Monetary Policy
Many observers have critiques the U.S. Federal eserve for its monetary policy leading up to the Great ecession. There were many causal factors to the Great ecession. These range from deregulation of the banking industry with the passage of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, to financial institutions engaging in desperate yield-seeking in the years after the 9/11 terrorist attacks slowed the economy, to predatory lending, all resulting a surge of debt, much of it of lower quality than many realized, or at least were willing to admit (The Economist, 2013). One causal factor that has also been attributed was the flood of cheap credit on the global financial markets, courtesy of American monetary policy

"Monetary Policy in Ordinary Times"

The Federal eserve Bank conducts monetary policy in the U.S., as the central bank. It has argued that in the years leading up to the financial crisis, it conducted normal monetary policy…...

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References

BEA. (2014). Gross domestic product. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved November 30, 2014 from  http://www.bea.gov/national/index.htm#gdp 

Hill, A. & Wood, W. (2014). The Federal Reserve and financial crisis relief. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. Retrieved November 30, 2014 from  http://www.philadelphiafed.org/education/teachers/resources/federal-reserve-and-financial-crisis-relief/ 

Lothian, J. (2009). U.S. monetary policy and the financial crisis. Fordham University. Retrieved November 30, 2014 from http://www.bnet.fordham.edu/crif/WorkingPapers/Lothian_Money_in_Crisis_JEA.pdf

NY Fed. (2014). Federal funds data historical search. New York Federal Reserve Bank Retrieved November 30, 2014 from  http://www.newyorkfed.org/markets/omo/dmm/historical/fedfunds/ff.cfm

Great ecession that started in the U.S. In 2008 and continued by affecting the global economy is often compared to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The complexity of the crisis has determined specialists in the field to identify several causes that led to this crisis. These specialists agree upon the fact that the crisis was caused by the significant increase in the housing rates combined with declining prices in the real estate business. Homeowners lack of sufficient savings did not allow them to support these loans, and they also did not want to sell their houses for lower amounts in comparison with their mortgage level. As a consequence, they were forced to foreclose. This situation determined a series of problems for the banks that had bought mortgage backed securities and that were losing important amounts of capital because of the high rate of foreclosures.
In order for them not…...

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Reference list:

1. Warner, J. (2010). What the Great Recession Has Done to Family Life. The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2011 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/08/magazine/08FOB-wwln-t.html?_r=1 .

2. The Great Recession and Marriage (2011). University of Virginia. Retrieved February 24, 2011.

3. Boushey, H. et al. (2010). What the Census Tells Us about the Great Recession. Center for American Progress. Retrieved February 24, 2011 from  http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/09/joint_poverty_memo.html .

4. Hurd, M. & Rohwedder, S. (2010). Effects of the Financial Crisis and Great Recession on American Households. Netspar. Retrieved February 24, 2011.

The institution of policies to develop more industries and hire more people faced a difficulty of restructuring the market. The change that is necessary in terms of training and changing industry was not immediate. In the U.S. economy, those with mortgages suffered a loss of financing measures following the restructuring. The U.S. government shift bail out individuals and firms on the verge of bankruptcy was pushing the economy to a gradual halt.
The sudden increases in supply require demand that will remunerate the factors of production. Seeking foreign markets for the products resulted in failure attributable to market price inadequacies. Production activities easily came to a halt since producer confidence was eliminated. For investors to allocate productive factors of production, the need for returns acts as a confidence builder. The failing demand and insufficiency of demand from foreign market result in erosion of investor confidence thus subjecting possible economic growth…...

This second package is expected to be more effective as it will focus on increased sales and spending, rather than tax deductions alone. Critics however argue that the benefits of this stimulus package will also be temporary and that the contracting economy might need a third stimulus, but it is yet unsure whether the Congress would be able to grant it (Moseley, 2009).
In spite of the efforts implemented by the American Congress, fact remains that the economic crisis was extremely severe and its threats could not have been removed. Paul Mason (2010) for instance agues that the crisis could not have been avoided as it was constructed on three decades of neoliberal policies, which eventually took their tool on individual companies such as Ford, the Wall Street giants, and finally the entire economy and the population.

One particular impact of the economic recession is the lack of liquidities which, ironically…...

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References:

Mason, P., 2010, Meltdown: the end of the age of greed, Verso

Moseley, F., 2009, the U.S. economic crisis: causes and solutions, International Socialist Review, No. 64, Edition of March-April

Sowell, T., 2010, the housing boom and bust, Basic Books

2008, Why is our economy in a recession? 10 causes of economic recession, More Business,   last accessed on July 2, 2010http://www.morebusiness.com/10-signs-recession 

Demand-Side Policies and the Great ecession
A recession can be delineated as a substantial deterioration in activity across the economy that persists for a period exceeding a few months. This significant decline can be perceived in business production, employment, real income, and retail trade (Investopedia, n.d). Fiscal policy refers to the use of government expenditure and taxation to regulate the aggregate level of economic activity. On the other hand, monetary policy can be delineated as one of the public interventionist measure purposed at impelling the level and pattern of economic activity to attain particular desired objectives. Monetary policy can be said to encompass all actions undertaken by the central bank and the government, which influence the quantity, cost and availability of money and credit in the economy (Colander and Gambler, 2006). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the fiscal and the monetary policies adopted and implemented by the Fed…...

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References

Blinder, A. S., & Zandi, M. M. (2010). How the great recession was brought to an end (pp. 1-23). Moody's Economy.com.

Carvalho, C., Eusepi, S., & Grisse, C. (2012). Policy initiatives in the global recession: what did forecasters expect? Current Issues in Economics and Finance, Volume 18, Number 2.

Colander, D. C., Gambler, E. N. (2006). Macroeconomics. Cape Town: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Investopedia. (n. d). Recession. Retrieved from:  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/recession.asp

Monetary Policy
Federal Reserve Money Supply Policy Options at the Beginning of the Great Recession

money supply in October of 2008 was $1.4573 trillion, but by December of the same year it had reached $1.6038 trillion. By comparison, the prime interest rate declined from 4.56 to 3.61% during the same period. he slope and y-intercept of the line is -6.2914 and 13.7284, respectively, which allows a calculation of expected interest rates for any value of money supply. In the figure to the right, MS1 is $1.52 trillion dollars and the expected interest rate would be 4.166%, but if money supply increased to $1.57 trillion (MS2) the prime interest rate would be expected to decline to 3.851%, assuming inflation remains constant.

For the same period, gross domestic investment decreased from $3.0816 to $2.8917 trillion as the bank prime interest rate declined from 4.56 to 3.61%. he slope and y-intercept for this line is 5.002…...

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The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) represents the change in consumer consumption as income changes. Between October and December 2008, consumption went from $9.9748 to $9.7369 billion and income declined from $11.0084 to $10.8587 trillion. The change in consumption was -- $0.2379 billion and the change in income was -- $149.7 billion; therefore, MPC = -- 0.2379 / -- 149.7 = -- 0.0015891. The multiplier would be 1/(1 -- MPC) = 1/(1 -- 0.0015891) = 1.001591. For a $169 billion increase in GDP this would amount to only $270 million dollars, an amount that would not be visible on the above graphs.

Conclusions

Based on the above analysis, using open market operations to implement an expansionary monetary policy would probably not work very well given that falling interest rates have had no effect on investment rates. The Federal Reserve could begin purchasing U.S. treasuries to increase money supply, which would be expected to further lower interest rates; however, it seems unlikely that this would stimulate investment given the data presented here. The second step would be to encourage discount lending to troubled banks, which would effectively increase the money supply. The Fed could implement the 'nuclear option' by lowering the reserve requirement. Given the corrupt lending policies that caused the Great Recession, lowering the reserve requirement would be equivalent to throwing gasoline on a fire. It would have the effect of increasing the money supply, but it seems unlikely that the banks would use this money to make more loans.

Demand-Side Policies and the Great ecession of 2008
A recession can be defined as an overall downward spiral in a nation's economy. In particular, the outcome of recession is high inflation, high level of unemployment slowing down its gross domestic product (GDP) (Study, 2016). In this period there is an economic weakening and is usually accompanied and further complicated by decrease in the stock market, an upturn in unemployment and also a deterioration in the housing market. Some of the factors that cause recessions include high interest rates, increased inflation, decreased consumer confidence, and decreased real wages (Mankiw, 2014).

Fiscal Policies

In delineation, fiscal policies refer to the use of government expenditure and taxation to regulate the aggregate level of economic activity. It can be argued that by increasing investment or government expenditure, for instance, an initial stimulus to expenditure, through the multiplier-accelerator interaction results in an even greater increase in national income…...

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References

Carvalho, C., Eusepi, S., & Grisse, C. (2012). Policy initiatives in the global recession: what did forecasters expect? Current Issues in Economics and Finance, 18(1).

Genetski, R. (2014). Monetary Policy and the Financial Crisis of 2007-2008. Classical Principles.

Hetzel, R. L. (2009). Monetary policy in the 2008-2009 recession. FRB Richmond Economic Quarterly, 95(2), 201-233.

Labonte, M. (2016). Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Current Policy and Conditions. Congressional Research Service.

Primary Source Analysis
The document and work under review within this section is a chapter that is titled Wealth Against the Commonwealth. It was authored by Henry Damarest Lloyd and it came out in 1894. The work was published in New York. The opening salvo from the work is that nature is wealthy but that man is poor. What is meant by this is that not everyone is fed when it comes to the men and women of the people and it is asserted that this is true since time began, to use the words of the author himself. A perfect example of this is say when Lloyd says "the majority have never been able to buy enough of anything, but this minority have too much of everything to sell" (Lloyd, 1894). Lloyd then talks about a major dichotomy that exists when it comes to liberty. Lloyd talks about how liberty…...

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Bibliography

Brittanica. 2016. "Henry Demarest Lloyd - American Journalist." Encyclopedia Britannica.  https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Demarest-Lloyd .

Cole, Lee. 2016. "Misguided Government Policies Prolonged Great Depression." UCLA Newsroom.  http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/misguided-government-policies-80595 .

Lloyd, H. D. 2016. "Excerpt From Henry Demarest Lloyd Wealth Against Commonwealth 1894 < 1876-1900 < Documents < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction And Beyond." Let.Rug.Nl.  http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1876-1900/excerpt-from-henry-demarest-lloyd-wealth-against-commonwealth-1894.php .

Thoma, Mark. 2016. "The Great Lesson From The Great Recession." The Fiscal Times.  http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Columns/2013/08/27/The-Great-Lesson-from-the-Great-Recession .

Great ar
The United States after the Great ar

orld ar I, also known as the Great ar, officially came to an end in 1918 and reshaped the country in a variety of ways. One of the most immediate changes was the way the world perceived the United States. Before the war, most of the country and its leaders preferred an isolationist stance to any international conflict. In 1914 the U.S. had only a small army and a pitiful navy, yet as the war progressed many Americans began to disapprove of the German's use of submarines to sink neutral ships such as the infamous sinking of the Lusitania (Hickman). However, it is interesting to note that the German's were actually correct in their assertion that the Lusitania was being used to carry military ammunition, as divers have recently uncovered from the wreckage, which did actually make the ship a legitimate military target…...

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Works Cited

Arnesen, E. "Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America' by Cameron McWhirter." 18 November 2011. Chicago Tribune. Web. 27 October 2012.

Greenhill, S. "Secret of the Lusitania: Arms find challenges Allied claims it was solely a passenger ship." 19 December 2008. Mail Online. Web. 27 October 2012.

Hickman, K. "World War I: Sinking of the Lusitania." N.d. Military History. Web. 27 October 2012.

Kaldor, N. "Inflation and Recession in the World Economy." The Economic Journal (1976): 703-714. Web.

Edgar Hoover, makes public its continuing investigation into the activities of black nationalist organizations, singling out the Black Panther Party in particular, Hoover viewing the group as a national security threat.
January 05, 1970

Blacks Move Out of Inner Cities: The Bureau of Census statistics show as the quality of life in poverty-stricken urban communities worsens, a continuous stream of middle-class blacks escape to higher-income neighborhoods and suburbs.

February 13, 1970

First Black Member of the New York Stock Exchange: Joseph L. Searles III becomes the first African-American to become a member of the New York Stock Exchange, starting his training as a floor partner with the firm of Newberger, Leob & Company.

June 16, 1970

Gibson Elected Mayor of Newark, New Jersey: Kenneth A. Gibson was elected mayor of Newark, New Jersey on this date. He also became the first Black president of the Conference of U.S. Mayors during his career.

January 25, 1980

BET Launched:…...

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REFERENCES

African-American male unemployment: Robert Carmona. (2007). Congressional Testimony.

Retrieved May 12, 2009 from HighBeam Research:  http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P135839035.html 

Algernon Austin. (2008, January 18). What a recession means for black America. EPI Issue Brief

#241. Retrieved May 13, 2009 from  http://www.epi.org/publications/entry/ib241/

Macroeconomic Analysis
Economically, recession is described as a significant drop in economic activity over a short period of time usually a few months (bbc news, 2008). Gross Domestic Product (GDP), household income and other macro-economic indicators drop while others such as unemployment and bankruptcy rises. ecession can be caused by many factors e.g an external trade shock or the burst of an economic bubble such as the United States housing bubble. Most governments deal with recession by applying expansionary macroeconomic policies like reducing interest rates and increasing government spending. By lowering interest rates, governments hope to entice business into expanding.

Fiscal policy refers to the use of the government taxation (revenue collection) and expenditure (spending) to influence the economy of a country. The changes in the two key pillars, revenue collection and expenditure influence macro-economic variables such as aggregate demand, resource allocation pattern within the government and the distribution of income.

Monetary policy…...

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References

Bernanke, Ben (13 January 2009). "The Crisis and the Policy Response." Federal Reserve.  http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20090113a.htm 

BBC news, (8th July 2008). "Q&A: What is a recession?"

Marc L., (2013). Federal Reserve: Unconventional Monetary Policy Options.  http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42962.pdf

Improving Human esource Management at Great Northern America
Because all organizations are comprised of people, there will always be human resource issues involved and the manner in which these issues are resolved can spell the difference between organizational success and failure. This was the situation facing Joe Salatino, president of Great Northern America as he sought to formulate timely and responsive solutions to his company's human resource problems in order to save his company and achieve a competitive advantage in the future. To gain some fresh insights concerning how the president of this company could approach these problems, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature to explain why employees need to understand the importance of how people form perceptions and make attributions, an evaluation of the applicability of social learning theory to the circumstances, followed by an examination of ways that the president could use social learning theory…...

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References

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Demirbas, M. & Yagbasan, R. (2006, May). An evaluative study of social learning theory-based scientific attitudes on academic success, gender and socio-economical level. Kuram ve

Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 6(2), 37-39.

trace the historical causation of the current recession - the causal factors. Currently, America and most of the world is experiencing a severe recession. The causes of that recession are many, and the fallout is severe. There are many similarities with the current recession to the Great Depression of 1929, and there are differences that set each recession apart. When compared close up, the Great Depression was much worse than the current recession, and that may be at least in part because of governmental measures used since the Great Depression.
The Great Depression

The Great Depression, which began in 1929, was one of the worst worldwide depressions in history. Most people believe the Great Depression occurred after the fall of the stock market in 1929, but it actually began before that. A reporter notes, "The Great Depression of the 1930s began with falling demand for durable and investment goods in mid-1929,…...

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References

Adelmann, Bob. "Bernanke: Lax Oversight Recession's Cause." New American.com. 2010. 20 March 2010.

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Brinkmann, Jay, and Orawin Velz. "The 2009 Outlook." Mortgage Banking Jan. 2009: 22+..

Rockrohr, Phil. "Current Recession Not the Great Recession." University of Chicago. 2009. 20 March 2010.

Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression
In recent years, a debate has arisen regarding the extent of Herbert Hoover's progressive and Keynesian leanings, with conservative historians suggesting that Hoover may have been less of an advocate for laissez -faire capitalism than was commonly believed during his lifetime. Ideologues such as Amity Shlaes and Murray Rothbard have suggested that Hoover was a closet statist and New Dealer, and that ranklin Roosevelt simply continued many of these policies in a natural progression. On the other hand, liberal and mainstream historians have generally accepted the idea that Hoover was perhaps a more activist president than his earlier reputation may have indicated, but disagree with conservative historians as to the extent of Hoover's progressive inclinations. They argue that Hoover's retreat from laissez-faire policies was too little, too late, and ultimately inadequate to deal with the severity of the economic crisis, a position in direct opposition…...

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From the start, Hoover urged industry not to lay off workers and maintain their 1929 levels of employment, although this eventually proved impossible as the economy continued its downward spiral. At first, Hoover remained an orthodox proponent of balanced budgets and the gold standards, unlike FDR, who abandoned gold in 1934. His Federal Reserve was also slow to respond to the crash and actually seemed to be determined to control inflation by raising interest rates, although this led to a severe contraction of the money supply, which fell by one-third in 1931 alone. As prices and credit continued to collapse, wages fell over 50% in 1928-32, while agricultural prices sunk below the cost of production by 1933.

(This last detail must have been especially galling to Hoover, considering his time spent as Commerce Secretary and his previous belief that government intervention in the agricultural industry was beyond the pale.)

Hoover was known as a humanitarian and compassionate man, and both traits were attributed to his Quaker background. In private he would literally end up crying at his desk in the White House after reading desperate letters from hungry and unemployed citizens. Furthermore, he lamented the fact that the shantytowns that grew up around all major cities during the Depression were called 'Hoovervilles' and his inability to end the economic crisis, but he was unable to translate this

Those earlier recessions introduced the country to the concept of mass white-collar layoffs. The brunt of the layoffs in this recession is falling on construction workers, hotel workers, retail workers and others without a four-year degree" (Leonhardt 2009). Consumer spending has been contracting more quickly than employment has been growing -- something that Rob has witnessed first hand.
Because construction has been so hard-hit, another social shift is that of households where women, rather than men, are the primary breadwinners. Construction worker Dave Christie still gets the odd job here and there -- just far fewer than he did only a year or two ago. On the other hand, his wife Molly, who works as a waitress, has had steadier work, although she acknowledges that customers are eating out less, drinking and eating less expensive menu items, and also leaving smaller tips. It has been observed that "The Great Recession…...

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Works Cited

Leonhardt, David. (2009, March 4). Economic scene: Job losses show breadth of recession.

The New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2009 at  http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/04/business/04leonhardt.html 

Wadler, Joyce. (2009, May 14). Caught in the safety net. The New York Times.

Retrieved June 1, 2009 at  http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/14/garden/14return.html?scp=10&sq=recession%20adult%20children&st=cse

Certainly! Here are some essay topic ideas related to Barack Obama:

1. Analyzing the major accomplishments and legacy of Barack Obama as President of the United States.
2. Exploring the challenges and obstacles faced by Obama during his presidency and evaluating his responses.
3. Investigating the impact of Obama's healthcare reform, the Affordable Care Act (ACA), on the American healthcare system.
4. Discussing Obama's approach to foreign policy, focusing on significant events such as the Iran nuclear deal or the Paris Climate Agreement.
5. Examining the Obama administration's efforts to address climate change and promote clean energy.
6. Assessing the economic policies and strategies implemented by....

1. The Legacy of Barack Obama: Assessing His Impact on American Society and Politics

Explore Obama's policies and accomplishments in areas such as healthcare, the economy, education, and foreign affairs.
Analyze the challenges he faced and the extent to which he achieved his goals.
Discuss the lasting impact of his presidency on American society and the political landscape.

2. Obama's Leadership Style: A Case Study in Transformational Leadership

Examine Obama's unique leadership qualities and strategies.
Analyze his use of charisma, persuasion, and collaboration to inspire and motivate others.
Discuss the lessons that can be learned from his leadership style for future....