Hammurabi
A modern day reader of the Hammurabi Law Code would immediately be stricken by the one primary punishment offered in a majority of the laws as being death. One could perceive from that fact that the Hammurabi society was one where death was a frequent occurrence. Comparing that society and its fixation on death with today's modern society and its abhorrence of death (at least as a punishment) leads one to believe that the rules were more generally followed during the Hammurabi era than they are in today's society.

Many of the Hammurabi laws were very simple and easy to follow and comprehend. Again, comparing those simple laws with today's complexity in applying societal rules and regulations, makes one wonder why today's society does not take a page from the Hammurabi Lawbook and make laws much more simple than what they are. Hammurabi wrote the laws in response to caring for…...

mla

References

Calliope (2011) Hammurabi, Vol. 21, Issue 4, pp. 23 -- 24

Kruger, C.; (2000) Hammurabi and his code for success, Calliope, Vol. 11, Issue 3, pp. 11-13

Hammurabi's Code Of Laws
Hammurabi, King of Babylonia (from: 1795- 1750 BC

), was the greatest ruler of the Babylonian dynasty. During his reign, he extended his empire northward from the Persian Gulf through the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys (the present day Iraq) and westward to the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Apart from his considerable achievements as a military leader and administrator, he is primarily remembered for his codification of the laws governing Babylonian life. "The Code of Hammurabi" is a collection of the laws and edicts of Hammurabi, the earliest legal code in consolidated form as yet known to man. This paper traces the discovery of Hammurabi's Code of Laws, describes its main contents and discusses how important the Code is in giving us an insight into the social structure of the Babylonian society as well its governmental and justice systems.

Discovery of the Code

The Code of Hammurabi was unearthed…...

mla

Works Cited

Chambliss, Rollin. Social Thought: From Hammurabi to Comte. New York: Dryden Press, 1954.

Hertzler, Joyce O. The Social Thought of the Ancient Civilizations. Ed. Edward Byron Reuter. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1936.

King, L.W. "Code of Hammurabi, c. 1780 BCE. Translation of the Text." 1998. Ancient History Sourcebook. August 9, 2005.  http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/hamcode.html 

Souvay, Charles L. "Hammurabi." New Advent: the Catholic Encyclopedia. 2003. August 9, 2005.  http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07125a.htm

A rich accuser was more likely to escape with a fine when a poorer person committing the same crime could be put to death.
Ownership was considered sacrosanct. Even if a person lost his property because he was part of a losing battle, on return his property would be restored, failing that, it would be restored to his progeny. Loss in battle in interestingly described in the literal translation as "misfortune of the king." Society was patriarchal and property was passed on to the son. If the son was a minor and the father was dead, then the mother was duly compensated to take care of the property until the son achieved maturity. Women (mothers, daughters or wives) could not own property, independently or through bestowal. If such a person had lost everything and wanted his former property back, then society would step in and help him. Desertion during war…...

mla

References

  The Amorite Kingdoms. 2009. Available: . April 6, 2009.http://www.bartleby.com/67/85.htmlBartleby .

Chagnon, N.A. "Yanomamo Survival." Science 244.4900 (1989): 11.

Cook, Stanley Arthur. The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi. London,: A. And C. Black, 1903.

Cornell. The Constitution of the United States of America. 2009. Cornell University Law School. Available:   April 6, 2009.http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.overview.html .

One of the largest sections of Hammurabi's Code focuses on the family and the best ways that a family can protect and maintain itself. Another large section of the code deals with commerce and from this, the code looks into such issues as debt, interest, and default. hat we learn from these sections is that the Babylonian society was one that was somewhat sophisticated and it attempted to deal with issues that improved the quality of life. A healthy commerce is also something that the Babylonians were interested in and they worked on this through specific codes dealing with means of exchange. This code illustrates the sophisticated ways in which people were able to look at life and business. These examples also demonstrate the government's need to be a part of and offer control of every aspect of life. In a sense, the code is much like the Ten Commandments…...

mla

Works Cited

Craig, Albert, et al. The Heritage of World Civilizations. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

2000.

Hammurabi. "Hammurabi's Code of Laws." L.W. King, trans. University of Evansville Online.

Site Accessed September 24, 2009.

laws of the ancient world demonstrate a consistency with the laws of the present. They prove, without a doubt that the challenges of the human condition have been and remain similar in scope and temptation. Humans have long been tempted to retain that which belongs to another, for their own gain. This is true of the laws of Moses and the laws of Hammurabi yet the ways in which those two sets of laws differ are also very visible. Hammurabi is a comprehensive and practical cannon set within the context of a real world need for comprehensive laws of man while the laws of the books of Moses offer a generalized guideline of morality in the world of man as seen by God.
Although, in the prologue to the Code, Hammurabi claims divine authority 'to cause justice to prevail in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil, to…...

mla

Works Cited

Ancient History Sourcebook: Code of Hammurabi, c. 1780 BCE at:

.

Chambliss, Rollin. Social Thought: From Hammurabi to Comte. New York: Dryden Press, 1954.

Cited, Not. The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments: Revised Standard Version. Rev. ed. Toronto: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1952.

Royal Magistrate courts were installed because of Henry II, making it easier for justice to be done, as local disputes no longer had to be arbitrated by the Crown. The English law system was antiquated during Henry's reign, given that people settled their disputes through trial by ordeal or through trial by combat. The King was supportive toward a system that would employ several individuals forming a jury meant to decide whether a particular individual was guilty or not.

Members of the church were advantaged during the early years of Henry II's reign, since they did not have to subject to the same laws applied to normal individuals. Being aware of this injustice, Henry set out several laws which were meant to limit the church's influence and to make the law equally applicable for everyone (Sherman & Salisbury, 258). In spite of his strength of mind, he experienced little success in…...

mla

Works cited:

1. Dewes Winspear, Alban and Kramp Geweke, Lenore Augustus and the Reconstruction of Roman Government and Society (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1935).

2. Easton, Stewart C. And Wieruszowski, Helene The Era of Charlemagne: Frankish State and Society (Huntington, NY: Robert E. Krieger Publishing, 1961).

3. Firth, J.B. "Preface," The Reorganisation of the Empire and the Triumph of the Church (New York G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1905).

4. Hecht, N.S. Jackson, B.S. Passamaneck, S.M. Piattelli, D. And Rabello, A.M. eds., An Introduction to the History and Sources of Jewish Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).

Two of the world’s most important and magnificent religions share little in common on the surface. Yet as the Dalai Lama’s recent interfaith dialogues have shown, locating points of intersection between Christianity and Buddhism can be a more fruitful endeavor than focusing only on differences. Buddhism is older than Christianity, but only by about 500 years. From their points of origin, Buddhism and Christianity spread far and wide geographically: Buddhism to East Asia and Christianity to Europe. One of the things Christianity and Buddhism share in common most is that their respective faiths are not as entrenched in their places of origin as they are in the places that adopted these religions later. For instance, Christianity is more popular in the Americas, Africa, and Europe than in the Middle East, and Buddhism is more popular in the rest of Asia outside of India than in India, where the Gautama Buddha…...

1. What are the leading causes of death in the United States? Accidents are considered to be the fourth leading cause of death after heart disease, cancer and strokes.

2. When the overall cost of an accident is calculated, what elements make up the cost?

The elements making up the cost of an accident are lost wages, insurance administration, medical expenses, motor vehicle damage, fire-related losses, and indirect costs.

3. What are the five leading causes of accidental deaths in the United States?
Motor vehicle, poison, falls, drowning, and fire-related accidents.

4. What are the leading causes of death in the United States of people between the ages of 25 and 44?
Motor vehicle, poison, falls, drowning, fire-related accidents, heart, and cancer disease.

5. Explain how today’s rate of accidental work deaths compares with the rate in the early 1900s.
Per a population of 100,000, accidental work deaths have reduced by 81 percent from 21 to 4 between 1912…...

This differentiation refers to the management and administration of the agricultural resources of the kingdom. This in turn involved an organized network of royal foundations. (Wilkinson 116) the second area of administrative concern was the processing of government revenue and "…its redistribution to the various state operations…" (Wilkinson 116) Wilkinson in his book also deals extensively with managements issues in relation to the Egyptian treasury. (Wilkinson 125)
In understanding the background to management in ancient Egypt one has to continually take into account the wide range of concerns and activities that required ordered control and administration. As Erman states in his work Life in Ancient Egypt (1894), "The enormous properties belonging to the temples required of course complicated machinery for their administration & #8230;certain members of the priestly college were deputed to manage the affairs of the treasury, the commissariat and the correspondence…" (Erman 303)

Taking into account the above discussion…...

Specifically, Caesar masterfully showed how through building alliances one may achieve power and rise to the top of the leadership tier even in a group or society as vast as the Ancient Roman Empire (Abbott, 1901, p.385).
The Roman Empire also provides an example of organizational systems within the public domain through the Republican system. In the Roman Republican system of government, one man did not have the power to make law. Instead, power was balanced amongst three different branches of government: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial ("The Roman Empire"). In fact, this form of government introduced the concept of a senatorial body to the public. In Rome, the Senate was designed as a separate body of government from that of the Emperor so as to avoid the tyranny of one leader. Through the advent of the Senate, the Romans laid the groundwork for leadership structure of Britain…...

egardless of social status, defendants who are poorly represented by their attorneys are more likely to receive death sentences than those who are zealously represented by counsel. (in Opposition to the Death Penalty: Arbitrariness and Discrimination, 2004). While death penalty opponents cite the fact that an Alabama woman whose attorney was so drunk during her trial that the trial judge held him in contempt had her death sentence upheld by the Alabama Supreme Court as a reason to abolish the death penalty, that same incident could just as easily be used as a reason to overhaul the legal system, not abolish capital punishment (the Lack of Competent Legal Counsel, 2004).
One of the most controversial arguments regarding the death penalty is that the imposition of the death penalty is a violation of human rights. Opponents of the death penalty cite the very "different"-ness of death as a reason that it…...

mla

References

Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002).

Blume, J., T. Eisenberg, and S. Johnson. 1998. "Symposium: Post-McCleskey racial discrimination claims in capital cases. Cornell Law Review. 1771-1810.

Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 153 (1972).

Green, M. (2005). History of the death penalty & recent developments. Retrieved May 3, 2005 from Focus on the Death Penalty. Web site: http://justice.uaa.alaska.edu/death/history.html

Capital Punishment: A Capital Offense in Today's Easily Misguided orld
The debate surrounding the usage of capital punishment in the modern era has raged for generations. hile there have always been arguments for the positive aspects of capital punishment, today's world is less optimistic about the death penalty -- and with good reason. The death penalty affects more than just the convicted, it affects all of society. In order to show why capital punishment should be avoided, it is helpful to draw lessons from history, literature, and psychology.

The historical case for capital punishment has long been made. Capital punishment has existed in every major society in one form or another throughout the centuries. As Michael Kronenwetter states, in every society "all punishment is based on the same simple proposition: There must be a penalty for wrongdoing" (1). Kronenwetter is correct in asserting as much: all major societies have had some sense…...

mla

Works Cited

Arriens, Jan, ed. Welcome to Hell: Letters and Writings from Death Row. UK: UPNE,

2005. Print.

Bacon, Francis. "Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature." Essays of Francis Bacon (The

Harvard Classics), 1909. Web.

Architecture through the Ages
Mesopotamia

Construction in ancient times is second only to agriculture-it reaches back as far as the Stone Age and possibly further (Jackson 4). Before the existence of master builders in design and construction the Code of Hammurabi (1795-1750 B.C.) referred to design and construction as a simple process (Beard, Loulakis and undrum (13). Hammurabi was the ruler of Babylon, the world's first metropolis and he codified his code of laws (Beard 13). This is the earliest example of a ruler introducing his laws publicly. The code regulated the organization of society including the extreme punishments for violating the law. The builder's work is addressed in the code, however faulty design and improper construction were viewed as one (13). Six specific laws address the builder. These laws are;

228. If a builder build a house for some one, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he…...

mla

Works Cited

"Albert the Great." The Masonic Trowel. Web. 26 Mar. 2010. .

"Architecture and the Medieval Builder." Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Web. 26 Mar. 2010. .

"Basilica of Santa Maria Novella." Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Web. .

Beard, Jeffrey, Michael Loulakis, and Edward Wundrum. Design-Build:planning through Development. McGraw-Hill, 2001. Print.

Again, this is where a multi-national organization, like the UN, can help eliminate this bias to really determine if the practice is a human rights violation.
Conclusion:

Human rights has been a concern for societies since ancient times. Today, although many strides have been made, there are still concerns about human rights violations. Thanks to advancements in communication technologies, now the plight of those suffering on the other side of the globe can be acknowledged by others, who in the past would not have known about it. Also, multi-national organizations, such as the UN, have made human rights a priority. Yet, this does not simply give a singular nation carte blanche to intervene when they believe a violation of human rights is occurring. This is due to both State sovereignty and cultural practices. A singular nation cannot make an unbiased decision on whether or not a practice is truly a violation.…...

mla

References

Alley, L., Fairley, T., Cardinez, C., & Pordell, P. (2007) "Key cancer and public health concepts and definitions." In Global health care: Issues and policies. ed. Carol Herz. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Eliminating female genital mutilation. (2008). Retrieved November 3, 2009, from  http://www.uneca.org/daweca/Documents/fgm_statement_2008.pdf .

Herz, J. "Rise and Demise of the Territorial State." World Politics 9.4. (Jul 1957): 473-493.

Human rights timeline: From antiquity to the Magna Carta. (No date). Retrieved November 3, 2009, from  http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/humanrights/timeline/timeline1.cfm .

These constant pressures exercised by subsequent powers in the region made the Babylonians fear their neighbors but at the same time increase the value of their defense and their culture. It can be said that from this point-of-view the clashes that took place in the early days of our world enabled cities and cultures to establish themselves according to the threats they had to face. This was indeed an important means of defining one's culture and establishing it as the strongest or weakest in the region.
In the seventh century BC the Babylonians gave birth to a new dynasty and ruler that would eventually offer a new perspective to Babylonian history. In this sense, "Nebuchadnezzar, in a reign of more than forty years, gives Babylon its period of greatest fame. He is prominent in the Bible as the ruler who destroys Jerusalem and carries off the Jews into their Babylonian…...

mla

References

History World. The empire of Hammurabi: 18th century BC. N.d. 31 Jan. 2008  http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa10 

Leick, Gwendolyn. The Babylonians: An Introduction. Routledge: London, 2003.

Oral Tradition: The Ancient Roots of Storytelling

Literature has its primordial origins in the spoken word, as stories were passed down through generations of oral tradition. This rich tapestry of storytelling served as a means of cultural preservation, historical documentation, and moral instruction.

In ancient civilizations, storytellers known as bards, rhapsodes, or griots played a pivotal role in transmitting cultural narratives. They memorized and recited epics, myths, and legends, weaving them into elaborate performances that captivated their audiences.

The oral tradition allowed for stories to evolve and adapt with each telling, as performers embellished them with personal experiences, local customs, and the prevailing....