The impact of government spending onto the overall economy is a highly debated topic, with some arguing the advantages, whilst others pointing out the limitations. A most relevant example of positive effects is given by the recent implementation of the Troubled Asset elief Program, which has had the benefit of salvaging numerous American icons. Nonetheless, this situation was an extraordinary one and other specialists argue that in times of normal economic state, the impacts of government spending are among the most negative ones on the long run. Some of these harmful effects refer to increased costs and poor quality of public services, an inefficient allocation of resources, lack of motivation and innovation and so on. The pivotal role of government spending is then that of ensuring peace and stability and creating a climate that fosters economic growth. The actual involvement should however be minimal.

eferences:

Garfield, ., Government Spending and Economic Growth,…...

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References:

Garfield, R., Government Spending and Economic Growth, Joint Economic Committee,   last accessed on July 21, 2009http://www.house.gov/jec/fiscal/budget/spending/spending.htm 

Mitchell, D.J., The Impact of Government Spending on Economic Growth, March 31, 2005, Backgrounder, Published by the Heritage Foundation

Solman, P., When the Government Writes Checks, Where Does the Money Come From? PBS, 2009,   last accessed on July 21, 2009http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/jan-june09/solman_03-17.html 

Troubled Asset Relief Program -- TARP, Investopedia, 2009,   last accessed on July 21, 2009http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/troubled-asset-relief-program-tarp.asp 

Wasteful Government Spending
Is the Current Level of Federal Spending Sustainable?

Over the last several years, the total amounts of federal spending have been rising sharply. Part of the reason for this, is because of the different entitlement programs (such as: Social Security and Medicare). While at the same time, Defense spending and the costs associated with the War on Terrorism, have been having an impact upon these levels. A good example of this can be seen by looking no further than a report released by the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform. They found that federal debt has risen from: 33% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2001, to 62% of the GDP in 2010. While, federal spending (in 2010) encompassed the greatest portion of the economy at 24% of the GDP. Only World War II shares this same distinction of: federal spending comprising the most of economic activity.…...

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Bibliography

"Leviathan stirs again." Economist, 2010. Web. 24 Mar. 2011

"The Moment of Truth." The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, 2010. Web. 24 Mar. 2011

"September Oversight Report: The Use of TARP Funds in the Support and Reorganization of the Domestic Automotive Industry." Congressional Oversight Panel, 2009. Web. 24 mar. 2011

Coburn, Tom. "Less Could Be More." American Spectator 43. 7 (2010) 8-9. Print.

Since G=T with a balanced budget, savings will still fall until I's again, but the expansion of government achieves the goal of replacing the shortfall in aggregate expenditures, albeit with new, higher taxes.
In our case, the increased proceeds from taxes will have to amount to $30 million, in order to set-off the increase in government spending and to maintain the same GDP. The increase in government expenditures will fully offset the negative impact of taxes.

If only $100 million are spent by the government, the rest of $50 million will have to come from tax cuts. The effect will be the total elimination of the $1.5 trillion aggregate demand.

Question 6.

1. Deposit Expansion Multiplier

While a single bank can only lend its excess reserves, the banking system can increase the money supply by a multiple of initial excess reserves.

Deposit expansion multiplier = 1/(reserve requirement)

The initial assumption is that banks hold no excess…...

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References

1. Alexander Huemer "Principles of Macroeconomics" info.citruscollege.com/FF/Ahuemer/chapter10.html

2. Megan Cummins "Principles of Macroeconomics" Chapter 11-Fiscal Policy dl.ccc.cccd.edu/classes / internet/economics180/module11.htm

3. Michael Melvin "Money and Banking" www.public.asu.edu/~econphd/ecn111/PowerPointChapters/PowerPointChapters/chapter13MoneyAndBanking.ppt

4. Anna J. Schwartz, "Money Supply"  http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/MoneySupply.html

Technology and Software
Identify How the Data Will Be Collected Before and the After Solution States

Synthesis of data

esearch analysis and synthesis methods

Discuss analysis and synthesis of measurement results

Discuss findings of the measurement results

Discussion and Conclusion on Approach (Week 4)

Compilation of Findings, Conclusions, and ecommendations (Week 5)

The pace of technological development, inclusive of both hardware and software advances, has been rather unrelenting and chaotic in the last generation or two of modern human existence. Whether it be in the West or the East, the rich nations or the poor, in Africa or in North America, the pace of change and evolution of technology and software has been very fast. However, one group and type of people that have problems keeping up at times are the governments. The unwillingness or inability to keep up can manifest in terms of enforcement, the laws that are on the books, the spending that is allocated…...

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References

Balter, B. J. (2011). TOWARD A MORE AGILE GOVERNMENT: THE CASE FOR REBOOTING FEDERAL IT PROCUREMENT. Public Contract Law Journal, 41(1), 149-156.

Bartle, J. R., & Korosec, R. L. (2003). A review of state procurement and contracting. Journal of Public Procurement, 3(2), 192-214.

Baumann, P., & Trautmann, N. (2016). A note on the selection of priority rules in software packages for project management. Flexible Services & Manufacturing Journal, 28(4), 694-702. doi:10.1007/s10696-016-9236-8

Cucciniello, M., & Nasi, G. (2014). Transparency for Trust in Government: How Effective is Formal Transparency? International Journal of Public Administration, 37(13), 911 -- 921.

Solutions for the Future

Even a quick look at budget documents for the next few decades indicate a system burdened with exploding costs of Social Security, Medicaid, and Medicare; the latter the powder keg of the debt explosion. A reform of Medicare in which there is "only $1 in Medicare taxes for every $3 in benefits likely to be received in retirement" (Appelbaum & Gebeloff 6) must be a Congressional and Presidential priority. eturning the program to a role of insurance rather than a direct coverage program would be a start; Paul yan's proposal of premium support is a working model. Social Security must also be strengthened with common sense adjustments in payroll tax collection and age eligibility.

Those are the entitlement reforms however; these changes also forego the numerous tax expenditures which increase the government tab. The earned income tax credit, home mortgage deduction, and education credits are tax code distortions…...

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References

Appelbaum, B. & Gebeloff, Robert. "Even Critics of Safety Net Increasingly Depend on it." The New York Times. The New York Times, February 11, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/us/even-critics-of-safety-net-increasingly-depend-on-it.html

Government Accounting Office in America (GAO)
This is an examination of the Government Accounting Office in America. The writer discusses the history, purpose and background of the GAO as well as the duties that the office is charged with performing. The writer then analyzes literature that illustrates the office in action. The final discussion revolves around the question, "Is the office effective or is it a waste of money." There were four sources used to complete this paper.

During the last few years there has been a public outcry and demand to investigate government spending. The public was brought stories by the media about the government paying thousands of dollars for toilet seats, and spending hundreds of dollars on a screwdriver and other such tools. When the reports began to surface about wasted government spending the public became angry. Lobbyists across the nation began to demand an accounting of not only tax…...

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Bibliography for a listing of non-GAO publications.) It should be noted that, as with any effort to put current events into historical context, alternative interpretations are possible. Often debated are the intent and motivation of the framers of the Constitution who created the census. In this report, we have quoted the Constitution and various laws relating to the decennial census and have attempted to place their language in an historical context. We are not, however, providing our own independent review or interpretation of the constitutional and statutory issues discussed in this report, which, unless otherwise noted, are based primarily on the analysis contained in the various publications and documents we relied upon in preparing this report.

Short answers to some frequently asked questions about the decennial census are in appendix 1. Appendix 11 contains information on changes in the apportionment of the membership of the House of Representatives between the 1920 and 1990 Decennial Censuses by region of country and on changes in the nation's population and its undercount by race and ethnicity between the 1950 and 1990 censuses, as well as a snapshot of the growth and cost of census-taking since the first decennial census in 1790. Major contributors to this report are identified in appendix III.

L. Nye Stevens Director, Federal Management and Workforce Issues

Chapter 1

Why Take the Census?

government budget surplus affect the economy? How does a government budget deficit affect the economy? How would (or should) your company react differently to a government budget surplus vs. A deficit?
A government deficit means that a government is borrowing more money from foreign and domestic sources than the sum it is accumulating by taxation and revenue. The effect of this borrowing often drives down the value of the government's currency abroad. One of the values of deficit spending from a business company's perspective is that it is easier to sell American made products to other nations.

Thus, at times, businesses may look favorably upon deficit-inducing levels of government spending. hen the economy has high unemployment, an increase in government purchases can create a market for business output, creating income and encouraging increases in consumer spending. This creates further increases in the demand for business output. Cutting personal taxes can have…...

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Works Cited

"Deficit Spending." Answers.com. 19 Mar 2005.

 http://www.answers.com/topic/deficit-spending 

Mann, Jeremiah. Spark Note on Aggregate Supply. 19 Mar. 2005 .

There may, for instance, exist various programs for relieving PTSD in veterans. The president may propose that the government should implement and fund an intervention. All would be assessed in order to choose that which is not only efficacious but also least costly. Occasionally, various programs may be mixed and their cost-effectiveness taken into account so that the result is as least costly as possible.
Incremental budgeting is another government budgetary tools that are similar to that which industries use. . Incremental budgeting bases the current budget on the previous year's budget, implementing only minor changes in the programs that are on the budget. With this approach, poorly performing programs receive cuts in spending and disruptive conflict and change in government spending is reduced.

Cost-benefit analysis is a tool used alike for business and government where the profit and advantage of projects are assessed over time to review whether they deliver.

Projects…...

Notwithstanding these dreadful forecast as well as the consequential results, the political will for transformation is not that strong at the moment, if these situation extends, it will be harder to alter them; conceivably it is the moment for the people as well as the government officials to work hand-in-hand in saving the country's current economic state.

In an article written by Shear and Branigin (2009), they quoted President Obama saying "we cannot rebuild this economy on the same pile of sand, we must build our house upon a rock. We must lay a new foundation for growth and prosperity -- a foundation that will move us from an era of borrow and spend to one where we save and invest, where we consume less at home and send more exports abroad."

The new economy that President Obama mentioned will surface from America's most horrible economic occurrence in the past seven decades…...

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References

Cummings, Jr., M. & Wise, D. (2001). Democracy Under Pressure: An Introduction to the American Political System. United States: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.

Lewis, A. (December 7, 2007). Bush bailout rewards the cheaters. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from The Denver Post:  http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_7655582 

Lipford, J. & Slice J. (2007). The Role of Government in Modern U.S. Society: What Would Adam Smith Say? Washington Examiner: Orange County Register.

Madrick, J. (May 11, 2000). Government's role in the new economy is not a cheap or easy one. Retrieved April 22, 2009, from the New York Times:  http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/11/business/economic-scene-government-s-role-new-economy-not-cheap-easy-one-but-it-crucial.html?pagewanted=2

This is troubling because these entities are using the court system to circumvent the law. At which point, it is only a matter of time until another showdown will emerge. This is similar to the disastrous decision that Supreme Court made with the Dredd Scott case. Therefore, over the short to the medium term the influence of special interests in Washington will become more perverse. Over the long-term, this could spark such an outrage that regardless of what the Supreme Court says; these organizations do not have the same rights as an individual.
ibliography

Dredd Scott v. Sandford. (2010). Retrieved April 20, 2010 from Oyez website: http://www.oyez.org/cases/1851-1900/1856/1856_0/

Gill, K. (2010). McCain Feingold Campaign Finance Reform. Retrieved April 20, 2010 from About.com website: http://uspolitics.about.com/od/finance/a/mccain_feingold.htm

Liptak, A. (2010, January 21). Justices Reject Corporate Spending Limits. Retrieved April 20, 2010 from NY Times website: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/22/us/politics/22scotus.html

Millbank, D. (2002, January 18). Enron's Influence Reaches Deep into the Administration.…...

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Bibliography

Dredd Scott v. Sandford. (2010). Retrieved April 20, 2010 from Oyez website:  http://www.oyez.org/cases/1851-1900/1856/1856_0/ 

Gill, K. (2010). McCain Feingold Campaign Finance Reform. Retrieved April 20, 2010 from About.com website:  http://uspolitics.about.com/od/finance/a/mccain_feingold.htm 

Liptak, A. (2010, January 21). Justices Reject Corporate Spending Limits. Retrieved April 20, 2010 from NY Times website:  http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/22/us/politics/22scotus.html 

Millbank, D. (2002, January 18). Enron's Influence Reaches Deep into the Administration. Retrieved April 20, 2010 from Washington Post website:  http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0118-01.htm

("ender," 2010)
Evaluate how Public Policy Decisions Affect the Receipt of Revenues

Politics and attitudes about where the various revenues should be spent can create heated amounts of debate. In the case of the Department of Defense, this can mean that periodic reviews could occur that can have an impact upon a host of different spending programs. At the same time, various assessments will take place with Secretary of Defense. Where, they will review the size and necessity of the various bases / personnel. A good example of this can be seen when the Secretary of Defense will recommend various base closures and force adjustments. As politics and changes in the Department's needs / availability of funds will affect what programs are going to receive the most appropriate amount of revenues.

Analyze the Economic Conditions that Affect Revenue Projections

The economic conditions will play a major role in determining how much spending will…...

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Bibliography

Base Closure List. (2005). MSNBC. Retrieved from:  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7834939/ns/us_news 

The Numbers. (2010). Tax Policy Center. Retrieved from:  http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/background/numbers/revenue.cfm 

Bender, B. (2010). Spending Critic Brown. Boston Globe. Retrieved from:  http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/04/08/spending_critic_brown_backs_mass_weapons_bid/ 

Dupy, T. (2010). Defense Secretary Wants Spending Cuts. Huffington Post. Retrieved from:  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tina-dupuy/defense-secretary-wants-d_b_571906.html

However, some people might regard my decision as unwise: after all, what 'goes up, must come down,' and interest rates will inevitably go up. I may regret not borrowing now, if I have to pay a higher rate on a car payment in the future. On the other hand, given that the low interest rates and economic stimulus have not has a seismic effect on job growth, I am still wary about spending too much, despite the fact that money in a savings account with a low interest rate is actually 'losing' value, because of the inevitability of inflation. My uncertainty about borrowing for anything other than what I absolutely need (other than student loans, which is 'spending' that does not directly result in higher levels of production in enterprise and takes me out of the full-time labor force) means that the government must find more direct ways to stimulate…...

Government Budgeting for Kelsey: Budget Changes Needed to Better Protect and Serve the Community
"We're not going to use the budget as an excuse. We're not crying about it. But I'm going to push as hard as I can to get as many people on the streets as I can. We need all hands on deck," so were the words of the Philadelphia Police Chief when faced with a similar situation to what Kelsey faces now (Steele 2010 p 2). Police strength is an absolute necessity in the effort to fight crime, both on local and larger federal levels. Without the appropriate funding resources, many local police forces around the country are beginning to suffer in terms of just how effective they are at fighting crime overall. Limited budgets mean limited capabilities, and that is exactly what the city of Kelsey is experiencing right now. Essentially, the budget is already strained,…...

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References

Budget of the United States Government. (2004). Budgets and taxes. Almanac of Policy Issues. Web. http://www.policyalmanac.org/economic/budget.shtml

City of Kelsey. (2006). Annual Budget for the Fiscal Year 2005-06. University of Phoenix. Web.  https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Government/KelseyCity/docs/KelseyBudgetBook2005.pdf 

City of Kelsey. (2009). Kelsey profile. City Government. University of Phoenix. Web.  https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Government/KelseyCity/docs/KelseyProfile.doc 

DeWeese, Adrianne. (2011). Police say safety tax is needed to help alleviate 'blackout.' The Examiner. Web.  http://www.examiner.net/features/x1896018474/Police-say-safety-tax-needed-to-help-alleviate-blackout

The State of Nevada and Clark County appear to have a different manner of meeting budget deficiencies. The Office of udget and Management has an amount of finances reserved for supplemental and emergency funding, at a total of $153.1 billion dollars. Neither Clark County nor the State of Nevada appears to have emergency or supplemental funding in their budgets.
State of Nevada

The budget for the State of Nevada is larger than Clark County. The total 2006 budget for the State of Nevada is reported to be $2,400 million dollars with a deficit of -2.3%. The state of Nevada's transportation budget for 2006 was $4.6 million dollars; agriculture $21.1 million; education $56.6 million; health and human services $69.2 million; and $21.0 million for justice programs. These amounts are considerably higher than Clark County in comparison. The State of Nevada's Department of usiness and Industry recently released a new prevailing wage rate…...

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Bibliography

Clark County (2006). Clark County. Retrieved September 22, 2006, from Nevada's Clark County

Website:  http://www.co.clark.nv.us/ .

Office of Budget and Management. (2006). The White House's Office of Budget and Management.

Retrieved September 22, 2006, from the Office of Budget and Management's Website:  http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/ .

This is where incentives come in to play. agner quotes Rudolf Hickel who distinguishes between an entrepreneurial state and a tax state (our present state of affairs). Hickel and Schumpeter both see the tax state as acting outside the normal laws of contract and property to confiscate wealth. The entrepreneurial state is just the exact polar opposite of this. Corporatist principles that have been incorporated into this system. Corporate structures were in their infancy in 1787 when the U.S. Constitution was written, hence the lack of corporatist principles (ibid, 56-57). e must now incorporate the wisdom of two centuries of follow on experience.
These corporatist principles would turn a government entity like a city into a private corporation with stockholders that would provide services. In this view, government has created some markets. It is in the market already. Therefore, for us to bring the entrepreneurial state, we need to introduce…...

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Works Cited

Barth, A. (1991, Feb ). The roots of limited government. Retrieved from  http://www.fff.org/freedom/0291c.asp .

Domesticating the leviathan. (2007). Retrieved from http://homepage.mac.com/npayne/leviathan.html.

Johnson, K. (2011, November 9). Tsa's expansion is questioned. Retrieved from  http://www.joplinindependent.com/display_article.php/wildblue1320890017 .

Standt, N. (2010). Taxation without representation. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University School of Wagner, R.E. (1993). Parchment, guns and constitutional order. Northamton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub.

There is currently a growing concern about the misuse of funds by local governments, which could be a potentially interesting and relevant essay subject. One example of this is the recent scandal in a small town where the local government officials were found to have misappropriated funds meant for community development projects. This could be explored in an essay focusing on the impact of corruption on local communities and the need for better accountability and transparency in government spending. Additionally, discussing potential solutions and ways to prevent such misuse of funds in the future could also be a worthwhile topic....

Impact of Illegal Immigration on Economies, Societies, and National Security

I. Economic Impact

A. Labor Market Effects:
- Depressing wages for low-skilled native-born workers
- Increasing unemployment among certain demographics
- Creating a shadow economy and undercutting legitimate businesses

B. Government Spending:
- Imposing costs on healthcare, education, and social services
- Reducing tax revenue due to undocumented workers' inability to file
- Straining infrastructure and public resources

C. Business Climate:
- Creating an unfair competitive advantage for employers hiring undocumented workers
- Reducing investments and economic growth
- Distorting labor markets and hindering innovation

II. Social Impact

A. Social Cohesion:
- Creating divisions within communities
....

Key Figures in Shaping American History
Throughout the annals of American history, exceptional individuals have emerged as pivotal figures, steering the course of events and leaving an indelible mark on the nation's trajectory. Their leadership, vision, and unwavering determination have shaped the very fabric of the country, from its inception to its present day.
George Washington (1732-1799): The Father of the Nation
As the first President of the United States, George Washington played a paramount role in establishing the young republic. His unwavering leadership during the Revolutionary War earned him the moniker "Father of the Nation." As President, he presided over the formation....

Mixed economies balance between government intervention and free market principles by utilizing a combination of both approaches to achieve economic stability and growth.

One way in which mixed economies balance government intervention and free market principles is through the use of regulations. Governments in mixed economies may implement regulations to ensure fair competition, protect consumer rights, and promote social welfare. At the same time, they also allow for market forces to determine prices and allocate resources efficiently.

Mixed economies also use fiscal and monetary policies to influence economic activity. Governments may intervene in the economy through taxation, government spending, and interest....