether a crisis is negotiable. They also assess the nature of the crisis: it is not considered a hostage scenario unless human life is at stake, even if the taker is threatening inanimate…...

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References

McMains, M.J. & Mullins, W.C. (2010). Crisis negotiations (4th ed). New Providence, NJ:

LexisNexis/Anderson.

The secondary negotiator is also responsible for maintaining a more detached perspective than the primary and helping the primary remain objective and uninvolved on a personal psychological level (Schmalleger, 2008; Wind, 1995).
One of the primary tools employed by hostage negotiators are information obtained about the underlying motives and psychological makeup of the hostage takers because that understanding enables them to structure their negotiating posture in the manner most conducive to achieving a positive outcome. Hostage negotiators also rely on the bidirectional effect of the Stockholm phenomenon, according to which a psychological connection develops between hostages and hostage takers. In the case of hostages, this is not particularly helpful to negotiators, but as it pertains to hostage takers, the Stockholm syndrome is very helpful because it often results in the development of empathy for the hostages which greatly facilitates a positive outcome (DeFabrique, omano, & VanHasselt, 2007).

Hostage negotiators also try…...

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References

Butler, W.M., Leitenberg, H., and G.D. Fuselier. "The Use of Mental Health Professional

Consultants to Police Hostage Negotiation Teams," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 11 (1993): 213-221.

DeFabrique, N., Romano, S.J., and VanHasselt, V.B. "Understanding Stockholm

Syndrome," FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, July 2007, 10-15.

Negotiation Crisis Team
The process of hostage and crisis negotiation is an event that involves a team, it is not something that can be performed by an individual and cannot be considered as a secondary activity. Such negotiations are meant to help in the management and/or resolution of very risky situations, and in most cases the situations are very tricky to deal with. The manner in which these situations present themselves often make it necessary to have specialized, explicit and compound knowledge backgrounds to be effectively handled. The effectiveness of such a process is very significant since the measure is through the loss of life avoided. The success or failure of such a team in the management and resolution of the situation is measured in terms of human lives saved or lost, this is why the team must be well composed. The knowledge and experience of each and every member of…...

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References

Bohl, N.K. (1992). Hostage negotiator stress, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 61(8):23-26

Butler, W.M. et al., (1993). The use of mental health professional consultants to police hostage negotiation teams. Behav Sci Law 11(2):213-221

Call, J. (2003). Negotiating crises: The evolution of hostage/barricade crisis negotiation. Journal of Threat Assessment, 2, 69-94.

Cooper, H. (1981). The hostage takers. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press.

Negotiation Strategy
Aspiring students wishing to learn the finer details of the art of negotiation would be well advised to investigate different negotiation situations that present different aspects of negotiation. These examples are even more relevant and beneficial when changing strategies occur during the negotiation, and, learning results with these experiences becomes evident and applicable to everyday situations. As an aspiring pharmaceutical sales representative, it is important for me to remember that this information demonstrated by those who have successfully negotiated through different and important experiences in their lifetime provide a useful and clear presentation of specific tactics and techniques that are important to employ during any particular negotiation or discussion in which I would be you are seeking to gain a competitive advantage.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze two different negotiations and their subsequent negotiation strategies and apply the learning points from these results to a successful sales…...

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Works Cited

Cantoria, C. (2011). Famous negotiaions: lessons for project managers. Retrieved  http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/106943.aspx 

Iran Hostage Crisis (n.d.). Retrieved April, 18, 2011, from website, history.com/pages/h2021.htmlhttp://www.u-s-

Negotiation Scene
The Rock, a 1996 thrilling, high paced movie release, directed by Michael Bay and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, demonstrated a series of intense and riveting scenes in which negotiation, and the negotiation process with accompanying successful attitudes, are played out in a violent and thrilling tale. Luckily for us, these negotiation scenes not only highlight the necessary skills and mind frames for successful marketing and business skills, but are also highly entertaining and artistically relevant. This suspenseful movie delivered high paced action scenes starring superstars Sean Connery, Nicholas Cage and Ed Harris. This movie artfully and demonstrably examined the use of negotiation skills in a high-stakes environment while simultaneously providing us with an opportunity to learn and understand the graceful and sometimes confusing task of information-based bargaining.

In order to fully understand and learn the useful applications presented in this film dealing with the techniques of information-based bargaining and the…...

Crisis Negotiations
Ebert (1986) believes "there is absolutely no justification for preventing mental health professionals from participating in virtually all facets of hostage negotiation," (p. 580). As Hatcher, Mohandie, Turner & Gelles (1998) point out, most mental health professionals that do participate in any aspect of hostage negotiation do so "by invitation only in police-established hostage negotiation schools," (p. 461). With this training, the mental health professional is thus theoretically prepared to engage the perpetrator directly. However, the mental health professional is only prepared when the training provided is thorough and consistent, and in accordance with the parameters and goals of each crisis situation.

The pros of employing a psychologist as a primary negotiator are clear. Most significantly, the psychologist has expertise in human behavior and cognition and can apply that knowledge to making quick decisions. The psychologist can also provide post-traumatic stress intervention services to the hostage victims and members of…...

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References

Ebert, B.W. (1986). The mental health response team: An expanding role for psychologists. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 17, 6, 580-585.

Hatcher, C., Mohandie, K., Turner, J. & Gelles, M.G. (1998). The role of psychologists in crisis/hostage negotiations.Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 16, 455-472.

Crisis Negotiations:
Crisis negotiation is a procedure used by law enforcement to communicate with individuals who are threatening violence. They include violence in the workplace, stalkers, barricaded subjects, individuals threatening suicide, and hostage takers. In the past several decades, the concept of crisis negotiations has been described as the most important development in police psychology and law enforcement. Actually, various law enforcement agencies have been using crisis negotiations techniques in response to kidnappings, critical incidents, hostage or barricade conditions, and personal crises. Based on recent trends, the use of crisis negotiations by law enforcement agencies have continued to grow since its inception in 1973. The main purpose of crisis negotiation is to develop rapport through establishing communication to gather intelligence regarding individuals' threat of violence.

Types of Situations that equire a Crisis Negotiator:

There are various types of situations that may require the use of crisis intervention procedures through a crisis negotiator.…...

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References:

Grabianowski, E. (n.d.). How Hostage Negotiation Works. Retrieved December 18, 2011, from  http://people.howstuffworks.com/hostage-negotiation2.htm 

Miller, L. (2005). Hostage Negotiation: Psychological Principles and Practices. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 7(4), 277-298. Retrieved from  http://www.psychceu.com/miller/Miller_Hostage_Neg.pdf 

Vecchi, G.M, Van Hasselt, V. & Romano, S.J. (2005). Crisis (Hostage) Negotiation: Current

Strategies and Issues in High-risk Conflict Resolution. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 533-551. Retrieved from  http://www.eisf.eu/resources/library/hostage_negotiation.pdf

Negotiation Process: How Attica and Lewis Changed the Nature of Negotiation
The historical events of the riot at Attica prison on Sept 9th, 1971 and the hostage situation in 2004 at Lewis State Prison (Arizona) led to a significant change in the application of crisis negotiation. The lessons learned from each event changed the art of crisis negotiation as a result. Understanding how this transformation came to be, it is essential to discuss the events that transpired.

The Attica prison revolt served as a "wake-up call" to administers of crisis negotiation (Strentz, 2012, p. 176). Lacking on this day were the necessary "experience" and "intelligence" of crisis negotiators, as well as the implementation of correct "command decisions," tactics, and techniques (Strentz, 2012, p. 176). The "art" of negotiation was unrefined, crude, "forceful," and disorganized (Brown, Campbell, 2010, p. 362). However, among the prisoners, there was the opposite: organization, rhetorical skill, and…...

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References

Brown, J., Campbell, E. (2010). The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology.

UK: Cambridge University Press.

McMains, M., Mullins, W. (2014). Crisis Negotiations. NY: Routledge.

Strentz, T. (2012). Psychological Aspects of Crisis Negotiation. FL: CRC Press.

Negotiation refers to the conversation between several parties with the aim of resolving their differences, reaching an understanding, gaining advantage, or designing outcomes that satisfy the interests of either party. Negotiation happens within government branches, businesses, and legal proceedings, non-profit organizations, and among nations. Drastic situations include personal situations like marriage, parenting, and divorce. The following study evaluates and describes the subject, theory and practice of negotiation (Fells, 2012). The essay takes considerable references to professional negotiators such as leverage buyout negotiators, union negotiators, hostage negotiators, peace negotiators, legislators, brokers, or diplomats.
Strategies

Negotiation takes various forms including trained negotiators acting for certain organizations or positions within formal settings and in informal negotiations such as between friends. Negotiation is contrasted through mediation for illustrations where neutral third parties listen to the arguments of each side and help in designing agreements between such parties. The action is comparable to arbitration, as it resembles…...

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References

Benoliel, M. (2011). Negotiation Excellence: Successful Deal Making. New York: World Scientific.

Cleary, P.J. (2000). The Negotiation Handbook. New York: M.E. Sharpe.

Cohen, H. (2007). You Can Negotiate Anything. New York: Jaico Publishing House.

Falcao, H. (2012). Value Negotiation: How to Finally Get the Win-Win Right. New York: FT Press.

Negotiation Skill
Negotiations

The 'negotiation' process, entailing conflicting parties' deliberation over the problem and arrival at a conclusion that works to all parties' advantage, constitutes a highly effective means of preventing tension and disputes. Disagreeing persons sit together, engage in open-forum problem discussion, bargain or negotiate, and arrive at a result satisfactory to every party. Successful communication leads to successful negotiation. Negotiations should be free from yelling and brawling; parties ought to peacefully exchange beliefs, views and feelings. Nobody can know one's ideas and feelings if one doesn't express them effectively before others. People's manner of speaking and non-verbal cues (gestures, posture, facial expression, etc.) contributes significantly to successful negotiations (MSG, 2016).

The UPS (United Parcel Service) Strike of 1996 Win-Lose Negotiation

American courier/messenger service business established in the year 1907, the UPS, is now the world's biggest courier, specialized transport and logistics firm. Its key corporate strategy was: largely recruiting youngsters seeking part-time…...

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References

Ciel, s. c. (2011, July 4). Negotiation Tips for Project Managers: Learning From Historic Cases. Retrieved from  http://www.brighthubpm.com/methods-strategies/106943-negotiation-tips-for-project-managers-learning-from-historic-cases/ 

Dolnik, A., & Pilch, R. (2003). The Moscow Theaterhostage Crisis: The Perpetrators, theirTactics, and the Russian Response. International Negotiation, 8, 577 -- 611.

Enock, K. (2006). Principles of negotiation and influencing. Retrieved from  http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/organisation-management/5a-understanding-itd/negotiating-influencing 

Ionescu, R. (2011, December 7). Influencing for Results. Retrieved from  http://www.negotiations.com/articles/negotiation-techniques/