A person infected with HIV is able to transmit the virus to others at any time, as it is impossible to totally rid the body of the virus. There is currently no cure for HIV. Drugs used to treat HIV may be able to decrease the number of the virus by 99.9%, but they are unable to get rid of it completely. Even though it is less likely, with a low number of the virus it is still possible to transmit HIV to others. For this reason, those already infected with HIV should take measures to prevent spreading the disease to others (Bartlett and Finkbeiner 3).

Individuals infected with HIV should follow all prevention measures listed above. These individuals should also notify anyone they may have exposed to HIV. This way, anyone who may have been exposed to HIV can get tested for it. Notifying those who may have been exposed…...

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Works Cited

Bartlett, John G., and Ann K. Finkbeiner. The Guide to Living with HIV Infection. 5th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.

Campos-Outcalt, Doug. "HIV Prevention Enters a New Era." Journal of Family Practice July 2004: 563-565.

Gibney, Laura, Ralph J. DiClemente, and Sten H. Vermund. Preventing HIV in Developing Countries. New York: Plenum Press, 2003.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control. "What Does Loving Responsibly Mean? Dec. 2004http://www.prevent-hiv.com/6

HIV Prevention
Cultural Change

Typically, culture is defined as a unique way of life that is both shared and developed by a group of people that is passed down from generation to generation and provides a framework that organizes society. While there are differing cultural formations, and these formations depend on a number of complex elements, there are also several similarities that allow a greater "macro" human culture, and various levels of understanding between cultures that share a number of characteristics that make us human. Among these are language, regional differences and adaptions to the environment, religious or spiritual beliefs, and political systems. Indeed, not all cultural groups share all elements of culture; and in larger cultural groups there are also smaller, micro-groups. Individuals may be part of more than one cultural group, and may also separate themselves based on either cultural similarities as well as cultural differences (Ferraro, 2008). Indeed, a…...

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REFERENCES

Ferraro, G. (2008). Cultural Anthropology. Belmont, CA: Thompson Higher

Education/Cenage.

Gudykunst, W.B., ed. (2003). Cross-cultural and Intercultural Communication.

Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Local HIV Prevention
HIV and Government Responsibility

HIV is a public health concern that has existed since the 1970's in the United States (Colorado Department of Public Health, 2010). As in other places in the world, containment and control over the spread of the disease has been a primary concern to both the federal, state, and local governments. In the United States, the trends for prevention and control of the disease have rested primarily on educating the public about the disease, reporting those with the disease through a federal database, testing all donated blood, and emphasizing consistent testing of various at risk groups within the population.

The first area where health officials are preventing the HIV epidemic is through public education. On the state and local levels, schools are required to educate adolescents on the risk of contracting HIV and the common risk factors (Colorado Department of Public Health). Additionally, many states…...

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Works Cited

Colorado Department of Public Health. Rules and regulations pertaining to reporting, prevention and control of AIDS, HIV related illness and HIV infection. 14 April 2010.

Herek, Gregory. AIDS and Stigma. American Behavioral Scientist, 42(7), 1106-1116.

Lin, Laura, MBA, JD, and Bryan A. Liang, MD, PhD, JD (2005). HIV and Health Law: Striking the Balance between Legal Mandates and Medical Ethics. American Medical Assocation, 7(10).

Additionally, it should be noted that there was a significant statistical increase in the transmission of HIV when the mother was an illicit drug user.
Though some will believe these suggestions to be inappropriate, they are imperative if HIV is ever to be eradicated. Also, if it is possible to eliminate the transfer of HIV to a child born of an HIV positive mother, then every possible action should be required. It is the requirement which will be offensive to some. However, since this study proves, beyond a doubt, that early detection greatly reduces transmission, all pregnant women should be required to undergo testing for HIV. It is only by doing so, that the safety of the baby can be ensured through the implementation of the three-arm therapy if it turns out that the mother is indeed HIV positive.

Obviously, this mandatory testing will not be effective for those mothers who…...

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References

Peters, V., Liu, K., Robinson, L, Dominguez, K., Abrams, E., Gill, B., & Thomas, P. (2008).

Trends in perinatal HIV prevention in New York City, 1994-2003. American Journal of Public Health, 98(10), 1857-1864.

EACTION PAPE eaction PaperPart 1The research article selected for this paper was titled, Acceptability of a Just-in-Time Adaptive Intervention for HIV Prevention among Youth Experiencing Homelessness: A Qualitative Analysis. In this particular article, Acorda, Jones, and Maria (2021) seek to assess both the impact and acceptableness of interventions that embrace technology in efforts to attenuate or reduce the risks of contracting HIV among youths experiencing homelessness (YEH). More specifically, the authors seek to evaluate the acceptability and impacts of an app-based just-in-time adaptive intervention for HIV prevention from the YEH perspective.The model used in the development of the intervention was the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) approach. The model has been used in diverse contexts in efforts to highlight or pinpoint behavioral change determinants. According to the authors of the present study, the model posits that individuals need relevant health information, motivation, and behavioral skills in order to initiate and maintain health…...

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ReferencesAcorda, D.E., Jones, J.T. & Maria, D.S. (2021). Acceptability of a Just-in-Time Adaptive Intervention for HIV Prevention among Youth Experiencing Homelessness: A Qualitative Analysis. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 32(2), 25-42.   https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2021.0049 

To understand how communities attitude about the disease contributes to the spread of the disease

To determine which measures need to be taken to educate women of color concerning the seriousness of the disease.

Aims

The proposed study is to add to the bevy of research which suggests that there are social, medical and communal reasons why women of color are at a greater risk of becoming infected with the AIDS virus. Additionally, the proposed study aims to investigate programs that have successfully decreased the rate at which women of color contract the AIDS virus. The research will also aim to assist practitioners as they attempt to treat women of color and prevent the spread of the disease.

An outline of chapters

Introduction

Purpose

Statement of Problem

esearch Questions

Conceptual Framework

Definitions

Literature eview

Prevalence of HIV / AIDS in the African-American Community

Prevalence of HIV / AIDS in the Hispanic Community

Programs that have reduced the spread of HIV / AIDS in minority…...

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References

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001364647 

Hines, a.M., & Graves, K.L. (1998). AIDS Protection and Contraception among African-American, Hispanic and White Women. Health and Social Work, 23(3), 186+.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=93833766 

Lather, P., & Smithies, C. (1997). Troubling the Angels: Women Living with HIV / AIDS. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001147932 

Ortiz-Torres, B., Serrano-Garcia, I., & Torres-Burgos, N. (2000). Subverting Culture: Promoting HIV / AIDS Prevention among Puerto Rican and Dominican Women. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28(6), 859.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001918917

What they found was that religiosity played a significant role in predicting the level of religious stigma, which led to beliefs that HIV/ADIS might be a curse or punishment from God (Muturi & an, 2010). This leads to the conclusion that faith-based organizations could play an important role in HIV / AIDS prevention and treatment in the community.
Anyone familiar with HIV research is aware of the high correlation between drug using populations and HIV infection, because addicts engage in practices like needle sharing and are more likely to engage in unprotected sex with unknown partners. Therefore, one would expect that HIV prevalence would be higher among African-American women in detoxification than in other groups given that the prevalence is higher in the regular population. What they found was that whites and Hispanics had higher levels of total HIV risk scores and risky injection use scores than African-Americans (Wu et…...

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References

Hendree, E.J., Berkman, N.D., Kline, T.L., Ellerson, R.M., Browne, F.A., Poulton, W.,

Wechsberg, W. (2011). Int J. Pediatr: 389285. doi:10.1155/2011/389285

Inungu, J., Lewis, a., Mustafa, Y., Wood, J., O'Brien, S., & Verdun, D. (2011). HIV testing among adolescents and youth in the United States: Update from the 2009 behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Open AIDS J, 5, 80-85. doi:10.2174/1874613601105010080

Muturi, N., & an, S. (2010). HIV / AIDS stigma and religiosity among African-American women. J Health Commun., 15(4), 388-401.

HIV / AIDS on African-American Community in U.S.
Certain diseases occur more frequently within certain communities or ethnic groups. In part, this can be connected to genetics, heritage, environment, or the habits of a given cultural or ethnic group. This phenomenon is no different with HIV / AIDS, an illness which has been aggravated in the African-American community. HIV stands for the human immunodeficiency virus, a virus which can eventually turn into AIDS, also known as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV / AIDS is believed to have come from a chimpanzee in West Africa: "They believe that the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus (called simian immunodeficiency virus, or SIV) most likely was transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood. Studies show that HIV may have jumped from apes to humans as far back as…...

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References

Cdc.gov. (2013, May 29). What is HIV? Retrieved from cdc.gov:  http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html 

Impact-dc.com. (2010). A State of Emergency. Retrieved from Impact-dc.com: http://www.impact-dc.com/a-state-of-emergency-hivaids-impact-in-the-african-american-community/

Gelaude, D.J., Sovine, M.L., & Sawxyer, M. (2013). Hiv prevention programs delivered by community-based organizations to young transgender persons of color:

Lessons learned to improve future program implementation. International Journal

The second session had camera instruction. The third session had each participant given a camera and they were instructed to "(t)ake pictures of the challenges and solution in addressing HIV and AIDS" (Mitchell et al., 2005). The fourth session saw the photos developed and asked small groups to compare and contrast their pictures by creating posters. The authors draw on previous research on photo-voice techniques, as well as memory and photography and self-representation through photography.

In the end, the authors' qualitative research concluded that although many projects use photography to give voice to participants, it is especially significant in the giving a voice to community health workers and teachers in rural South African communities. In these remote areas, the communities do not have to wait for researchers to provide them answers, instead they are able to take action themselves and give a visible face to the HIV and AIDS plight (Mitchell…...

Healthy People 2020' initiative (HP2020) greatly emphasizes social health determinants, health inequity factors, and income and educational goals. Further, it adopts a broader perspective of the health effects of natural and manmade environments. The National Prevention and Health Promotion Council, by building on this initiative, offers a new means to implement a government-wide 'health in every policy' approach. Several NPS (National Prevention Strategy) interventions will extend across sectors and departments, influencing various health results (Fielding, Teutsch, & Koh, 2012). Numerous HIV / AIDS-linked clinical characteristics may be attributed to the intense immune deficiency developing among infected individuals. Immune system breakdown by the human immune virus causes opportunistic infection, and greater vulnerability to malignancy and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, there may be HIV-connected disease manifestations; for instance, in the course of the primary ailment surfacing within a few weeks after the individual's first HIV exposure, clinical signs are seen in about half…...

Public Infrastructure and the Status of World Health for Hiv / Aids Treatment
The HIV / AIDS epidemic began as a regional problem but gradually became a global public health issue by the closing decade of the 20th century (Powers, 2016). The same forces that have driven globalization are believed to account for this growth in HIV / AIDS cases, and researchers have since termed the epidemic as "a disease of the global system" (Powers, 2016, p. 239). This paper reviews the relevant peer-reviewed literature as well as nongovernmental organizational resources to evaluate the adequacy of the public infrastructure developed in response to this global problem and a discussion concerning the most important needs in shaping and sustaining the infrastructure for dealing with this public health problem. Finally, a series of recommended changes are followed by a summary of the research and important findings concerning the HIV / AIDS global epidemic…...

In this regard, Hackl and her colleagues emphasize, "Women who share their HIV or AIDS diagnosis with family or friends risk stigmatization (including reactions of fear, shock, and blame), isolation (as a result of others' fears of casual transmission and the possibility of desertion), and potential loss of self-esteem (lack of confidence and self-blame)" (p. 53).
The alternative to sharing their diagnosis is also not viable: "Keeping the diagnosis of HIV a secret may hinder a woman's ability to develop effective coping strategies and leave her vulnerable to fear, anger, and depression. These problems may worsen as the progression of HIV disease creates significant changes in behavior, attitudes, and physical appearance" (Hackl et al., p. 54). As osenberg emphasizes, though, "Medical experts know that those who get tested and counseled reduce risky sexual behaviors. Treatment also reduces the stigma of AIDS. One of the biggest reasons people don't change their…...

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References

Blumberg, S.J., Osborn, M.L., Larry, C. & Olson, L. (2003). The impact of touch-tone data entry on reports of HIV and STD risk behaviors in telephone interviews. The Journal of Sex Research, 40(2), 121.

Hak-Su, K. (2004, March-May). Why we must defeat HIV / AIDS. UN Chronicle, 41(1), 51.

Hackl, K.L., Somlai, a.M., Kelly, J.A. & Kalichman, S.C. (1997). Women living with HIV / AIDS: The dual challenge of being a patient and caregiver. Health and Social Work, 22(1), 53.

HIV / AIDS and women. (2008). U.S. Centers for Disease Control. [Online]. Available:  http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/women/index.htm .

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Description of the communicable disease

Infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has become a global epidemic. It causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The major causal sources of this communicable disease are through semen, blood, breast milk of infected mothers, and vaginal fluid. In addition, the virus can be found in sweat, saliva, and also tears; however, in the latter cases, generally not in sufficient amounts to cause spreading of the virus to another individual. The main common means of being infected with HIV are through having unprotected sex and through sharing of needles. HIV may be transferred through unprotected heterosexual or homosexual anal, vaginal, and perhaps oral sex. Even though the risk of infection is minimal with oral sex, there remains the same imperative to use protection such as a condom in the course of oral sex. Due to new treatments, the risk of spreading…...

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References

Aids.gov. (2015). Global HIV / AIDS Organizations. Retrieved 19 May 2014 from:  https://www.aids.gov/federal-resources/around-the-world/global-hiv-aids-organizations/ 

Body and Health Canada. (2015). HIV / AIDS. Retrieved 19 May 2014 from:  http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/channel_condition_info_details.asp?channel_id=1020&relation_id=70907&disease_id=1&page_no=2 

Cabieses Valdes, B.B. (2011). The living conditions and health status of international immigrants in Chile: Comparisons among international immigrants, and between them and the Chilean-born.

CDC. (2012). CDC Global Health Strategy 2012 -- 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2014 from:  http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/strategy/pdf/CDC-GlobalHealthStrategy.pdf

AIDS and Politics in African
Aside from Malaria and other life threatening diseases, AIDS constitutes one of the major concerns within the African continent. One of the reasons behind this concern is the fact that HIV / AIDS is responsible for causing many deaths in this part of the world. ith close to 70% of people living with HIV / AIDS in the entire globe coming from Africa, the magnitude of the problem in the continent cannot be overemphasized (UNAIDS 1). Political participation in matters as serious as this cannot go without being noticed. Politics in Africa is part of the HIV / AIDS epidermis and plays a role not only in the prevention of the diseases but also in its causes among other dynamics. The politics of Aids however is not limited to government and political entities and neither does it emanate from Africa alone. The participation of such bodies…...

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Works Cited

Akukwe, Chinua, HIV / AIDS in Africa: Politics, Policies, Programs and Logistics, Atlanta, GA: the Perspective, 2003

Cook, Nicholas, AIDS in Africa, Congressional Research Service, 2008, Accessed April 30, 2012,  http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33584.pdf 

Fassin, Didier & Schneider, Helen, the Politics of AIDS in South Africa: Beyond the Controversies, South Africa: BMJ Publishing Group, 2003

Goliber Thomas, Africa's Political Response to HIV / AIDS, Washington D.C: Population Reference Bureau, 2012

ADS in South Africa
Those of us living in the United States became used to the face of ADS a generation ago. We learned to recognize the particular gauntness that characterized those who had been struck by it, and who would soon be taken away by it. And then, after years of people dying from this disease, we learned that people who had this terrible disease could be healed; not cured, for they still contained the viruses within their bodies, but they could live lives that were happy and meaningful - and long. The terror of ADS subsided, becoming one of only many of the perils of modern life rather than one of the predominant ones.

But the trajectory of ADS in South Africa (as well as in other parts of the developing world, has been very different. Even in the first years of the disease the manifestations of it tended to…...

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In already unstable societies, this cocktail of disasters is a sure recipe for more conflict. And conflict, in turn, provides fertile ground for further infections (http://www.nkosi.iafrica.com/aids_sa/).

AIDS is both the enemy in South Africa and a potential aid to other enemies. One of the reasons that AIDS has been successfully fought in the United States and Europe is the wealth of these nations; this has certainly been their primary advantage. But they have also benefited in the fight against AIDS from a high degree of social stability; public health measures can only be effective when used in a stable society.

One of the terrible ironies of AIDS in South Africa is that the nation does not have strong enough social structures to allow (at least so far) for the necessary public health measures to be taken. And as AIDS takes a greater and greater toll, the necessary social structures will only become weaker and weaker.

Upholding Ethical Standards in the Treatment of AIDS Patients
Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in upholding ethical standards in the treatment of AIDS patients. By adhering to ethical guidelines, healthcare professionals can provide comprehensive and compassionate care, protect patient rights, and promote the well-being of both patients and the community.
Confidentiality and Privacy:
Maintaining patient confidentiality is paramount. Healthcare professionals must respect the privacy of patients by not disclosing any sensitive information without their consent, except as required by law. This includes protecting electronic health records, test results, and communications with patients.
Non-Discrimination:
Healthcare professionals must treat all patients with dignity and respect, regardless....