Hellenistic Art
As Hellenistic art is gradually transformed into Roman and early Christian art, the concept of pathos continues to play an important role. Discuss pathos in the evolution from Hellenistic to Roman art and the emergence of pietas as a marker of Roman/Early Christian art.

The Hellenistic period is focusing on artworks created in the timeframe between: the death of Alexander the Great (in 332 BC) to the beginning of ancient Rome. The pathos is the emotions and feelings tied directly to various works and their underlying meaning. For the Hellenistic period, this had an influence on the Romans based upon the styles and techniques that were utilized. They focused mainly on creating a sense of balance, showing the human side of their deities and projecting everyday people (using these attributes). ("Beyond the Borders of Classic Greek Art") ("Hellenistic, Etruscan and Early Roman Art")

This was accomplished through utilizing different marble sculptures…...

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Works Cited

"Beyond the Borders of Classic Greek Art." You Tube, 2011. Web. 10 Feb. 2014

"Early Christian Art." You Tube, 2011. Web. 10 Feb. 2014

"Hellenistic, Etruscan and Early Roman Art." You Tube, 2011. Web. 10 Feb. 2014

Hellenistic Philosophy
The Skeptics view anxiety as arising from the inability to ascertain right or wrong through the use of reason. Anxiety also arises through an immoderation in affect in the apprehension of the reality of evident things. Freedom from anxiety can be achieved by ceasing to ascertain reality of non-evident things through reason and to withhold judgment in such situations. According to the Epicureans, anxiety arises from an apprehension of an individual's inability to control events in life. The anxiety is exacerbated through belief in myths about gods. It can be reduced when human beings take actions to increase necessary natural desires in order to increase pleasure over pain. According to the Stoics, anxiety is created when individuals do not act in compliance with the laws of nature. Individuals need to achieve harmony with nature and adapt to the events that cannot be controlled by human effort. The anxiety can…...

As such the Hellenistic style of paining was used partially as a marketing tool to attract followers. However, it was also used to convey religious elements in a manner that was appealing to many non-believers during the period. To obtain the attention of the general population, the artwork needed to be stunning both visually and conceptual. As such the Hellenistic was the ideal candidate in which to achieve these objectives. At this time, there was also a general knowledge that the Earth was in motion, which was a giant conceptual leap to show this aspect of life in art. The idea of motion therefore, quickly entered into the Hellenistic style of painting. Compositions tended to have more open space. Objects and scenes were in a state of motion to create emotion; they either came out at the viewer or something could fall on the viewer. The motion in these…...

Hellenic Tombs
One of the ways in which the art, history and architecture of ancient cultures can be understood and investigated is through what is left behind to be examined. Some of the most permanent artifacts that are available for examination are ancient tombs which have stood the test to time. From these tombs one can not only understand and form opinions of the architecture and historical context of the time, but the content of many tombs reveals a plethora of information and insight into the culture being studied. Many experts concur with this view and emphasize the archelogivla significance of ancient tombs, monuments and burial sites.

In view of the chancing conditions under which primitive people have always lived, it is not surprising that they should have left no more permanent memorials of their existence than their tombs. All else is apt to be swept away by subsequent civilization. The graves…...

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Bibliography

Greek Architecture . 2004. In The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th ed., edited by Lagass, Paul. New York: Columbia University Press.

Dinsmoor, William Bell, William J. Anderson, and R. Phene Spiers. 1973. The Architecture of Ancient Greece: An Account of Its Historic Development. New York: Biblo and Tannen.

Fyfe, Theodore. 1936. Hellenistic Architecture: An Introductory Study. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Gardner, Percy. 1892. New Chapters in Greek History, Historical Results of Recent Excavations in Greece and Asia Minor. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.

Ancient Indian art starting from the 3-century BC experienced a considerable influence of Hellenistic traditions
In general, Greek state-cities in Middle Asia had a number of typical features of Greek urban culture so that life of its inhabitants was quite similar to traditional life of Greeks in Mediterranean. Urban architecture, ethics, dress code and social relations in Asian Hellenistic colonies were quite similar to classical Greek traditions.

For example, Greek-Bactrian city of Ai-Khanoum according to Boardman had all the hallmarks of a Hellenistic city, with a Greek theater, gymnasium and some Greek houses with colonnated courtyards"(p. 201). Culture of Hellenisticcolonies as in many ways common to Greek classical traditions, but on the hand with Greek customs colonists adopted a number of aboriginal traditions. Polytheism of Greeks also experienced mixture with local religious beliefs and experienced a certain influence of Zoroastrian and Buddhist religious traditions, but Greek mythology preserved its privileges. As…...

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References

Boardman, J. Griffin, J. Murray, O. The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World Oxford University Press, 2001

Tarn, W.W. The Greeks in Bactria and India Cambridge University Press, 1997

Greek Colonies Hellenistic

Most artists do not enjoy remaining static - they want to create new and different artworks as their career progresses. Clearly, the person who created this artwork was not a beginner. Perhaps they were at a stage in their career where they wanted to explore new avenues of expression and creativity. This statue is a new, more realistic form of sculpture, and perhaps the artist was testing their own abilities and creativity by creating something that was new, unique, and different. This is often how styles of artwork change and grow, and certainly Greek artists had many of the same characteristics of later artists - they wanted to push new boundaries and find new forms of expressions. Of course, these are only theories. It will probably never be known exactly why the artist created this specific statue at this specific time, but it seems that as Greece and Greek…...

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References

Author not Available. "Classic Greek Sculpture." ThinkQuest.org. 26 Aug. 1998. 11 July 2005. http://library.thinkquest.org/23492/data/period1.htm

Carpenter, Rhys. Greek Art: A Study of the Formal Evolution of Style. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1962.

Lullies, Reinhard. Greek Sculpture. Trans. Bullock, Michael. Revised ed. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1957.

Mareli?, Marko. "Brief Athenian History." Korcula.net. 27 Oct. 2003. 11 July 2005.  http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic_korkyra.htm

Hellenic sculpture and Hellenistic sculpture? First, the Greek Hellenic period dates from 900-323 .C., and the Hellenistic period came right after that and lasted until 31 .C. The focus of the Hellenic period is Idealism, while the focus of the Hellenistic period is Realism. Hellenic art and sculpture was developed mostly in Greece, with no outside influence, while Hellenistic art and sculpture became more influenced by other lands, because of conquests by Alexander the Great.
Hellenic art was moderate and restrained, as it strived for the universal and perfect components. It had a strong emphasis on traditions and rules. An example of this point is by Aristotle's observation that poetry is more profound than history, because it deals with what is universally true; whereas history deals with individual instances that may not be representative of the whole. During this time, they followed all rules about art and architecture. Archaeologists were…...

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Bibliography

Greek Sculpture Project. Ed. Jan Mainzer, Ph.D. 2000. 11 December 2002. www.academic.marist.edu/mainzer/notes05/avn05.htm

Classicism and Hellenistic Art; What is the Difference? 11 December 2002. www.clyes.clara.net/essays/art.html

Kimball, Charles. A History of Europe, part S. 11 December 2002. http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/europe/eu02s.html

Art in the Western Tradition Chronology. Ed. Kim, SoJeong. 25 October 1996. Northpark U. 11 December 2002. http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/Mediterranean/HellenisticSculpture.html

Greek Studies
Hellenistic Culture

The Hellenistic culture differed quite greatly from the earlier Hellenic culture in a variety of ways. The entire civilization changed. While it had been centered around the core of the polis during the Hellenic phase, it shifted to a civilization more based in empires and kingdoms, and the city-state of the polis dwindled in power. This made many Greeks feel less sure of their position in the government and in affairs outside Greece. This was perhaps the most disturbing aspect of the Hellenistic age, because Greek society had been based on a true democracy of the people, and with the rise of the empires and the kingdoms, the people lost some of their power in everyday government. It made them feel isolated and alone as the polis disappeared, but it also changed the basic makeup of the people, creating a distinct "ruling" class that had not been quite…...

Greek/Hellenistic Tradition Augustine View
In Book XIX of Augustine's City of God, his focus is on the end of two cities -- "the earthly and the heavenly" (843), which he explains while simultaneously illustrating the nature of the Supreme Good. He tells the reader that peace and happiness, which exists in the heavenly city, can also be experienced on earth. The cities are, in fact, entangled in this, the earthly, world. Augustine explains to us the many different ways humans try to combine virtues and pleasure in order to find peace and happiness in life, but he claims that none of these ways are answers, none of these ways will bring a person peace nor happiness; on the contrary, combining virtues and pleasures can bring insecurity and thus unhappiness. Man does not know, according to Augustine, how to combine both virtue and pleasure, so the goal of life becomes about how…...

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Works Cited

Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Ed. Roger Crisp. (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy). Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Plato & Grube, G.M.A. Five Dialogues: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo.

Hackett Publishing Co., 2nd edition, 2002.

St. Augustine. City of God. Translated by Henry Bettenson; with an introduction by G.R.

Greek Temple Architecture From Its Inception Through the Hellenistic Period
Present day Greece still retains the Greek temples, shrines and sanctuaries of the pre-Hellenic period. The modern world of architecture and historians regards these temples very highly because of their unique and simple designs and also because of their apparent beauty and technical excellence. These temples have a profound history behind them because they stand testament to perhaps one of the most astonishing occurrences in the recorded human history -- the Greek religion. The Greeks had several hundreds of gods as they thought that everything in life was full of gods. Helmut erve and Gottfried Gruben (1963) discuss this phenomenon: "The presence of gods or demigods might be felt on towering mountain heights or on a headland overlooking the storm-lashed sea; in mysterious woodland thickets, ravines, and caves, the solemn stillness of a grove, or the middle of a sunny, fertile…...

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Bibliography

A. Orlandos in: BCH. 84, 1960, 148 ff. Taken from: Helmut Berve and Gottfried Gruben. Greek Temples, Theatres and Shrines. Thames and Hudson, 1963.

A. Frickenhaus in: AM. 36, 1911, 27 ff. Taken from: Helmut Berve and Gottfried Gruben. Greek Temples, Theatres and Shrines. Thames and Hudson, 1963.

A. Furtwangler, Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia. 1906. Taken from: Helmut Berve and Gottfried Gruben. Greek Temples, Theatres and Shrines. Thames and Hudson, 1963.

C.R. Cockerell, The Temples of Jupiter Panhellenius at Aegina and of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae near Phigaleia in Arcadia. 1860. Taken from: Helmut Berve and Gottfried Gruben. Greek Temples, Theatres and Shrines. Thames and Hudson, 1963.

As Amun, he also wears a flat-topped crown, which was his signature. The figure is carrying and ankh in one hand and a scimitar in the other which is laid across his chest.
The gold represents the sun in ancient Egyptian culture, and so it is the only fitting

Hellenistic period

The Hellenistic period began in 323 BC, after the death of one of ancient Greece's great heroes, Alexander the Great. Alexander had conquered vast expanses of the ancient world, which opened up great cultural influences on the people of Greece (National Museum of Athens 2010). During this era, the people speak a multitude of different languages, and there are cultural influences from around the ancient world parading through the streets, which might I add, have all been recently paved. The city itself looks strikingly similar to more modern day cities. The culture is ripe with artistic expression and acceptance. This is…...

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References

American Institute of Pyramidology. "Part One: The Ancient Mystery Unraveled." The Great Pyramid. 2010. Retrieved 19 Feb 2010 from  http://greatpyramid.org/aip/gr-pyr1.htm 

Inter-City Oz. "About Ancient Egypt." Tour Egypt. 2010. Retrieved 19 Feb 2010 from  http://touregypt.net/egyptantiquities/ 

Metropolotan Museum of Art. "Statuette of Amun." Works of Art: Egyptian Art. 2010. Retrieved 19 Feb 2010 from  http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/egyptian_art/statuette_of_amun/objectview.aspx?page=2&sort=5&sortdir=asc&keyword=&fp=1&dd1=10&dd2=31&vw=1&collID=31&OID=100001249&vT=1 

Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Statue of Eros Sleeping." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. 2010. Retrieved 19 Fed 2010 from  http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/04/eusb/ho_43.11.4.htm

For example, founding cities on royal possessions gave less profits, as direct and indirect taxation of cities appeared in many cases less profitable than taxation of royal landowners. From the other side, urbanization also led to the weakening centralization.
But in a general scope one the hand with military and economical advantages urbanization also led to cultural Hellenization, which is considered to be its main political achievement. it's important to note that a number of kingdoms in Asia Minor and Middle East adopted Greek law and Greek civil norms. Such changes had a very progressive effect on social life, as it led to the reduction of slavery and guaranteed protection of property rights to citizens in former despotic societies.

Cultural interaction of Greek polises with natives led to the penetration of local customs and cultural traits to the life of Greeks. Greek culture of polises experienced deep interaction with Persian and…...

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References

Boardman, J. Griffin, J. Murray, O. The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World Oxford University Press, 2001

Tarn, W.W. The Greeks in Bactria and India Cambridge University Press, 1997

Greek

Polybius: Historian and Politician
Louis XIV

The histories written by Polybius are considered to be essential from historiographic perspective as it gives detailed and comprehensive picture and understanding of the Hellenistic world. His work on the rise and fall of the Roman Empire are considered to be one of the most important and significant works in the field of classical history.[footnoteRef:1] The aim of this research is to investigate and study the historical settings in which Polybius had penned down his most famous work, the Histories in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources. The analysis would be beneficial in understanding the political and social constraints responsible for influencing his work and furthermore, the opinion of his contemporaries and the reception got from critics when Polybius work was completed. [1: ulloch, A.W., Gruen, E.S., Long, A.A. And Stewart, A. (eds.) (1993) Images and Ideologies: Self-Definition in the Hellenistic World, erkeley-Los Angeles…...

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Bibliography

Bulloch, A.W., Gruen, E.S., Long, A.A. And Stewart, A. (eds.) (1993) Images and Ideologies: Self-Definition in the Hellenistic World, Berkeley-Los AngelesLondon

Clarke, K. (1999a) Between Geography and History: Hellenistic Reconstructions of the Roman World, Oxford

Clarke, K. (1999b) 'Unusual perspectives in historiography', in C.S. Kraus, ed., The Limits of Historiography: Genre and Narrative in Ancient Historical Texts (Leiden-Boston-Cologne) 249 -- 79

Collatz, C.F., Helms, H. And Schafer, M. (2000) Polybios-Lexikon, Band I, Lieferung I (?-), 2nd edn, Berlin

Greek Project 1272
ART204 Formal Research Project Summer Term 2012

Ancient Greek sculpture is one of the most famous historical forms of art. Three main forms of life are represented by this sculpture; war, mythology, and rulers of the land of ancient Greece. The main aim of the paper is to revisit the history of the art of sculpturing in ancient Greece and different steps of its development within different time periods. Some of the main developments in Greek sculpture included depiction of changes in forms, depiction of female and male figures, degrees of present realism, and how sculpturing was used to achieve these effects.

Developments in Greek Sculpturing techniques

There are four main periods in which main developments and changes in the Greek sculpturing took place. The first period is referred to as the geometric period; second period is the archaic period, the third one being the classic and the last and fourth…...

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Works Cited

Dillon, Sheila. Ancient Greek Portrait Sculpture: Contexts, Subjects, And Styles. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Dillon, Sheila. The Female Portrait Statue in the Greek World. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Giannakopoulou, Liana. The Power of Pygmalion: Ancient Greek Sculpture in Modern Greek Poetry, 1860-1960, Volume 3 of Byzantine and Neohellenic Studies. Peter Lang, 2007.

Another work of art using nudes was dated as having been created by the end of the Hellenistic period is that of Laocoon Group. The sculpture was inspired by a legend and it is the depiction of the epic fight between Laoccon, his sons and the snakes. The admiration for the beauty of the human body that can be seen from the sculptures created during the Hellenistic period reflects the attitude the Greeks had toward its reflection in art. Compared to their predecessors, the Greeks appear to be the first to acknowledge the artistic values of the human body, in its bare form. Kenneth Clark even wrote that "the nude is an art form invented by the Greeks in the fifth century" () Naked children are often depicted in the works of ancient Greeks and one of the examples is a Roman reproduction of a boy strangling a goose.…...

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Diderot, Goodman. Diderot on Art: The Salon of 1767. 1995. Yale University Press

Sturgis, A. Clayson, Hollis. Understanding Paintings. 2000. Watson-Guptill

"Ancient Greek and Hellenistic Art: Children with Animals." Retrieved: June 17, 2009. Available at: http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/ChildGoose.htm

Chapter 1: Ancient Civilizations

The Rise and Fall of the Sumerian City-States
The Indus Valley Civilization: Unraveling the Enigma
The Ancient Egyptian Civilization: Pyramids, Pharaonic Power, and Daily Life
The Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations: Maritime Masters of the Aegean
The Zhou Dynasty and the Birth of Chinese Civilization

Chapter 2: Classical Civilizations

The Athenian Golden Age: Democracy, Philosophy, and the Arts
The Roman Empire: Conquests, Governance, and the Pax Romana
The Mauryan Empire: From Chandragupta to Ashoka's Legacy
The Hellenistic World: A Syncretic Blend of Greek and Persian Cultures
The Han Dynasty: China's Ascendancy and Technological Innovations

Chapter 3: Medieval Civilizations

The....

1. The Influence of Gandharan Art and Culture on the Silk Road
2. Exploring the Buddhist Heritage of Gandhara: How Ancient Gandhara Shaped Buddhist Art and Philosophy
3. The Role of Gandhara in the Spread of Greco-Buddhist Art and Architecture
4. Gandhara: The Crossroads of Cultures and Religions
5. The Preservation and Restoration of Gandharan Artifacts: Challenges and Successes
6. The Significance of Gandharan Sculpture in Understanding the History of South Asia
7. Gandhara: A Cultural Fusion of Greek, Indian, and Central Asian Influences
8. Gandhara in Modern Context: The Legacy of Gandharan Art in Contemporary South Asian Art and Architecture
9. Gandhara: A Window into the Ancient....