Homeostasis can be maintained as long as there are no long-term changes in the physiological factors that directly influence it. A settling point is established when there is a balance between opposing forces. These points are capable of change and are likely to do so when the opposing forces alter their balance (Berridge, 2004).
The drive reduction theory also addresses the motivational drives to maintain homeostatic regulation. In this theory, a stressor that takes the form of a homeostatic emotion disrupts the internal balance and provokes a drive state in which a motivational drive to restore balance becomes priority (LaGraize et al., 2004). The drive is the internal tension that develops that motivates the organism to act in order to reduce the state of tension. In the case of hunger, hunger induces the motivational drive to locate and consume food in order to stop the feelings of hunger, replenish nutrients…...

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References

Berridge, K.B. (2004). Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience. Physiology & Behavior, 81, 179-209. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.02.004

LaGraize, S.C., Borzan, J., Rinker, M.M., Kopp, J.L., & Fuchs, P.N. (2004). Behavioral evidence for competing motivational drives of nociception and hunger. Neuroscience Letters, 371, 30-34. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.008.

Latteman, D.F. (2008). Endocrine links between food reward and caloric homeostasis. Appetite, 51, 452-455. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.06.007

Nutter, M., & Nestler, E.J. (2009). Homeostatic and hedonic signals interact in the regulation of food intake. The Journal of Nutrition, 629-632. doi: 10.3945/jn.108.097618.

The central nervous system is responsible for interpreting the signals sent by these organs, which are meant to reflect energy stores, the recent nutritional status of a person and other factors related to energy metabolism. Further the authors point out that parts of the central nervous system including sections of the hypothalamus then coordinate energy intake and expenditure. The authors suggest that manipulation of any of these components may be an avenue for obesity research. Like the previous researchers discussed, the authors suggest that the homeostasis of the body can be manipulated both intentionally and un-intentionally by individual's lifestyle and personal behaviors.
In fact all organs of the body work synergistically to promote homeostasis. As Westerterp, Plasqui & Goris (2005) note water is vital to energy homeostasis and is directly impacted by factors including physical activity and water loss due to temperature. The authors conducted a study of forty-two women…...

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References

Badman, MK & Flier, JS. (Mar-2005). "The gut and energy balance: visceral allies in the obesity wars." Science, 307(5717):1909-14

Cone, R.D. (2001). "Combating Fat." American Scientist, 89(6):565.

Schwartz, MW, Woods, SC, Seeley, RJ, Barsh, GS, Baskin, DG, Leibel, RL. (2003

Feb). "Is the energy homeostasis system inherently biased toward weight gain?" Diabetes. 52(2):232-8

Homeostasis may be defined as a self-regulating process whereby equilibrium is achieved between various organs or segments of an organic system, such as the human body. The term "homeostasis" was first coined in 1932 by American physiologist Walter Cannon (Freeman, n.d.), who observed that organisms have mechanisms in place to maintain a constant state of equilibrium or balance. The term has subsequently been utilized to describe this process of maintaining equilibrium in many different situations.
Homeostasis has also been formally defined by many scientists in different ways, perhaps most accurately as the "maintenance of a stable internal environment" whether in a cell or in the organism as a whole (MSNucleus, 2004). Homeostasis is in essence equivalent to a state of equilibrium. Much like balanced scales, homeostasis ensures that too much nor too little exists at any point in time within organisms. When a state of imbalance occurs, the scale tips unfavorably…...

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Bibliography

Brody, Debra J.; Dye, Bruce A.; Hirsch, Rosemarie. "The Relationship between Blood

Lead Levels and Periodontal Bone Loss in the United States." Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 110, 2002.

Columbia. "Sociology." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition." 2000.

Lerner, Michael. "Genetic Homeostasis." Wiley: New York, 1954.

Homeostasis: Sleep and Health
Sleep and Health

How Sleep Homeostasis Helps to Maintain Human Health

This booklet is designed to answer questions about how the human body's cycle of sleep and wakefulness, and to explain a few ways that sleep contributes to overall health.

The Sleep System

Sleep is governed by internal changes in the body that work together to produce healthy patterns of sleep. Over the course of our waking hours, our homeostatic sleep drive strengthens. The level of brain activity is associated with our patterns of sleep and wakefulness. Sleep theory suggests that adenosine is produced when active and alert brain cells use energy. Sleep drive and adenosine increase in concert during wakefulness, and the level of adenosine in the brain dissipates as the sleep drive lessens and we enter a stage of wakefulness. How deeply we sleep or the length of time that we sleep varies according to the quality and quantity…...

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References

Knutson, K.L. (2007, June). Impact of sleep and sleep loss on glucose homeostasis and appetite regulation. Sleep Medical Clinic, 2(2), 187-197. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2007.03.004.

Saper, C.B., Cano, G., & Scammell, T.E. (2005). Homeostatic, circadian, and emotional regulation of sleep. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 493, 92-98.

Thakkar, M. & Sahota, P. (2014). MU researchers find alcohol interferes with the body's ability to regulate sleep. Alcohol [not yet in print]. Retrieved from  http://medicine.missouri.edu/news/0250.php 

____. (2007, June). The drive to sleep and our internal clock. Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School. Retrieved from  http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/science/how/internal-clock

3)

A seed is really a small plant embryo, surrounded by a nutritional layer known as the endosperm, all of which is covered in a hard protective shell called the seed coating. Fertilization occurred; all that is needed is the proper environment to encourage the embryo to grow. When this occurs, the plant quickly sprouts, first producing stem and leaves for support and the gathering of water and nutrients, as well as the production of energy via photosynthesis.

Roots also grow, absorbing nutrients and moisture from the soil. Transfer of nutrients from the roots to the higher portions of the plant, as well as some transfer of energy from the photosynthesis occurring above the ground to the roots, is facilitated by certain cells within the stem of the plant. The production of flower petals and the plant's reproductive organs occurs last in the plant's life cycle; for some plants this step occurs…...

Function of Homeostasis in Human Biology
The preservation of stability or constant condition in a biological system by means of automatic mechanisms that work against influences leaning towards disequilibria is Homeostasis. (Homeostasis {hohm-ee-oh-stay'-sis}) Homeostasis is the capacity of the body to preserve relative constancy and work even when severe changes occur in the external environment or in one part of the body. (Homeostasis: Toxiocology Tutor III) This is one of the most basic theories in modern biology and this commenced in the 19th century when the French physiologist Claude Bernard observed the consistency of chemical composition and physical properties of blood and other body fluids. He asserted that this arrangement of the milieu interieur was vital for the life of higher organisms. The 20th century American physiologist Walter B. Cannon invented the word homeostasis and he developed and expanded the concept of self-regulating mechanisms in living systems. (Homeostasis {hohm-ee-oh-stay'-sis}) The word…...

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References

Body Functions and Life Process. Retrieved from   Accessed on 20 April, 2005http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit1_2_body_functions.html 

Homeostasis: Biology Daily. Retrieved from Accessed on 20 April, 2005http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Homeostasis

Homeostasis {hohm-ee-oh-stay'-sis} Penn Valley Community College. Retrieved from Accessed on 20 April, 2005http://www.kcmetro.cc.mo.us/pennvalley/biology/lewis/homeo.htm

Homeostasis. 20 June 2004. Retrieved from   Accessed on 20 April, 2005http://www.biologymad.com/master.html?http://www.biologymad.com/Homeostasis/Homeostasis.htm 

body and the function of Homeostasis
Define the process of homeostasis, then list and explain five homeostatic functions that our bodies perform.

According to Steve Nakoneshny, who quotes a definition from Thibodeau & Patton, homeostasis can be defined as "the relative constancy of the normal body's internal environment."

However, this definition is somewhat incomplete and we should mention the fact that homeostasis, even if generally used when referring to the human body, can also be applied to nature. In this case, it is referred to as ecological homeostasis. Second of all, we should reassert the fact that homeostasis is a condition and not a process, even if it is generally associated with the action.

In order to briefly explain the definition, we should remember the fact that, as any system, the human body has certain parameters between which it functions best. The moment any of these are surpassed, the body will naturally have…...

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Bibliography

1. The excretory system. On the Internet at http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookEXCRET.html

2. Nakineshny, Steve. Introduction to Physiology 1: Levels of Organization. 2004. On the Internet at http://www.eblaforum.org/library/biology/intphysio01.html

3. http://www.courseworkbank.co.uk/coursework/explain_is_meant_by_term_homeostasis_2472/

Nakineshny, Steve. Introduction to Physiology 1: Levels of Organization. 2004. On the Internet at http://www.eblaforum.org/library/biology/intphysio01.html

Homeostasis Defined Homeostasis, according to Nirmalan and Nirmalan (2017), is the propensity for living organisms to maintain relative stability in the internal environment. Homeostasis is made possible through the cooperation of several regulatory mechanisms and separate sub-systems which make up the normal physiology of a living organism (Nirmalan & Nirmalan, 2017). During critical illnesses internal or external stress can make an attempt at interfering with the self-regulation systems beyond what is considered as normal range in physiology. According to Palaparthi and Med (2017), the word homeostasis is derived from two Greek words i.e. ‘homeo’ (stands for similar) and ‘stasis’ (standing for stable). Homeostasis is the balance, equilibrium and the stability of the body or of the cell (Palaparthi & Med, 2017). Living organisms exhibit this character. The process of maintaining stability in the internal environment necessitates occasional internal adjustments as the environmental conditions continue to change outside and inside the cell.…...

Anatomy and Physiology of the Immune System and espiratory System and Their Associated DisordersThe human body is comprised of multiple important systems that keep people alive, including the immune and respiratory systems. These two systems in particular have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to their vulnerability to infections by the Covid-19 virus (Iwasaki & Wong, 2021), but there are a host of other disorders that adversely affect these systems as well. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the immune and respiratory systems and the respective physiologies of these two systems. In addition, the paper presents a description of the physiology of these two systems and some of the most common disorders that are associated with them, is followed by an integrative discussion concerning how these systems interact with each other and how they are dependent on each other for proper…...

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ReferencesFusina, F., Albani, F., Crisci, S., Morandi, A., Tansini, F., Beschi, R., Rosano, A., & Natalini, G. (2022). Respiratory system compliance at the same PEEP level is similar in COVID and non-COVID ARDS. Respiratory Research, 23(1), 1–8.Hawkins, C. (2018). Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Other Respiratory Disorders. National Highlights Inc.Immune system. (2022). U.S. National Institute of Health. Retrieved from hiv.gov/.Iwasaki, A., & Wong, P. (2021). The Immune Havoc of COVID-19. Scientific American, 324(1), 34–41.López Plaza, B., & Bermejo López, L. M. (2017). Nutrition and immune system disorders. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 34(Suppl 4), 68–71.McRobbie, H., & Kwan, B. (2021). Tobacco use disorder and the lungs. Addiction, 116(9), 2559–2571.Organs of the immune system. (2022). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279395/ .Pettiford, R. (2020). The Respiratory System. Bellwether Media.The Respiratory System. (1997). Monkeyshines on Health & Science, 24–26Robles, T. F. (2021). Annual Research Review: Social relationships and the immune system during development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 62(5), 539–559. https://doi-Sherman, R. (2018). Allergies and Other Immune System Disorders. National Highlights Inc.Valliant, A. A., Sabir, S. & Jan, A. (2021, September 28). Physiology, immune response. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.https://clinicalinfo.

S. Congress that the prospects of stem cell research were so vast that it could touch all the realm of medicine (Connor 2000). An unlimited source of embryonic stem cells will solve the problem of shortage of transplants. Embryonic stem cells will save lives by curing generative diseases of the brain, hepatitis, diabetes, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis and diseases of the heart and kidneys. ut current laws restrict the use of stems cells on embryos less than 14 days old and for correcting fertility, reproduction or congenital disorders. The restriction is grounded in the belief that the embryo is a potential human being from the moment of conception. It thus possesses a soul and a dignity just like any other viable person (Connor). Previous scientific research presented evidence that genetically engineering cells could partly repair a defective immune system (Travis 2002). Two new studies bolstered this…...

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Bibliography

Bauer, D.G. (2005). Review of the endocrine system. MedSurg Nursing: Jannetti Publications, Inc.

Connor, S. (2000). Science: the miracle cure with a catch. The London Independent: Newspaper Publishing PLC

Degen. D (2008). Body organization and homeostasis. 1 page. Bones, Muscles and Skin. Pearson Education, Inc.: Pearson Prentice Hall

Farabee, M.J. (2006). Animal organ systems and homeostasis. 18 web pages. Estrella Mountain Community College. Retrieved on February 1, 2006 at http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookMUSSKEL.html

When DNA is damaged, cells can react through cell cycle checkpoints which allows repair to begin before further division can occur. There is also the prokaryotic SOS response which changes gene expression in bacteria as a result of DNA damage. This response is regulated by the production of certain proteins. Moreover, eukaryotic cells also react to DNA damage through producing proteins that begin the process of DNA repair.
8. Mice are often the favored mammalian in the testing of aging interventions. This is often because of the fact that there are many mice easily available for testing but also the fact that "generation time is short" (Yuan et al. 2011). Essentially, the aging process and testing in interventions can be done on a much shorter time scale then with tests using monkeys.

9. Enzymes may change the transcription patterns of a cell by adding chemical groups to histone proteins. This process…...

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References

Books. W.R. Clark. (2009). Human genetic diseases that mimic the aging process. Progeria? The Progeria Project Foundation. Web. http://www.progeriaproject.com/progeria/mimic.htm

Conboy, I.M., Conboy, M.J., Wagers, a.J., Girma, E.R., Weissman, I.L., & Rando, T.A. (2005). Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment. Nature, 17(433), 760-764.

Conti, Matteo. (2008). The Selfish Cell: An Evolutionary Defeat. Springer Publishing.

McClintock, D., Ratner, D., Lokuge, M. (2007). The mutant form of Lamin a that causes Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria is a biomarker of cellular aging in human skin. PLOS One, 2(2). Web.  http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001269

Nurse Speech to Group of esidents in a Large Independent Living Facility
The information addressed today in this speech are those involving the body's regulation of the correct numbers and ratios of blood cells and how blood pressure homeostasis is achieved as well as age-related changes to the heart including coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction.

Homeostatis and the Body's Balancing Act

The work of Vikrant and Tiwan (nd) report that studies on the population indicate that blood pressure is a continuous variable and there is really not a line that divides normal and abnormal values. However, there is a point of balance also called internal equilibrium and this is known as homeostasis. This state of balance describes how the human body reacts to certain changes. This can be viewed by picturing a set of scales in which coins are poured in unevenly with one side heavier than the other.…...

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References

Vikrant, S. And Tiwan, SC (nd) Essential Hypertension -- Pathogenesis and Path physiology. Retrieved from: http://medind.nic.in/jac/t01/i3/jact01i3p140.pdf

Multisystem Failure in a Geriatric Patient
Multisystem Failure in a Geriatric

eflect on your analysis of the geriatric patient in multisystem failure by doing the following:

Explain key immediate assessments you should make that would help assess the patient's homeostasis, oxygenation, and level of pain.

There are various diagnoses undertaken in assessing the patient's homeostasis, oxygenation, and level of pain. The immediate objective that nurses prioritize on is checking the patient's vital symptoms. Vital symptoms form the baseline of the assessment by providing significant information that illustrates whether the most essential organs function as required.

The assessment may involve checking the health status of the patient in the laboratory (Kane, 2004). In the laboratory, there is an assessment of the patient's capillary tube, urine test and blood pressure. When there is simultaneous malfunctioning of the body organs, nurses refer to this condition as multiple organ dysfunction (MODs).

Multiple organ dysfunction is a condition that alters the…...

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References

Esteban, A., Anzueto, A., Frutos-Vivar, F., Alia, I., Ely, E.W., Brochard, L., et al. (2004).

Outcome of older patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care

Medicine, 30(4), 639 -- 646. Evidence Level IV: Nonexperimental Study.

Happ, M.B., Baumann, B.M., Sawicki, J., Tate, J.A., George, E.L., & Barnato, A.E. (2010).

The blood in which we are traveling in is composed of red blood cells called hemoglobin, plasma, platelets, and white blood cells. Blood is transported through the body by the heart's pumping action. As we continue, we will enter the hepatic portal vein, which delivers blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver, into the ascending aorta, up towards the heart. As we approach the heart, it's pumping will pull us up into its chambers and through to the lungs where we will get oxygen and continue our journey to the kidneys. As we return to the heart, we will pass through the aortic arch and descend through the thoracic aorta continuing past the descending abdominal aorta until we reach the renal artery. We will make a left turn and pass through the glomeruli through the kidney's tubules and conclude this phase of our journey into the left kidney.
The…...

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Reference List:

Thibodeau, G. (1992). Structure and Function of the Body. Chicago: Mosby Year Book.

Homeostasis is the goal promoted by both positive and negative
feedback mechanisms. This is the principle which indicates that there is a
balance in autonomic life functions which the body attempts always to
maintain. This refers to such features as body temperature, heart rate,
respiration and the powering of vital organs. When stimuli create a
divergence from this status, the body will activate a set of responses
designed to regulate a return to balance.

4. In anatomical position, how many planes can be described and what
are their names?
There are three major anatomical planes, which are used to refer to
different ways of addressing the body and its systems. The anatomical
planes include the Coronal Plane, which refers to the frontal surface of
the body from head to foot. The Sagittal Plan refers to the surface which
might be viewed from a profile, indicating a lateral perspective on the
body. The Axial Plane considers the body by way of an imagined flat
surface that…...

Introductory Science Essay Topics for Beginners

Biology

The Role of Photosynthesis in the Food Chain: Explore the fundamental process by which plants convert sunlight into energy and its critical importance for all life on Earth.
Evolution and Natural Selection: Examine the theory of evolution, including the mechanisms of genetic variation and how it drives the diversification of species.
The Human Body and Homeostasis: Investigate the complex systems and processes that maintain stability and balance within the human body.

Chemistry

The Structure and Properties of Matter: Describe the basic components of matter (atoms, elements, molecules) and their arrangements in solids, liquids, and gases.
....

1. The Structure and Function of Cell Organelles
2. Cell Division: Mitosis vs. Meiosis
3. The Role of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine
4. The Impact of Genetics on Cellular Function
5. The Importance of Cell Communication and Signaling
6. Cellular Respiration: How Cells Produce Energy
7. The Role of Cell Membranes in Maintaining Homeostasis
8. The Connection Between Cancer and Abnormal Cell Growth
9. Cellular Adaptations to Environmental Stress
10. The Evolution of Cells: From Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes.
11. The Role of Epigenetics in Cellular Differentiation and Development
12. Cell Aging: The Effects of Telomeres and Cellular Senescence
13. The Impact of Environmental Toxins on Cell Health and Function
14. The Relationship....

Cellular Structure and Function

1. The Cell Theory: A Cornerstone of Biology
- Trace the history and contributions of cell theory pioneers like Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
- Discuss the key tenets of cell theory and their implications for understanding the structure and function of life.

2. The Diversity of Cell Types: From Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes
- Describe the structural and functional differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Explore the specialized cell types found in multicellular organisms, including plant and animal cells.

3. Cellular Membranes: Gatekeepers of Life
- Explain the structure and composition of cell membranes.
- Discuss the functions of....

## Systemic Formulation in Family Therapy

Systemic formulation is a therapeutic approach that focuses on understanding the complex interactions and patterns within a family system to facilitate change. Clinical psychologists utilize systemic formulation in therapy sessions to gain a comprehensive understanding of family dynamics and address the challenges they present.

### Key Concepts of Systemic Formulation

Systemic Perspective: Families are viewed as interconnected systems where the behaviors and emotions of one member influence and are influenced by the others.
Circular Causality: Problems are seen as stemming from dynamic interactions within the system, rather than linear cause-and-effect chains.
Homeostasis: Families maintain a state....