guerrilla warfare counterinsurgency directly apply post-9/11 terrorist problem faced U.S. 2.
Literature on guerrilla warfare and counterinsurgency, as well as the very denotation of the former term, applies to post-9/11 terrorism combated by the United States since it defines the very nature of that struggle. The intensely covert forms of Islamic militant terrorist tactics, such as those carried out by insurgents in Iraq or those attempted by Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, include the elements of surprise that have come to typify the war measures of such groups, and which are inherently part of guerrilla warfare strategy.

Several reports in news media have claimed that the presence of the United States in Iraq and the subsequent war efforts of the former nation have actually adversely affected the war on terror, and have allowed for the spread of the Islamic militancy terrorist movement, which in turn has enabled al Qaeda the chance to realize…...

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References

Associate Press. (2009). Iraq War Made Terror Worse. CBS News World. Retrieved from  http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/09/24/iraq/main2036338.shtml 

Metz, S. (2006). Learning from Iraq: Counterinsurgency in American Strategy. U.S. Army Strategic Studies Institute monograph. Retrieved from retrieved June 1, 2007http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=752,

Megan K. Stack (2001). "Fighters Hunt Former Ally." articles.latimes.com. Retrieved from  http://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/06/news/mn-12224

The rule of thumb is to strike the enemy at places where the enemy feels 'safe' and then never let the enemy relax (Latin pp). Terrorism is an act of violence by groups that are part of guerilla movements, in an effort to create fear and draw support (Ramli pp). Today, suicide terrorism is the most widely used tactic by the insurgents in Iraq, and the present quagmire in Iraq could transform guerilla warfare into revolutionary warfare, whereby the Iraqis could mobilize and seize the state due to their hatred for the occupying power, thus within these constraints revolutionary warfare can take the form of urban guerilla war or rural guerilla war (Ramli pp).
orks Cited

Guerilla. Retrieved August 20, 2005 at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerilla

Latin America. Retrieved August 20, 2005 at http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/areas/latin.htm

Ramli H. Nik. "ill we see history repeated in Iraq?" New Straits Times.

June 04, 2005. Retrieved August 20, 2005 from HighBeam Research…...

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Works Cited

Guerilla. Retrieved August 20, 2005 at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerilla 

Latin America. Retrieved August 20, 2005 at http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/areas/latin.htm

Ramli H. Nik. "Will we see history repeated in Iraq?" New Straits Times.

June 04, 2005. Retrieved August 20, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Guerrilla Government
Guerrilla warfare is a type of warfare where a small band of fighters (whether professional, militia, or civilian) adopt the tactics of stealth soldiers, using sabotage, ambushes, hit-and-run strategies, etc., in order to exploit their most powerful tools -- mobility and the ability to fly under the radar undetected in order to score direct hits against the opposition, undermine the opposition's infrastructure, and bring down the opposition's system of support; in other words, it is irregular warfare conducted by an independent unit (O'Leary, 2014, p. 4). Guerrilla warfare has been conducted in asymmetric warfare for ages, going back to the Civil War days, when guerrilla combatants waged war against opposing forces. In countries where insurrections and revolutions have occurred, such as in South and Central America, guerrilla warfare has been part of the strategy of combatants. It is essentially used by weaker/smaller but less easily identifiable/located forces against larger/slower,…...

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References

Cooper, T. L. (2012). The responsible administrator: An approach to ethics for the administrative role (6th ed.). New York, NY: Jossey-Bass.

O'Leary, R. (2014).The ethics of dissent: Managing guerrilla government (2nd ed.).

Washington, DC: CQ Press.

He also contends that guerilla warfare is not a tactic that is practiced without discipline or structure. The structure and adherence to rules or laws, as Guevara, suggests, are elements that directly contribute to the efficacy of guerilla warfare as used by terrorist organizations and small countries.
It is often said that guerrilla warfare is primitive. This generalization is dangerously misleading…it can be conducted in any terrain, in any climate, in any weather…Its basic element is man, and man is more complex than any of his machines. (U.S. Navy & Marine Corps, 1989, 13)

This quote comes from the headquarters of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps, two extremely talented branches of the United States military, which is arguably one of the finest militaries in the world. If leaders from these branches of the military have this to say about guerilla warfare as it is used by…...

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References:

Guevara, Ernesto "Che." Guerilla Warfare. 1961.

Irish Republican Army. Green Book, Volumes 1 & 2.

United State Navy, United States Marine Corps. Mao Tse-Tung on Guerilla Warfare. Washington, D.C., 1989.

Unconventional Warfare: The Mujahidin of Afghanistan
esistance is not futile. It was one of the lessons learned from the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan: that any resistance force can counter effectively against a powerful aggressor. esistance - with the proper tools, strategy, and determination - can countermeasure any unwanted entity. The anti-Soviet forces in Afghanistan not only pushed the invaders out of their country, but it helped precipitated the eventual fall of the U.S.S.. As a world power. The question on the table is: what happened in that poor Southwest Asian country? How did the Soviets lose that war, or how did the mujahidin - the soldiers of God - win? First and foremost, the Soviet political and military leaders made strategic and tactical errors. The Afghan rebels employed unconventional warfare in Afghanistan: it was their only possible means in defeating the Soviets. Eventually, though too late, the ussian troops switched…...

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References

Bonosky, Phillip. Washington's Secret war against Afghanistan. New York: International Publishers. 1985.

Isby, David C. War in a Distant Country Afghanistan: Invasion and Resistance. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. 1989.

Kakar, M Hassan. Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982. Berkley: University of California Press. 1995.

Kaplan, Robert D. Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. New York: Vintage Books. 1990.

Fourth Generation Warfare
Some analysts have argued that "fourth generation warfare" is new. This author will argue that there is nothing new about fourth generation warfare. Modern military analysts have simply been ignoring it because they know how to do second and third generation warfare. Fourth generation warfare is as old as human beings. Although it was only formally defined in the famous Marine Corps Gazette article of 1989, it predates formal warfare precisely because it involves terrorist actors. Since it existed from the beginning, it was just "under the radar screen" of military analysts who were used to modern technology and tactics.

The simplest definition of fourth generation warfare includes any kind of warfare in which one of the participants is not a state but instead a violent terrorist actor. Classical examples include such as the slave rising under Spartacus. Of course, this predates the modern concept of warfare and is…...

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References:

Lind, William S, Nightengale, Keith, Schmitt, John F., Sutton, Joseph S., and Lieutenant

Wilson, Gary I. "The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation." Marine

Corps Gazette, October 1989, 22-26.

Murden, Simon. "Staying the Course in 'Fourth-Generation Warfare': Persuasion and Perservance in the Era of the Asymmetric Bargaining War." Contemporary Security Policy 28, no. 1 (April 2007): 197-211.

The administration of J.F.K. determined that the mission and size of the U.S. advisory project must increase if the U.S.-backed government in Saigon was to survive and win the war. While some of Kennedy's cabinet advisors proposed a negotiated settlement for Vietnam similar to one that recognized Laos as a neutral nation, this was not to be. The administration had just suffered diplomatic setbacks and embarrassments in Berlin and Cuba. So that it did not repeat this, the covert military option was used, but unsuccessfully. The war continued to escalate, requiring more U.S. advisors and military and foreign aid. Unfortunately for the U.S., the covert operations to assist the South against North Vietnam escalated in the harassment and landing of covert forces until the U.S. Navy became embroiled in the Gulf of Tonkin incident that sealed the U.S. path to open military involvement in the conflict (ibid.).
Diplomatic options in…...

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References

Anderson, D.L. (1999). The military and diplomatic course of the vietnam war. Retrieved from  http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/vietnam/anderson.htm .

Kennedy considered supporting coup in south vietnam, august 1963. (2009, December 11). Retrieved

from  http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB302/index.htm .

Lemnitzer, L. (1962). Operation northwoods. Retrieved from www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20010430/doc1.pdf.

(Mahnken and Maiolo, 2008, p. 339); (Friedman, 2003); (Military Doctrine, Guerrilla Warfare and Counterinsurgency, 2003)
"Disaggregation" could provide a new strategy for the counterinsurgency model for its war against terrorism. Disaggregation would involve prohibiting links between theaters, preventing global or regional insurgents to associate with or exploit potential local terrorists, disrupting the flow of information, propaganda and materials within and between jihad hotspots, abolishing sanctuary areas, identifying and isolating radical elements from the local populace and interrupting inputs from Islamist sources emanating from the greater Middle East. This new approach must address the problem at three levels -- local, regional and global levels. (Mahnken and Maiolo, 2008, p. 339); (Friedman, 2003); (Military Doctrine, Guerrilla Warfare and Counterinsurgency, 2003)

Lessons Learnt by the U.S. Marines and the U.S. Army

The lessons learnt by the U.S. Army and the Marine Corps in Vietnam were profound but were soon forgotten, but the recent experiences in…...

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References

Amstutz, Mark R. 2005. International ethics: concepts, theories, and cases in global politics. Rowman & Littlefield.

Boot, Max. 2009. A New Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan. [Online]. Available at:

  [accessed 28 April 2008]http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/a-new-counterinsurgency-in-afghanistan-15116 

Cassidy, Robert M. 2006. Counterinsurgency and the global war on terror: military culture and irregular war. Greenwood Publishing Group.

Guevara
Perceptions of Che Guevera

PERCEPTIONS OF CHE GUEVARA

Che Guevara was born as Ernesto Guevara de la Serna in 1928 to a middle-class family (Castaneda 1998, 3). He was Argentinean by birth but was later awarded with an honorary Cuban citizenship in recognition of his contribution towards the armed struggle in the Cuban revolution. Studying to become a doctor, Guevara became influenced by Marxist ideals and teachings upon a motorbike trip across South America at the age of twenty-four where he observed the exploitation and deprivation of the poor people under capitalism (Castaneda 1998, 50). He became a champion of the class struggle against capitalism on an international level. He joined Fidel Castro in 1955 in overthrowing the Cuban government of atista. Subsequently, he became an important figure in Cuban diplomacy and a vocal critic of the United States and the Soviet Union. Later on he helped revolutionary groups in Congo and…...

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Bibliography

Anderson, Jon, L. 2010. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. Grove Press

Castaneda, Jorge, G. 2008. Companero: The Life and Death of Che Guevara. Bloomsbury Publishing

Harris, Richard, L. 2010. Che Guevara: A Biography. ABC-CLIO

Salmon, Gary, P. 1990. The Defeat of Che Guevara: Military Response to Guerrilla Challenge in Bolivia. Greenwood Publishing Group

Territorial Control and Geographic Distribution of Terrorist Attacks: A Comparative Study of IS and FACIntroductionOne of the critical aspects of understanding terrorist activities is examining the relationship between the territorial control of insurgent groups and the geographic distribution of their attacks. This research looks into this relationship by comparing two ideologically and geographically distinct groups: the Islamic State (IS) and the evolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FAC). IS is known for its jihadist ideology in the Middle East as well as its brutal tactics, while FAC has its roots in Marxist-Leninist ideology and has used guerrilla warfare against the Colombian government in South America. This comparative study explores how ideological differences influence the strategies of territorial control and the consequent patterns of terrorist attacks.The primary research question guiding this study is: How does the territorial control of ideologically different insurgent groups, specifically IS and FAC, influence the geographic distribution of…...

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ReferencesAsh, K. (2018). “The War Will Come to Your Street”: Explaining Geographic Variation in Terrorism by Rebel Groups. International Interactions, 44(3), 411-436.Carter, D. B., Kaplan, M. L., & Schultz, K. A. (2022). The Geography of Separatist Violence. International Studies Quarterly, 66(3), sqac030.Castan Pinos, J., & M. Radil, S. (2020). The territorial contours of terrorism: A conceptual model of territory for non-state violence. Terrorism and political violence, 32(5), 1027-1046.Chandra, Y. (2020). Illicit drug trafficking and financing of terrorism. Journal of Defence Studies, 14(1-2), 69-91.De la Calle, L., & Sánchez-Cuenca, I. (2015). How armed groups fight: Territorial control and violent tactics. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(10), 795-813.Elden, S. (2007). Terror and territory. Antipode, 39(5), 821-845.Findley, M. G., & Young, J. K. (2012). Terrorism and civil war: A spatial and temporal approach to a conceptual problem. Perspectives on Politics, 10(2), 285-305.Gonzalez, C., & Alzate, M. C. (2022). The Role of International Actors in the Negotiation Process Between the Colombian Government and the Farc-Ep: a Necessary and Controlled Participation. Estudos Internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas, 10(2), 59-77.Jones, S. G., Dobbins, J., Byman, D., Chivvis, C. S., Connable, B., Martini, J., ... & Chandler, N. (2017). Rolling Back the Islamic State. Rand Corporation.Medina, R. M., & Hepner, G. F. (2013). The geography of international terrorism: an introduction to spaces and places of violent non-state groups. CRC Press.Richter, S., & Barrios Sabogal, L. C. (2023). Dynamics of peace or legacy of rebel governance? Patterns of cooperation between FARC-ex-combatants and conflict-affected communities in Colombia. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 34(1), 165-194.Salazar, L. G. S., Wolff, J., & Camelo, F. E. (2019). Towards violent peace? Territorial dynamics of violence in Tumaco (Colombia) before and after the demobilisation of the FARC-EP. Conflict, Security & Development, 19(5), 497-520.Salehyan, I. (2007). Transnational rebels: Neighboring states as sanctuary for rebel groups. World Politics, 59(2), 217-242.Sexton, R. (2016). Aid as a tool against insurgency: Evidence from contested and controlled territory in Afghanistan. American Political Science Review, 110(4), 731-749.Staniland, P. (2012). States, insurgents, and wartime political orders. Perspectives on politics, 10(2), 243-264.Tollefsen, A. F., & Buhaug, H. (2015). Insurgency and inaccessibility. International Studies Review, 17(1), 6-25.

The ed Army lost numerous men and machinery, and ultimately, the cost was too much for the Soviets to bear. The Soviets finally began to withdraw troops in the spring of 1988, and removing all troops by early 1989. They left the country in political and personal chaos, with infighting between ethnic groups and religious sects. Author Esposito continues, "Within a brief period after the Soviet withdrawal, the great Islamic victory had collapsed into interethnic and sectarian warfare, fueled by foreign patrons. The net result was chaos and the devastation of Afghanistan as various warlords vied to set up their own fiefdoms."
The country disintegrated into Civil War, with some of the mujahidin factions of the Northern Alliance surviving to fight against the Taliban with U.S. forces in 2001. The Taliban took control of Afghanistan in 1996, controlling every aspect of life from dress to worship and commerce. The Taliban…...

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References

Editors. 2007. The Soviet-Afghan War. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press. Online. Available from Internet:   accessed 11 June 2007.http://www.kansaspress.ku.edu/grasov.html ,

Esposito, John L. 2003. Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press.

Joes, Anthony James. 1996. Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical, Biographical, and Bibliographical Sourcebook. Edited by Robin Higham. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Strmecki, Marin. 1986. Can the Afghan Rebels Win?. National Review, 4 July, 32+.

Tarleton was known for cruelty and slaughter. When his troops took Marion's nephew Gabriel prisoner during an unsuccessful attempt to capture Georgetown, Tarleton followed up by murdering Gabriel in cold blood. But Marion did not engage in any similar brutality or seek revenge by killing British prisoners of war. it's a testament to his moral character and to "a scrupulous piety that was part of his Huguenot background" (Smith, 1976, p. 1437). By his own upright behavior he set a standard for those who served him, and the men under him made it their standard too (American evolution - General Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox web site).
Marion got his nickname "The Swamp Fox" from the enemy. Colonel Banastre ("Bannister") Tarleton called him that because of his elusive tactics (the Swamp Fox web site). Cornwallis was determined to put an end to Marion's daring exploits and had sent Tarleton to…...

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References

American revolution web site. Francis Marion, Revolutionary War 'Swamp Fox': Retrieved 17 June 2007 at  http://www.americanrevolution.com/FrancisMarion.htm 

Commager, H.S. And Morris, R.B. (Eds) (1983). The spirit of seventy-six. New York: Bananza Books.

Leadership qualities web site: Retrieved 19 June 2007 at http://pirate.shu.edu/~gonosann/assignments/leadershipqualities.htm.

Simms, W.G. (1844). The life of Francis Marion. Retrieved 17 June 2007 at http://www.geocities.com/bourbonstreet/1786/1sfox10.txt

Michael Collins- Terrorist or Freedom Fighter?
The name Michael Collins has very different meanings for different groups of people. For millions of people, he is considered not only a terrorist, but one of the first real terrorists. For millions of others, he is considered a great freedom fighter. The author was called upon to choose a position and support an argument about whether Collins was a terrorist or a freedom fighter. However, the reality is that Collins was both a terrorist and a freedom fighter, and the two roles are not mutually exclusive. Many people who support his position as a freedom fighter reject the terrorist label. Therefore, this paper will focus explaining why the author believes that Collins was a terrorist. There are several facts that support Collins being considered a terrorist. First, Collins developed modern guerrilla warfare, one of the preferred tactics of modern-day terrorists. Initially, he targeted governmental…...

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References

Boot, M. (2011, May 17). The queen visits Michael Collin's Ireland. Retrieved January 9, 2012

from Commentary website:  http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/05/17/queen-elizabeth-visit-reaffirms-anglo-irish-friendship/ 

The Delaware Criminal Justice Council Terrorism Research Page. (2007, March 22). The

history of terrorism: More than 200 years of development. Retrieved January 9, 2012 from The State of Delaware website:  http://cjc.delaware.gov/terrorism/history.shtml

War has undoubtedly shaped the course of human history. Conflicts, through sheer human nature often arise through disagreement. Occasionally these conflicts end with war as opposing sides believe so vehemently in their respective reasonings and doctrinal views. Oftentimes, these war's end with one "victor" and on defeated party, however, in war everyone losses.
The Vietnam War in particular is an example of how war is a zero sum game that only results in losses for all those involved. This paper examines how the conflict started, taking particular care to express both points-of-view regarding core issues followed by a discussion concerning Special Forces operations and their overall impact on the outcome of the war. Finally, a summary of the research and important findings about Special Forces in Vietnam in the conclusion.

Review and Analysis

Origins of the Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North…...

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Dyhouse, Tim. (2002, March). Delta Force: Secret Wielders of Death. VFW Magazine 89(7), p. 16.

Beckwith, Charles (with Donald Knox) (1983). Delta Force. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 9780151246571.

Kelly, Francis J. Green Berets of Vietnam - The U.S. Army Special Forces 61-71 - the. S.l: Archive Media Publishing, 2013.

hich historians Yahia Zoubir and Daniel Volman describe this way:
At the same time, they [the Judges] are in accord in providing indications of a legal tie of allegiance between the Sultan and some, though only some, of the tribes of the territory, and in providing indications of some display of the Sultan's authority or influence with respect to those tribes."

For the court to have found in the favor of Morocco based on "historic" claims, would have opened the door of a Pandora's box, and there was simply no way to legally deal with that situation. A finding in Morocco's favor would undo the modern world. Then, strangely enough, and because if he wanted to remain in the dynamics of the argument and struggle for control over estern Sahara, Morocco's King Hussan III interpreted the court's findings in favor of Morocco, and in accordance with Moroccan law. If the referendums…...

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Works Cited

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107024755 

Borowiec, Andrew. 2003. Taming the Sahara: Tunisia Shows a Way While Others Falter. Westport, CT: Praeger. Book online. Available from Questia,   Accessed 14 August 2008.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002077928 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107024757.Internet .

Dela Rosa, Darrell. 2003. The UN Role in Western Sahara. UN Chronicle, September-November, 22+. Database online. Available from Questia,

I. Introduction

Hook: Begin with a compelling statement or anecdote that sets the stage for the Battle of Stalingrad.
Thesis statement: State the central argument or purpose of the essay, highlighting why the Battle of Stalingrad was a pivotal event in World War II.

II. Historical Context

Prelude to war: Discuss the political and military tensions leading up to the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany.
Operation Barbarossa: Outline the German invasion plan and the initial successes of the Wehrmacht.
The Soviet response: Explain the Soviet strategy of scorched-earth and guerrilla warfare, as well as the establishment of the....

Mao Zedong's Rise to Power

Early Life and Ideology:

Born in 1893 to a peasant family in Hunan province
Studied at Beijing University, influenced by Marxism and socialism
Organized the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921

Guomindang-CCP Alliance (1923-1927):

CCP allied with the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) led by Chiang Kai-shek
Joined forces to defeat warlords and establish a unified China

Shanghai Massacre (1927):

Chiang Kai-shek turned against the CCP, leading to the Shanghai Massacre
CCP retreated to rural areas and began guerrilla warfare

Long March (1934-1936):

CCP forces led by Mao embarked on a 6,000-mile retreat from southern China to Shaanxi
Demonstrated the party's....

1. The Effects of Modern Warfare on Civilian Populations

2. The Role of Technology in Shaping Contemporary Wars

3. The Changing Nature of Conflict in the 21st Century

4. The Role of Media in Shaping Public Opinion during Modern Wars

5. The Humanitarian Impact of War in Contemporary History

6. The Evolution of Guerrilla Warfare: Case Studies from the 21st Century

7. The Role of International Intervention in Modern Wars

8. The Impact of Cyber Warfare in Modern Conflict

9. The Changing Face of Terrorism in the Modern World

10. War Crimes and Accountability in Contemporary Conflicts
11. The Influence of Political Rhetoric on the Naming of Wars in Modern....