Ancient Greek art has survived most successfully in the forms of sculpture and architecture, as well as in such minor arts as coin design, pottery and gem engraving. Greek architecture relied on two main styles, namely the Doric and the Ionic. The names were given by the Ancient Greeks themselves, who believed that these architectural styles were derived from the gods (Chase: 122). Ancient Greek art has survived most successfully in the forms of sculpture and architecture. However, most of the monuments of Ancient Greece have not survived; they were either destroyed by wars, or by nature in earthquakes or fires. Only a handful of temples, such as the Parthenon and the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, have been spared.

Major forms of Roman art include architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work. According to a traditional classification of Roman sculpture, there are a number of distinct categories of Roman artifacts such…...

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Without a shadow of a doubt, Roman architecture was deeply influenced by Greek architecture; however, the Romans managed to create a new architectural style which maintained the Greek influence, but also suited the Roman profile and purpose. Moreover, the Romans brought several changes and improvements to the Greek architectural styles. Firstly, these buildings had to represent the greatness of the Empire hence their size and appearance had to impress the Roman people as well as be suitable for public functions. Secondly, the Romans were forced to adapt these styles to a far vaster population - compared to that of Ancient Greece; furthermore, thanks to the wealth of the empire, builders could use better materials as well as experiment more with building techniques and styles.

Greek, Etruscan & Roman Art: The Classical Collections of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Ed. George H. Chase. Boston:, 1963.

Gazda, Elaine K. Roman Sculpture and the Ethos of Emulation: Reconsidering Repetition Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 97, Greece in Rome: Influence, Integration, Resistance (1995), pp. 121-156

"...the moment captured in the statue is an example of rhythmos, harmony and balance" (Encyclopedia: Discobolos)
The Dying Gaul, sometimes known as the Dying Trumpeter, is a "...ancient Greek statue of a dying warrior lying on the ground supporting himself with one arm. The omans later made a marble copy of the Greek original." (Dying Gaul) This sculpture is well-known as one of the most poignant classical expression in sculpture of death and dying. "After 50 years of desperate and unceasing battle, victory over the Gauls was commemorated by this gravely realistic depiction of a tragic hero. With classic details revealing the Greeks' admiration for strength and bravery" (Dying Gaul Sculpture) the Greek emphasis on form and the esthetic representation of the human are also clearly evident here.

Studies of Greek and oman art tend to emphasize similarities as well as differences in this various sculptures and other artworks. What is…...

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References

Dying Gaul. Retrieved November 7, 2008 at http://eastlrc.valencia.cc.fl.us/askthematador/researchguides/Dying%20Gaul.htm

Dying Gaul Sculpture. Retrieved November 7, 2008 at http://www.designtoscano.com/product/indoor+statues/classic+statues/greek+and+roman+statues/dying+gaul+sculpture+-+pd1948.do

Encyclopedia: Discobolos. Retrieved November 7, 2008 at  http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Discobolos 

Roman Art vs. Greek Art. Retrieved November 7, 2008 at  http://www.essays.cc/free_essays/a4/cng289.shtml

Greek and Roman Theatre
Greek tragedy is characterized as being composed of tetralogy, wherein the play presented consists of three tragedies and a 'satyr' play, wherein criticisms in the government and society are addressed comically. Greek tragedy also has a dramatic form and focus, and most of the stories or topics used in tragedies are from myths and legends of the Greeks. Tragedies focus on the suffering of the lead character in the play, and provide insight and enlightenment to the main character at the end of the story or play. Meanwhile, Greek comedies were incorporated to Greek festivals along with tragedies, and comedies often depict extravagantness in its appearance while attacking and insulting people or actions that concerns society, or even personal attacks on people. Greek comedies are less restrictive in its form, and do not possess the high quality of organization that tragedies possess.

The Chorus is essential to Greek…...

Whereas the Greek had a balanced view of the values inherent in both the physical and the intellectual, the omans were more practical, and valued war above intellectual abilities. As mentioned, ome freely adopted parts of other cultures and religions, including Greece. The omans hoped for a better afterlife than the Greeks did, which explains the appeal of Christianity to the nation.
While a good afterlife was a prospect for the common people, those in power had the option of becoming gods themselves, like the Egyptian pharaohs. The emperors were then worshiped as gods. As such, ome had three types of religions that existed side by side: the state religion, with the emperor as god; the mystery religions with their promises of life after death, and many foreign religions, including those of the Greeks (Mullen). It was therefore by no means a simple system.

oman and Greek Gods

According to Charlotte Kuchinsky,…...

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References

Kuchinsky, Charlotte. How the Roman Gods and Goddesses Came to Be. Associated Content, Nov. 30, 2007.  http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/458908/how_the_greek_and_roman_gods_goddesses.html?cat=37 

Mullen, Patrick. The World of Greek Mythology. 1997.  http://greekmyth.tripod.com/index.htm 

N.K. The Reconciliation of Greek and Roman History Under the Roman Empire. Associated Content. Jul. 3, 2006.  http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/41319/greek_and_roman_historiography.html?cat=37

Greek and oman Deities
In ancient times traditions, histories and other elements of society were passed down by the way of stories told from one generation to another. Ancient Greek culture predates oman culture. As the two cultures developed there was a certain degree of interaction between the peoples. The myths of these two cultures reflected many of the ethical issues that were important in that time. It is not surprising considering their close geographic proximity that there was a certain degree of mixing of cultures and consequently mythology as well. This research will explore the similarities and differences between Green and oman deities.

The first ancient Greek writings date to around 600 BC. However, the oratory tradition of the myths dates from a much earlier time. Greek mythology centered on the idea that a group of immortals were responsible for the creation of the world as it is today. Many of…...

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References]

Bulfinch, Thomas. Bulfinche's Mythology. 2000. February, 2003.http://www.bulfinch.org/Accessed

The Norton Anthology of World Literature, Volume B: 100 to 1500 (Second Edition).

Lawall, Sarah and Mach, Maynard (eds.). W.W. Norton & Company; 2001. pp.

Greek and Roman Empire Influence on Western Civilization
Spawning Civilization: From Greece to Rome to Western Civilization

It is difficult to find an area of life in contemporary Western Civilization which has not been influenced by the ancient empires of Greek and Rome. These two cultures were similar to one another, and helped to propagate many of the values and customs that are still prevalent in Western Civilization today. Some of the many facets of life in which the influence of these aforementioned situations is considerable include religion, language, philosophy, aesthetics or arts, architecture, and others. That this influence is so strong is not surprising; the present, after all, is directly related to the history that preceded it. From a historical perspective, then, it is extremely noteworthy that first ancient Greece, and then ancient Rome, was always the dominant power in Western civilization. There were many aspects of Greek culture that were…...

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Bibliography

Mayor, Adrienne. "Mithradates: Scourge of Rome." History Today 59 (2009): 10-15.

Farmer, Lesley.

Ogden, Daniel. "Controlling Desires: Sexuality in Ancient Greece and Rome." Journal of the History of Sexuality. 22 (2013) 179-181.

Ray, Charles. "The Roman Empire's Impact on Western Civilization." Humanities 360. Accessed June 24, 2014.  http://www.humanities360.com/index.php/the-roman-empires-impact-on-western-civilization-3-38032/

Aeneas was also supposed to take with him some cattle for sacrifice, but they were to be sacrificed to the underworld gods.
In the Odyssey, Odysseus is supposed to seek out Teiresias, seer of the dead, who could instruct him on how to find his way home. He was supposed to sacrifice the sheep and make a drink offering to the dead, but was not to allow them to partake of it until Teiresias arrived. In the Aeniad, the purpose of Aeneas' trip to the underworld was to seek out his dead father Anchises and to see what the future held for him and his descendants; it was prophesized that he would be the founder of Rome. While in the underworld Aeneas witnessed many things, among them the Stygian lake across which Charon ferried the dead, Cerberus the three-headed dog, the Mourning Fields in which lost lovers resided, the torture…...

Achilles himself is a warrior, and ultimately he decides himself to join the battle, regardless of his love for Briseis and regardless of the fact that he knows he will die. It is this in him that he cannot deny Patroclus.
Achilles nonetheless does all that he can to ensure Patroclus' safety. He warns Patroclus not to pursue the Trojans, because he knows this will lead to death. Furthermore he implores the gods with offerings to bring the young man back safely. None of these strategies however work, because Patroclus disregards both Achilles and the gods in his desire to attain glory. Ironically, his infamy lies only in the fact that he was foolish and that he died unnecessarily.

Furthermore Achilles' predicament lies in the fact that he is now to explain to Patroclus' father the reason why he went into battle. Achilles also lost a friend that he mourns. This…...

Both were established as the preeminent nation during their respective heyday, both used their internal structure of semi-democratic rule to establish their "right" to impress other nations to their way of life, both made exceptional use of false rhetoric to convince others of their preeminence, and both stretched their militaries to the point of breaking - more than once. Additionally, research demonstrates that the decline in American popularity coincides with the decline of democratic rule in the U.S. While under Democratic control, the United States enjoyed a significant period of favor within the world. but, the "war President" Bush has squandered all of that good will both at home and abroad - to the point where there are virtually no true friends left to come to her side in times of crisis, just as was the case with ome before the Barbarians from the North finally broke the myth of…...

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References

Anderson, Gordon L. Philosophy of the United States: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. St. Paul, MN: Paragon House, 2004.

Starr, Chester G. The Roman Empire, 27 B.C.-a.D. 476: A Study in Survival. New York: Oxford University Press - USA, 1983.

d.).
Caesar's death was partially owed to his mercy and intolerance, which, in mixture, were unsafe for his individual safety. Caesar had not wavered to assign carnages against barbarians when it had fitted him, but he was almost constantly generous in his action of his overcame oman adversaries. Thus forgiveness was most likely not just a subject of policy. Caesar's initial knowledge in his political career had been Sulla's merciless maltreatment of his conquered domestic opponents. Caesar amnestied his adversaries extensive and gave an amount of them good locations in his new government. Gaius Cassius Longinus, who was the poignant strength in the plan to kill him, and Marcus Junius Brutus, the figurative personification of oman republicanism, were both previous opponents. Et tu, Brute was Caesar's phrase of his particular suffering at being knifed by a man whom he had pardoned, relied upon and respected (Julius Caesar, n.d.).

At his death, Caesar…...

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Reference

50 -0 BC. (2000). Retrieved November 21, 2010, from History Central Web site:

  BC.htmlhttp://www.historycentral.com/dates/50 

Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC). (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2010, from Web site:

http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/caesar-index.html

On the other hand, the scenery on the stage was nominal, often made up exclusively of decorated panels that were put on stage (Elizabethan Theater, n.d.).
Elizabethan theaters were often crude, unclean, and noisy, but always managed to draw people from all social classes. Shows were normally put on in the afternoons and lasted between two and three hours. Each part of the theater had a special price of entrance, with the lowest costs being in the pit lower than stage height where people stood up to view the play. The majority of show seats were prearranged in-the-round, which gave viewers the occasion to view both the play and the actions of the audience as well. Manners did not forbid the spectators from liberally communicating their aversion or approval for the achievement on stage (Elizabethan Theater, n.d.).

illiam Shakespeare and Elizabethan Theatre are often thought to go together. The Renaissance, which…...

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Works Cited

"Elizabethan Audiences, Elizabethan theatre Audiences." n.d., viewed 27 September, 2010,

"Elizabethan Playhouses." n.d., viewed 25 September, 2010,

myth in some detail, and give your evaluation of its strengths and weaknesses.
The word 'myth' comes from the Greek word 'mythos' that means, "spoken or written story." A myth is essentially a story with a purpose that is usually to explain why the world is the way it is, or the relationship between the gods and human beings. Though the events within myths may sometimes appear to be far-fetched or impossible, there was usually a social issue or moral underneath it all.

This theory of a myth, I feel is probably one of the most viable as myths have lasted thousands of years. Many have been passed on from one generation to another for centuries before written documentation or a created alphabet. Myths, in this case, would be the spoken story or history of people and events relevant to that particular society.

The natural enemy to these spoken stories would be…...

Eyes
Egyptian, Greek, and Roman Sculpture

Different cultures see the world in different ways. Religion, society, and even politics, shape our views, and give form to our human environment. Architecture, music, literature, dress -- all are visible manifestations of a people's values. This is no less true in the realm of sculpture. A religious people will create works of art that express its most deeply held spiritual beliefs; a cerebral people, sculptures that capture humankind's highest ideals, while the politically minded turn out statues and busts that represent their world's movers and shakers. Styles can range from the formal and the symbolic, to the ideal and the real. Each serves its cultural purpose. As all peoples have done, the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Romans produced sculptures that testify to the beliefs of their respective societies.

Ancient Egypt was a fundamentally religious society. The axis of its world turned around the will…...

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Bibliography

Duby, Georges and Daval, Jean-Luc, Eds. Sculpture from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. New York: Taschen, 1991.

Gowing, Sir Lawrence, et al., Eds. A History of Art. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1995.

Schulz, Regine and Seidel, Matthew, Eds. Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs. Cologne: Konemann, 1998.

Shaw, Ian Ed. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

he Roman diet was based on cereals: "Emmer was the first food of the ancient inhabitants of Latium, and the offerings of emmer...are a strong confirmation. hat emmer porridge, rather than bread, was the staple of the Romans" (Pliny, cited by Purcell, 2003). In the households that had kitchen quarters, Roman women baked their own bread. hose who live in one room apartments had to purchase their food ready made because they had no room for preparing food. Wine is also extremely important in the Roman diet and had a high religious significance, too. he population had also access to meat from game and domestic animal and the rest of the products resulted from animal rising.
By the year 273, Rome became one of the most powerful forces around the Mediterranean sea. A few years later, in 267, the Roman regained the last of the Greek controlled territories in the…...

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The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 124, No. 3, Special Issue: Roman Dining (Autumn, 2003), pp. 329-358

Roman Dress. 2008. Retrieved: Mar 09, 2009. Available at http://www.roman-empire.net/society/soc-dress.html

The Early Roman Republic. 2008. Retrieved: Mar 09, 2009. Available at http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/earlyrep-index.html

Judaic, Greek, and Roman origin myths, and indeed, those who believe the former is representative of some divinely-inspired message would likely take offense at the notion that their god's story is suspiciously similar to the stories of other, mutually exclusive ideologies (or else argue that these latter stories are merely corrupted imitations of the "true" version). However, when considering the history of the cosmos as laid out in Genesis, Hesiod's Theogony, and Ovid's Metamorphoses, certain thematic and narrative similarities and correspondences become clear, such that one cannot take these three different stories as discrete objects, but rather companion pieces in the larger attempt to uncover the origins of human beings and the universe at a time when the scientific tools necessary to uncover those origins had not yet been dreamed up. Understanding this allows one to chart the connections between the stories in order to determine their universally shared…...

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Works Cited

"Genesis." Trans. Robert Alter. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature: Volume 1. Ed.

Heather James, Ed. Sarah Lawall and Ed. Lee Patterson. 8th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2005. 34-41. Print.

"Metamorphoses." Trans. Charles Martin. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature: Volume

1. Ed. Heather James, Ed. Sarah Lawall and Ed. Lee Patterson. 8th ed. New York: W.W.

Chaucer's Mythic Tapestry: Unraveling the Influence of Ancient Lore on His Literary Masterpieces

Introduction

Geoffrey Chaucer, the revered English poet of the 14th century, left an enduring legacy in literature with his groundbreaking works, including "The Canterbury Tales." His writings are renowned for their vibrant characters, sharp wit, and insightful social commentary. However, less explored is the profound influence of ancient mythology on Chaucer's literary imagination. This essay will delve into the realm of news and scholarship to uncover recent advancements in understanding Chaucer's mythological influences, providing a compelling essay subject.

Medievalism and the Rediscovery of the Classics

During the Middle Ages, a renewed....

The Genesis of Bathing: A Historical Immersion

The practice of bathing has been an integral part of human civilization for millennia, with its origins shrouded in the mists of antiquity. The concept of bathing evolved gradually, driven by both cultural and practical considerations, transforming from a ritualistic act to a deeply ingrained habit.

Ancient Roots:

The earliest evidence of bathing dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan, around 2500 BCE. Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa revealed sophisticated bathrooms with running water and bathing pools, suggesting that bathing was a common practice among the inhabitants.

In ancient Egypt, bathing held religious and....

Outline of Women's Portrayal in Ancient Literature
I. Female Archetypes
a. Goddesses and Divine Figures
b. Mothers and Nurturers
c. Wives and Daughters
d. Oracles and Seers
e. Warriors and Amazons
II. Symbolic Roles
a. Symbols of Nature and Fertility
b. Objects of Exchange and Conquest
c. Sources of Knowledge and Prophecy
d. Guardians of Family Values
e. Embodiments of Chaos and Disorder
III. Specific Roles in Key Works
A. Homer's Iliad and Odyssey
Helen of Troy: Symbol of beauty and destruction
Penelope: Loyal and enduring wife
Circe: Enchantress and mistress of the unknown
B. Sophocles' Antigone
Antigone: Defiant and courageous heroine
Ismene: Compliant and subservient sister
Creon: Arrogant and authoritarian male ruler
C. Aristophanes' Lysistrata
....

Evidence Supporting the Thesis of Ancient Egyptian Blackness
The historical and archaeological evidence supporting the thesis that ancient Egyptians were black is compelling, spanning various fields of inquiry and offering a comprehensive portrayal of their racial identity.
1. Archaeological Depictions:
Ancient Egyptian art and artifacts frequently depict their citizens with dark skin, broad noses, and full lips. These depictions are consistent with the physical characteristics of indigenous African populations, providing visual evidence of their blackness. For example, the famous statue of Queen Tiye, mother of Akhenaten, showcases her dark complexion and African features.
2. Anthropological Studies:
Anthropological research on ancient Egyptian skeletons reveals the presence....