Americans healthcare delivery in the United States has been via a market driven system, 1 usually through purchase of health insurance, participation in HOs or other types of collective agencies. For those who qualify enrollment in edicare and edicaid programs will cover or defray costs of healthcare.2 For a growing number of people in the U.S. medical care costs are not covered by insurance or government programs, for them out of pocket and indigent services are their only options.3 This paper will look at the how financing healthcare affects both costs and use of healthcare services.
Private Health insurance.

Private health insurance in the United States developed around the 1930's during the Depression4 and grew during the economic expansion of the post-WWII years. "Under most private insurance and Blue Cross -- Blue Shield plans, fee-for-service, with physicians determining the economic value of their own services, became the established method of reimbursement…...

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Martin Ruef, "Social Ontology and the Dynamics of Organizational Forms: Creating Market Actors in the Healthcare Field, 1966-1994,"

Journal article by; University of North Carolina Press, 1999

Zelman W., and McLaughlin C. (1990). "Product Lines in a Complex Marketplace: Matching Organizational Strategy to Buyer Behavior." Health Care Management Review 15:2 (Spring),

Finance
Describe the following 4 types of costs:

Fixed- fixed costs are business costs, that are constant given a certain level of production

Variable- variable costs are cost that vary as output increases or decreases

Semivariable- an expense that contains a fixed component and a variable component.

Semifixed- costs that are constant within a defined level of activity but that can increase or decrease when activity reaches upper and lower levels

Dynamic Medical Suppliers, Inc. has sales of $300,000 for the calendar year of 2010. Its total variable costs equal $107,700. Calculate the contribution margin ratio, and determine whether it presents profit or loss to the organization

CM Margin Ratio= Contribution Margin/Sales

Sales of $300,000- Variable costs of $107,700= $192,300 Contibution Margin

$192,300/$300,000= 64.1%

Profit= ($300,000 x .641)- $115,000= Profit of $77,000 to the organization

You create the schedule for the nursing staff in the pediatric intensive-care unit. Your daily staffing uses 6 registered nurses (RNs) working 8 hours and 2…...

Healthcare Finance
Effectiveness refers to hitting targets that are set. When an organization is reaching its goals, it is effective. Efficiency is the level of effectiveness divided by the effort to get there. In essence, how much does the organization get out of its resources. Both can be applied to operations, financials and any other organizational metric.

The four phases of management control are programming, budget preparation, execution and evaluation (Barnat, 2014). The programming element involves choosing what programs or lines of business an organization will pursue, i.e. the strategic direction. The budget is how the resources will be allocated within the organization. . The execution refers to the operating tactics used to implement the strategy. Lastly, evaluation is a control process where management examines what worked, what didn't, and whether or not the organization hit its objectives.

A forecast budget is typically built on the previous budget, where estimates are assumed to…...

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References

Accounting Tools (2016). Flexible budget.. Accounting Tools.com. Retrieved April 15, 2016 from http://www.accountingtools.com/flexible-budget

Barnat, R. (2014). Strategic control: Formulation and implementation. Strategic Control.com. Retrieved April 15, 2016 from  http://www.strategic-control.24xls.com/en135

Healthcare Finance
What are the four sources of long-term debt financing? What are the five characteristics of long-term debt financing?

Long-term debt is employed to finance business investments that have lengthier payback periods. There are four sources of long-term debt financing, which include: term loans, bonds, hire purchase and debentures. There are different features of long-term debt financing. One of the characteristics is that long-term debt typically has a greater principal balance than other debt obligation. This is for the reason that individuals do not normally get long-term loans for smaller buys. The second feature is that long-term debt more often than not comes with lower rates of interest compared to short-term financing. This is for the reason that debt such as mortgages and loans for cars are in general indemnified with the property as security to decrease the risk of the lender. Collateral is another characteristic of long-term debt. This is…...

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References

Horngren, C.T., Datar, S.M., and Rajan, M. (2012). Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Fourteenth Edition.

Houston, G. (2014). The Similarities Between a Cash Budget and Long-Term Financial Planning. Chron. Retrieved 26 May 2016 from:  http://smallbusiness.chron.com/similarities-between-cash-budget-longterm-financial-planning-25110.html 

Kokemuller, N. (2016). Characteristics of Long-Term Debt. The Nest. Retrieved 26 May 2016 from:  http://budgeting.thenest.com/characteristics-long-term-debt-24810.html 

Xi, T. (2016). Differences & Similarities of Aggressive & Conservative Asset Mix Strategies. Zacks. Retrieved 27 May 2016 from:  http://finance.zacks.com/differences-similarities-aggressive-conservative-asset-mix-strategies-8693.html

Healthcare Finance
What are the four sources of long-term debt financing? What are the five characteristics of long-term debt financing?

Long-term debt is employed to finance business investments that have lengthier payback periods. There are four sources of long-term debt financing, which include: term loans, bonds, hire purchase and debentures. There are different features of long-term debt financing. One of the characteristics is that long-term debt typically has a greater principal balance than other debt obligation. This is for the reason that individuals do not normally get long-term loans for smaller buys. The second feature is that long-term debt more often than not comes with lower rates of interest compared to short-term financing. This is for the reason that debt such as mortgages and loans for cars are in general indemnified with the property as security to decrease the risk of the lender. Collateral is another characteristic of long-term debt. This is…...

mla

References

Horngren, C.T., Datar, S.M., and Rajan, M. (2012). Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Fourteenth Edition.

Houston, G. (2014). The Similarities Between a Cash Budget and Long-Term Financial Planning. Chron. Retrieved 26 May 2016 from:  http://smallbusiness.chron.com/similarities-between-cash-budget-longterm-financial-planning-25110.html 

Kokemuller, N. (2016). Characteristics of Long-Term Debt. The Nest. Retrieved 26 May 2016 from:  http://budgeting.thenest.com/characteristics-long-term-debt-24810.html 

Xi, T. (2016). Differences & Similarities of Aggressive & Conservative Asset Mix Strategies. Zacks. Retrieved 27 May 2016 from:  http://finance.zacks.com/differences-similarities-aggressive-conservative-asset-mix-strategies-8693.html

Healthcare Finance
What is the difference between simple interest and compound interest?

Simple interest is gauged on the basis of the loan's principal amount while the compound interest is derived on the basis of the principal amount and also the accumulated interest. Simple interest has been attained when one multiplies the principal amount with both interest rate as well as the payment period with in a loan. On the other hand, compound interest is derived when one multiplies the principal amount with one and add the resulting figure with the annual interest rate, which is elevated to the figure of compound periods subtracted by one (Horngren et al., 2012).

What is the formula for determining the future value of an amount?

The formula for calculating the future value of an amount is as follows:

Future Value = Present Value x (Future Value factor for n = number of years, i = certain percentage)

What is the…...

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References

Keat, P. G., Young, P. K. Y., & Erfle, S. E. (2013). Managerial Economics: Economic Tools for Today's Decision Makers. New York: Preason.

Horngren, C.T., Datar, S.M., and Rajan, M. (2012). Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Fourteenth Edition.

constitute itself as a business plan for a heart hospital, with a determine goals to establish the main factors and outcomes that may determine both the outlet's utility and its success as an economic entity. We will aim to analyze the reason for investing in a heat hospital, the financial assumptions we are dealing with, as well as the risks associated with such a project.
From the very beginning, we need to point out towards the distinct specificity that such a business project implies. When referring to the specificity of a heart hospital, we tend to include it in the larger category of healthcare facilities, where a distinct approach is needed in order to correctly blend the two different levels of description we will describe below.

First of all, any healthcare centre and a heart hospital in particular is designed to help the patients improve their health condition. As such, the…...

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Bibliography

1. CDC/NCHS. American Heart Association 2001-2004. On the Internet at  http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1200026 

2. American Heart Association. 2004. On the Internet at

health care organizations need to develop capital budgets? hat are the main steps involved in developing a capital budget?
All major business organizations dealing with economic conditions of uncertainty, opportunity costs, and scarce or depreciating resources have to develop capital budgets. The three major steps to developing a capital budget are: conducting a decision analysis to establish a base for knowledge building, establishing option pricing to secure an accurately assessed market position, and creating discounted cash flow (DCF) for making appropriate investment decisions for the organization.

No organization can manage capital projects by simply looking at the numbers of discounted cash flows. A financial analyst for any organization must look at the entire decision and assess all relevant variables and outcomes within an analytical hierarchy. Decision-making regarding capital budgeting is increasingly complex today because of uncertainty, particularly in the health care environment where safety assessments of pharmaceuticals, health care insurance allotments,…...

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Works Cited

Evans. Matt. H. (2003) "Course 3: Capital Budgeting." Excellence in Financial Management: Professional Training Course Files. Retrieved 17 Apr 2005 at  http://www.exinfm.com/training/pdfiles/course03.pdf

Hardware / Software
Install.

$4,586,700

$500,000

Maintenance

2,600,000

Training

1,387,567

Total

$8,574,267

$4,567,318

$4,197,691

$17,339,277

IT USA

Hardware / Software

Install.

$3,786,500

$500,000

Maintenance

Training

Total

$8,161,187

$4,962,181

$4,580,940

$17,704,308

To ensure effective implementation, I would have pilot sessions with a select group of employees. These pilot sessions are designed to provide solutions to problems within the implementation process. If the small group utilizing the software encounters problems, they can be addressed prior to the full scale implementation. I would then fix the problems and role pilot the software to a still larger group of select individuals. I would do this until I was relatively sure that many of the more major problems are eliminated. If codes still remain in the system, I would simply identify the cause of the issue and take actions to mitigate it appropriately. Hopefully, through the pilot program mentioned above, these issues can be eliminated prior to actual full scale implementation.

In regards to cost cuts, I would reduce the number of staff working within the clinic. I would do so…...

Heart Hospital: A Combined Effort between Cornell University
and the New York Presbyterian Hospital

According to the American Heart Association, approximately 2,600 Americans die each and every day from cardiovascular diseases and claim an average of one life every 33 seconds. By building on the successes of the New York Presbyterian Hospital and Cornell University NYP will leverage its cardiac resources to educate, research, treat, and prevent the nation's and New York's number one killer.

The primary driving force behind NYP Hospital's design has been its efficiency to support advanced patient care, synergy of comprehensive cardiac services, and farsighted and visionary advances in medical technology. The planned facility will be a state-of -- the art wireless (digital) environment permitting physicians, nurses and other healthcare practitioners to be significantly closer to the medical consumer's bedside and the design of inpatient surgery and medicine step-down units will improve the workflow across all departments and cardiac…...

Healthcare Finance: DCF Versus the Market Multiple Approach
The DCF approach is considered as one of the best approaches for valuing a business. The approach is extensively sensitive to the forecasts made through an analysis process. Every adjustment that is made, even for the smallest ones, have the ability to let the DCF approach take a wide variance. The approach gives an assumption that the fair value has the possibility not to be accurate. DCF approach is time intensive as compared to other valuation techniques. It gives results whenever needed. The main ideas with this approach are that what is done is forecasting future performances even in cases where the business body does not have a 100% transparency. The DCF approach is a target that is not stagnant (Vinturella & Erickson, 2013). It is moving. In the case that the expectations of a company change, the fair value will take a…...

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References

"Asset-based valuation methods." (2012). Valuadder. Accessed 24 April 2017. From www.valuadder.com/blog/2012/06/20/asset-based-valuation-methods/

"Is Leasing a Car Right for You?" (2013). Fox Business. Accessed 24 April 2017. From video.foxbusiness.com/v/2647689333001/?#sp=show-clips

Vinturella, J. B. & Erickson, S. M. (2013). Raising Entrepreneurial Capital. New York, NY: Newnes, 2013

Healthcare Financial Management
To quote Jonathan Clark at the beginning of his article, "Improving the revenue cycle can be a daunting task due to the scope and complexity of the interdepartmental process." Of the suggestions offered by the authors, which concept(s) give you the greatest insight into creating an improved evenue Cycle process in the organization where you work (or one in which you are familiar)? Be sure to identify which article or author you are referencing.

In his comprehensive advisory article to improve the medical industry's revenue capturing capabilities, entitled Strengthening the evenue Cycle: A 4-Step Method for Optimizing Payment, Jonathan Clark provides a series of sensible solutions to the ongoing dilemma of payment optimization. David Hammer also provides guidance to healthcare finance professional in his article The Next Generation of evenue Cycle Management, by reminding them that the key performance indicators (KPIs) which dictated policy in previous years have been…...

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References

Clark, J. (2008). Strengthening the revenue cycle: a 4-step method for optimizing payment. Healthcare Financial Management, 62(10), 44.

Hammer, D.C. (2007). The next generation of revenue cycle management. Healthcare Financial Management, 61(7), 49.

Seddon, J. (2008). Think system. Management Services, 52(2), 10.

Wilson, D.B. et al. (2004). 3 steps to profitable managed care contracts. Healthcare Financial Management, 58(5), 34.

Through the use of statistical modeling the researcher was able to arrive at the validation of their hypothesis.
Assessment of esearch Findings

Based on the results of the statistical modeling used in conjunction with the Household Component of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data set, it was found that tax subsidies do not have a differentially large or targeted effect on the prevalence of high burdens (Selden, 2008). Selden (2008) defines burdens as cash and wage equivalents of employer premium contributions. The results show that tax subsidies assist those above the poverty line more than those below it. The study is concluded prior to explaining why this is so, yet the author contends there are many other factors in addition to tax-based subsidies that have an impact on those below the poverty line being able to afford medical care even with tax-based subsidies.

Analysis

This research study shows that at statistically significant level…...

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References

Selden, T. (2008). The effect of tax subsidies on high health care expenditure burdens in the United States. International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 8(3), 209-23.

(Menzel, 1990, p. 3) Fisher, Berwick, & Davis alude to the idea of integration in health care, with providers linking as well as creating networks of electronic medical records and other cost improvement tactics.
The United States and other nations over the last twenty or so years, have begun a sweeping change in health care delivery, regarding the manner in which health information is input, stored and accessed. Computer use in the medical industry has greatly increased over the last thirty years the culmination of this is fully networked electronic medical record keeping. (Berner, Detmer, & Simborg, 2005, p. 3) the electronic medical record trend began in the largest institutions first, as hospitals and large care organizations attempted to reduce waste and improve patient care, while the adoption has been much slower among physician's practices and smaller medical institutions. (Hillestad, et al., 2005, pp. 1103-1104) Prior to this time medical…...

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Resources, and Utilization

Based upon the fact the baby boomers are all approaching retirement age, it would be a good idea for the organization to pursue programs that are geared towards seniors. Programs that are geared towards seniors are a great way to produce quality comprehensive health care for those in the community that need it. The organization might pursue the idea of opening a PACE program. " The Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) is a capitated benefit authorized by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA) that features a comprehensive service delivery system and integrated Medicare and Medicaid financing" (Program of All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), 2009). The PACE program features complete medical and social services that rely on an interdisciplinary team approach in an adult day health center that includes in-home and referral services depending on the person's needs (Program of All Inclusive Care for the…...

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References

Baker, J. Judith & Baker, R.W. (2006). Healthcare Finance, Basic Tools for Nonfinancial

Managers. Maryland: Aspen Publications, Inc.

Bury, Elizabeth, Carter, Kara S., Feigelman, Masha and Grant, Jennifer M. (n.d.). Retrieved June

2, 2009, from Web site: