C. Only fragments of these works, which include two letters and four speeches, survive (Sallust).
In the Preface to the Second Impression, John C. Rolfe (May 15, 1928) purports:

The part of the Introduction dealing with the manuscripts has been re-written in the light of the new classification of Axel . Ahlberg (Prolegomena in Sallustium, Gteborg, 1911), which was followed by him in his Teubner text (Leipzig, 1919) and, except in some minor details, by B. Ornstein in the Bude Salluste (Paris, 1924); and the critical notes have been made to conform to that classification. Some changes have been made also in the section on the "pseudo-Sallustian" works, to which a good deal of attention has been devoted during the past decade. Finally, some errors have been corrected and a few additions made to the bibliography. (Thayer)

The story of Catiline's revolt, Thayer reports, proves interesting to students of Roman history previewing Caesar's…...

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Works Cited

Bonta, Steve. "Cicero, Catiline, and Conspiracy: Vying for Control, Lucius Catiline Conspired to Become Rome's Monarch, While Cicero Worked to Expose and Thwart His Plans and Keep Rome's Republic Alive," the New American 13 Dec. 2004, Questia, 25 Feb. 2009  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008426347 .

Lessons of Rome: The Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic Provides Lessons that Hint at Flaws in Modern Political Policies," the New American 21 Feb. 2005, Questia, 25 Feb. 2009  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008754603 .

Boyd, Barbara Weiden. "Conspiracy Narratives in Roman History," CLIO 36.3 (2007), Questia, 25 Feb. 2009  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5023230375 .

Holland, Tom. "What Bush Can Learn from the Romans: A Republic Founded on High Ideals of Liberty Becomes a Great World Power and Then Drifts into Empire. Sounds Familiar? It All Happened 2,000 Years Ago," New Statesman 25 Aug. 2003, Questia, 25 Feb. 2009  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002018579 .

These gang-related activities had a negative effect on the very industries on which Macau depended for much of its economic activity, and tourism dropped by almost 10% in 1998 (Kurtlantzick 1). A Macanese resident summed up the situation thusly: "I still won't walk around at night . . . And every sound makes me think of a gunshot" (quoted in Kurtlanzick at 1). In an interview with Macao's present and last Portuguese governor, Rocha Vieira, Borton also emphasizes the deleterious impact that gambling had on Macau. In this regard, Governor Vieira noted that, "For too long, Macao has been promoted through casinos, gambling and nightlife, which are associated with negative things such as loan sharks, prostitutes and triads, so we are trying to diversify" (quoted in Borton at 15). At the time, the governor, though, also stressed that gambling was not the only source of organized crime prior to…...

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Works Cited

About Macau. (2011). Official Website of the Macau Government. [online] available: http://

www.macautourism.gov.mo/en/info/info.php.

Adams, James R. (1998, May). "The Once and Future Scandal." The American Spectator 31(5):

42-43.

Scott paints a vivid picture of the social history of the area; lack of lumber for support, lack of trained people to help with the safety issues and a lack of understanding their new regime. Scott also describes what we know now as the Soviet double standard; the propaganda of healthy workers building a socialist paradise coupled with the reality of millions dying of cold and hunger. However, Scott is valuable in showing us that through tenacity and a rather callous disregard of human life, Stalin's push did indeed take a behind the times 19th Century regime and place them fully in the sights Europe by the early 1930s.
Conclusion -- the Historical Detective -- Why History Matters- What is history and why is it important? History is the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future (Wordsearch 2010). History…...

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References

Bentley, M. Modern Historiography: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 1999.

Furay, C., and M. Salevouris. The Methods and Skills of History: A Practical Guide. New York: Harlan Davidson. 2003.

Haynes, J. And H. Klehr. Verona: Decoding Soviety Espionage in America. New Haven, CT:

McCormick, J. George Santayana: A Biography. New York: Transaction Books, 2003.

Historiography of the Cold War
Why and how the Cold War ended became the question of the day after the erlin Wall came down in 1989. To people whose lives had long been circumscribed, if not terrified, by Cold War-related events, the remarkable disintegration of the Soviet Union, the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, and the reunification of Germany signified the end of one era and the beginning of another. Any explanations for the demise of the Cold War depended, of course, upon answers to another fundamental question: Why and how did the Cold War begin?

The fact that for fifty years histories of the Cold War were written from within that war, it has been argued, made perspective hard to achieve. In the post-Cold-War era, it has been possible for the first time to 'step outside' the object of study itself and view the half-century of confrontation between East…...

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Bibliography

Ball, Simon J., The Cold War: An International History, 1947-1991 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).

Davis, Nigel, 'Rethinking the Role of Ideology in International Politics During the Cold War', Journal of Cold War Studies 1, 1 (1999).

Feis, Herbert, From Trust to Terror: the Onset of the Cold War, 1945-1950 (New York W.W. Norton, 1970).

Gaddis, John Lewis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972).

Blassingame presents his information in a more unbiased manner. Perhaps he was worried of being accused of bias because he was black, and so, he worked hard to eliminate it from his work. Whatever the reason, his book seems the most balanced and effective of all these works, partly because he does not moralize, he simply presents the facts, as he knows them.
Later he writes that the whites often felt they were giving the slaves everything they needed, and they should show more gratitude. He quotes, "The quantity, quality, and variety of food, clothing, housing, and medical care the slave received rarely satisfied him. The fact that another man determined how much and what kind of food, clothing, and shelter he needed to survive posed a serious problem for him."

This would seem to prove to be a serious problem for just about anyone, because the slaves had no freedoms…...

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References

Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.

Editors. "Nell Irvin Painter." Nell Painter.com. 2008. 12 May 2008.  http://www.nellpainter.com/ 

Editors. "Stanley Elkins." Smith College. 2004. 12 May 2008.  http://www.smith.edu/history/fac_selkins.htm 

Editors. "Ulrich Bonnell Phillips." Encyclopedia.com. 2008. 12 May 2008.  http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-PhllpsUB.html

Chinese-American History
The Exclusion Act; Redefining Citizenship

Historians have studied the Chinese Exclusion Act extensively and have recorded many aspects of the politics behind the events. However, they often focus their attentions on the motives of the excluders. They pay little attention to those that were excluded and the impact that it had on their lives. One important question has escaped the scrutiny of historians. hy, if they knew of the hardships and discrimination that they would face in America, did all of those Chinese immigrants continue to flock to America in droves?

hat motivated them to leave their home and families to arrive at Angel Island and have to buy a new identity, all at great personal risk, to stay in America? hat was the big attraction? Sure, there were jobs here and they could send money home to support their distant families, but the life in America was hard and treacherous.…...

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Works Cited

Chen, S. Being Chinese, Becoming Chinese-American, Shehong Chen, University of Illinois Press, 2002.

Chen, Y. Chinese San Francisco, 1850-1943: A Trans-Pacific Community. Stanford:

Stanford University Press, 2000.

Cheng, C., Lee, F., and Benet-Martinez, V. "Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Cultural

The History is incomplete as far as the war is concerned because it ends abruptly with the narrative of the events of 411 C.
Thucydides discusses his historical method and related issues in the early section, known as the "Archaeology" section. The fact that he had a journalistic tendency is indicated by the fact that he started to write about the war as soon as it started claiming that he expected it would turn out to be a great war and so one that would deserve to be recorded. He made the predictions he made beacsue he saw both sides as at their peak in every sort of preparation for war, and he also saw the rest of the Greek world taking one side or the other in the battle. Thucydides realizes that it is important to know why these events came to pass and so to look to the…...

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Bibliography

Breisach, Ernst. Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Finley, Moses. "Introduction." In Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War. New York: Penguin, 1972.

Finley, M.I. The Ancient Greeks. London: Penguin Books, 1977.

Fornara, Charles W. Herodotus: An Interpretative Essay. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

Magellan Historiography
Ferdinand Magellan and Circumnavigation: Historical and Meta- Analysis of Magellan Historiography by Martin Torodas

The Age of Discovery that emerged in the 15th-16th centuries in Europe, led by Spain and Portugal, was marked and characterized by the prevalence of sea navigations to discover new lands or 'primitive' societies. These lands and societies were also potential colonies, wherein their territories could be expanded and resources exploited for the economic benefit of European countries. Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese-born Spanish explorer and navigator, played a significant role during this age, mainly because of contributions in establishing Spanish colonies in the islands of the Pacific. However, historiography on Magellan remains scarce despite his contributions and numerous journeys around the world. Torodas confronts this issue by discussing and analyzing related works of literature pertaining to not only the accomplishments and activities of Magellan as navigator and explorer, but also as the first individual to prove (empirically)…...

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Bibliography

Lindlof, T. And B. Taylor. (2002). Qualitative Communication Research Methods. (2nd ed.). CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Torodas, M. Magellan Historiography. Hispanic-American Historical Review, Vol. 51, No. 2. pp. 313-335.

Marxism Historiography
The Historiography of Marxist Thought

The study of Karl Marx and his philosophies has fascinated political, social and economic historians for most of the past century. Hundreds, if not thousands, of scholars have dedicated their professional life to understanding Marx and Marxism. Over the years, there have been periods of continuity and periods of discontinuity, peaks and valleys of interest and hundreds of viewpoints as to the meaning and importance of Marxist thought at the any given time. While it may not seem like modern conditions provide a fertile environment for the continued study of Marxist thought, the study of Marx is considered as important today as any time in its illustrious historiography.

Any Marxist historiography must begin with Eric Hobsbawm, who is considered the "the premier Marxist historian working today" (Matthews 88). Hobsbawm's work on Marx amounts to an impressive inter-disciplinary, inter-generational synthesis which combines history and theory to weave…...

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Bibliography

Wade Matthews. Class, Nation, and Capitalist Globalization: Eric Hobsbawm and the National

Question International review of social history, Vol.53, issue 1, 2008, pg:63-99.

Morrill, John. Black and White Photograph History Today; Jun2003, Vol. 53 Issue 6, p28, 2p, 1

Murphy, Kevin. Can We Write the History of the Russian Revolution? A Belated Response to Eric Hobsbawm. Historical Materialism Research in Critical Marxist Theory, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2007.

Social Constructionism and Historiography of Science
In the historiography of science, the debate between intenalists and externalists has been one of the major fault lines over the past century. While many historians are not specialists in physics, chemistry and biology, by training and experience they also consider the political, economic and cultural influences on any institution and organization in a given period, and science his not been exempt from historicism. Internlaists found that scientific progress was generally driven forward by geniuses like Isaac Newton, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, Antoine Lavoisier and Albert Einstein, and that their discoveries about nature were objectively true regardless of external social and political considerations. For externalists and social constructionists, however, all of these scientists were products of a certain historical and cultural milieu, which influenced their work in many ways. For example, according to oris Hessen and Robert Merton, Newton and the 17th Century English scientists…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Butterfield, Herbert. The Scientific Revolution (Freeman, 1960).

Cohen, H.F. The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry (University of Chicago Press, 1994).

Cohen, I. Bernard. Revolution in Science (Harvard University Press, 1985).

Freudenthal, Gideon and Peter McLaughlin (eds). The Social and Economic Roots of the Scientific Revolution: Texts by Boris Hessen and Henryk Grossman (Springer Science and Business Media, 2008).

Old Testament books, Deuteronomy, Samuel and Kings, establishing a monarchy for Israel and Judah proved somewhat problematic. This was due both to the divinity of God and the inevitable humanity that would be part of a human king. Throughout the historical books of the Old Testament God repeatedly states that he is a jealous God, tolerating no others. Kingship then might be seen as an attempt to usurp the power of God, or indeed to detract from worshiping God as the nation's ultimate leader. Furthermore a monarchy is a pagan idea that has penetrated Israel from the foreign nations they have been in contact with through battle. This of course connects further negativity with the idea of a king for God's people. The demand of a king is thus in effect the rejection of God as ruler over Israel and Judah. An issue closely related to this is the…...

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Bibliography

Howard, D.M. Jr. 1998 "The Case for Kingship in Deuteronomy and the Former Prophets," Dictionary of Biblical Imagery, Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 476-78.

Sumner, Darren. 1999. "The Bible Shelf."  http://www.thesumners.com/bible 

There are three discourses, stretching over Chapter 1:6-4:40, Chapters. 5-28, and Chapters 29-30). The concluding addendum comprises Chapters 31-34. This is the final words of Moses to his people before they enter Canaan. Traditionally the discourses are attributed to Moses, although some scholars believe that some portions of the book come from a later time.

The first discourse: Deuteronomy 1:6-4:40

Santa Anna Dictatorship
In his self-described revisionist biography Santa Anna of Mexico (2007), Will Fowler has courageously taken up the defense of the Mexico caudillo, fully aware that he is all but universally reviled in the historiography of the United States and Mexico. From the beginning, he made his intention clear to vindicate the reputation of a dictator whose "vilification has been so thorough and effective that the process of deconstructing the numerous lies that have been told and retold" is almost impossible.[footnoteRef:1] Timothy J. Henderson asserted that he had a great talent for exploiting and manipulating political divisions but none for governing a country. In U.S. history and popular culture, he has always been portrayed as a corrupt megalomaniac, the 'Napoleon of the West', responsible for the massacres at the Alamo and Goliad. As John Chasteen and James Wood put it, even his autobiography was an "extraordinary work of self-dramatization"…...

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Bibliography

"The Alamo" in William Dirk Raat (ed). Mexico from Independence to Revolution, 1810-1910. University of Nebraska Press, 1982, pp. 84-90.

Borneman, Walter R. Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America. NY: Random House, 2009.

Eisenhower, John S.D. So Far from God: The U.S. War with Mexico, 1846-1848. NY: Random House, 2000.

Fehrenbach Timothy R. Fire and Blood. De Capo Press, 1995.

Although he did not always agree with Bragg, Davis consistently sought his expertise and opinion on a variety of matters. By untiringly assuming many of the duties and much of the criticism that had burdened and perplexed Davis, Bragg eased some of the president's vexations. In the process he maintained old enmities and created many new ones. (Hallock, 1991, pp. 186-7).
That Davis felt that Bragg should continue in his command (at a time when Davis and the Confederacy were not yet desperate) despite is personal dislike of Bragg must lead one to the conclusion that Bragg was valuable in ways that McPherson does not see. Bragg seems to have been an excellent organizer, a man whose considerable skills to plan somehow failed to translate to military life. Bragg was perhaps more than anything else a man placed in a situation for which he did not have any semblance of…...

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References

Braxton Bragg, http://civilwar.bluegrass.net/OfficersAndEnlistedMen/braxtonbragg.html.

Cozzens, P. (1990). No Better Place to Die: The Battle of Stones River. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Cozzens, P. (1992). This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Hallock, J.L. (1991). Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat. (Vol. 2). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Polybius: Historian and Politician
Louis XIV

The histories written by Polybius are considered to be essential from historiographic perspective as it gives detailed and comprehensive picture and understanding of the Hellenistic world. His work on the rise and fall of the Roman Empire are considered to be one of the most important and significant works in the field of classical history.[footnoteRef:1] The aim of this research is to investigate and study the historical settings in which Polybius had penned down his most famous work, the Histories in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources. The analysis would be beneficial in understanding the political and social constraints responsible for influencing his work and furthermore, the opinion of his contemporaries and the reception got from critics when Polybius work was completed. [1: ulloch, A.W., Gruen, E.S., Long, A.A. And Stewart, A. (eds.) (1993) Images and Ideologies: Self-Definition in the Hellenistic World, erkeley-Los Angeles…...

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Bibliography

Bulloch, A.W., Gruen, E.S., Long, A.A. And Stewart, A. (eds.) (1993) Images and Ideologies: Self-Definition in the Hellenistic World, Berkeley-Los AngelesLondon

Clarke, K. (1999a) Between Geography and History: Hellenistic Reconstructions of the Roman World, Oxford

Clarke, K. (1999b) 'Unusual perspectives in historiography', in C.S. Kraus, ed., The Limits of Historiography: Genre and Narrative in Ancient Historical Texts (Leiden-Boston-Cologne) 249 -- 79

Collatz, C.F., Helms, H. And Schafer, M. (2000) Polybios-Lexikon, Band I, Lieferung I (?-), 2nd edn, Berlin

politics, at least according to most college course catalogues, are separate disciplines. 'omen's Studies' also forms its own separate category, apart from these two disciplines. Yet in her work Gender and the Politics of History, Joan allach Scott makes it clear that for as long as women's studies has existed as a discipline, feminist historians have suggested that all three elements are intertwined in a proper analysis of history. Feminist historians have suggested that ways that gender has been viewed as a construct throughout history impacts the way history is viewed. The politics of how gender archetypes have been enshrined, both in law, in legislation, and in the political consciousness have all have an impact on the way that history is viewed retrospectively, and the way women live their lives today.
Scott writes her work both in response to these feminist historians, and as a part of the tradition of…...

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Works Cited

Scott, Joan Wallach. Gender and the Politics of History. New York, 1999:

The social sciences refer to any academic discipline that deals with human behavior.  The fields that generally fall under this rubric include economics, anthropology, psychology, sociology, political science, historiography, as well as certain types of culture-specific studies.  Mixed method research refers to a research methodology that mixes traditional quantitative and qualitative research designs and discussing both types of evidence or data while considering the takeaways or conclusions of the research. 

Some topics for mixed method research in social sciences are:

1. Does the inclusion of minority police officers in a police force reduce the incidence of police brutality....

1. The origins and development of Norman theory in Russia
2. The controversial debate surrounding the Norman theory of Russian history
3. The impact of the Norman theory on Russian national identity and historiography
4. The influence of Norman theory on Russian political discourse and foreign relations
5. The significance of the Varangian Rus' in Russian history and culture
6. Comparing and contrasting the Norman theory with alternative theories of Russian origins
7. The role of archaeology in shaping our understanding of the Varangian Rus' and Norman theory
8. The portrayal of the Varangians in Russian literature and folklore
9. The connection between the Norman theory and the....

Norman Theory of Russia

The Norman Theory of Russia, proposed by German historians in the 18th century, posits that the foundations of Russian statehood were laid by Vikings known as Varangians. It argues that these Scandinavian warriors established themselves as rulers over the East Slavic tribes, bringing with them their political and military organization.

Essay Topics for Exploring the Norman Theory of Russia:

1. Origins and Evolution of the Norman Theory

Discuss the historical context and intellectual origins of the Norman Theory.
Trace the development of the theory from its early proponents to its acceptance and subsequent challenges.

2. Archaeological and Historical Evidence Supporting....

Essay Topic 1: War's Dehumanizing Effects on Individuals and Societies

Explore how Dower's work illuminates the ways in which war strips individuals of their humanity and transforms societies into brutal battlefields.
Examine the psychological, emotional, and moral consequences of prolonged exposure to violence and the cycle of revenge.
Analyze Dower's insights into the dehumanizing tactics employed by both Japanese and American forces, such as the use of atomic bombs and firebombing.

Essay Topic 2: The Interplay of Race, Power, and Identity in Wartime

Discuss Dower's examination of the complex interplay between race, power, and identity during the Pacific War.
Analyze how....