He was "a man of crown" as O. Poptsov said about him. He used peoples' interests and gained great authority, he was popular and moved society to resist the coup. That was not difficult - people blamed Communists for bad life and in every bad thing in the state, so, "Yeltsin had a great support and managed strengthening his power" (Gorbachev, M. Shriver, G. (translator) Gorbachev p. 121). But Yeltsin was not only supported by Soviet citizens, he was considered as the main acting person in that situation by leading Western politicians and they supported his actions. Here are the words of Western leaders about events in Moscow:
President. BUSH: It seems clearer all the time that contrary to official statements out of Moscow, that this move was extra- constitutional, outside of the constitutional provisions for governmental change. Clearly, it's a disturbing development. There's no question about that. And it…...

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References

Broken Empire: After the Fall of the U.S.S.R., Article National Geographic (November 1, 2001)

M.Gorbachev and George Shriver (Translator) Gorbachev Columbia University Press 2000

Katsiaficas, George N. After the Fall: 1989 and the Future of Freedom (New Political Science Reader) Routledge 2001

Muravchik, Joshua Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism Routledge; 1st edition 2002

ibliography

Wren, Thomas J. (1995): The Leaders Companion: Insights on Leadership Throughout the Ages. New York: The Free Press.

Valenta, Jiri, and William C. Potter. (1984): Soviet Decision Making for National Security. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Timothy J. Colton, .A., M.A., Ph.D. (2007) "Mikhail Gorbachev," Retrieved on October 30th 2007 from Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007 Website: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552563/Gorbachev_Mikhail_Sergeyevich.html

Major David J. Pyle, (1989) "Gorbachev the Leader," Retrieved on October 30th 2007 from GlobalSecurity.org 2007 Website: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1989/PDJ.htm

Wren, Thomas J. (1995): The Leaders Companion: Insights on Leadership Throughout the Ages. New York: The Free Press, p. 135-141

Timothy J. Colton, .A., M.A., Ph.D. (2007) "Mikhail Gorbachev," Retrieved on October 30th 2007 from Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007 Website: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552563/Gorbachev_Mikhail_Sergeyevich.html

Major David J. Pyle, (1989) "Gorbachev the Leader," Retrieved on October 30th 2007 from GlobalSecurity.org 2007 Website: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1989/PDJ.htm

Valenta, Jiri, and William C. Potter. Soviet Decision Making for National Security. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1984.

Major David J. Pyle,…...

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Bibliography

Wren, Thomas J. (1995): The Leaders Companion: Insights on Leadership Throughout the Ages. New York: The Free Press.

Valenta, Jiri, and William C. Potter. (1984): Soviet Decision Making for National Security. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Timothy J. Colton, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. (2007) "Mikhail Gorbachev," Retrieved on October 30th 2007 from Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007 Website: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552563/Gorbachev_Mikhail_Sergeyevich.html

Major David J. Pyle, (1989) "Gorbachev the Leader," Retrieved on October 30th 2007 from GlobalSecurity.org 2007 Website:  http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1989/PDJ.htm

Mikhail Gorbachev faced as leader of the Soviet Union, both domestically and internationally. What were his main economic, political, and foreign policies, and how well did they work?
Gorbachev was the leader of the former Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was the final head of state in the Soviet Union; his term lasted until the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. In 1991. He was a member and state official of the Communist Party and since is presidency, he has gained membership as part of the Social Democratic Party of Russia. He has been a Social Democrat for the duration of the 21st century. Gorbachev's career has traversed many changes in politics, economics, technology, and geography. As the leader of the Soviet Union in the 1980s, much of the international situation that occupied his time related to the Cold War with the United States of America, and…...

Lenin to Gorbachev: Three Generations of Soviet Communists
The quote by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles which introduces chapter one of this book, has a certain philosophical appeal, and yet it is cloaked in an irony that illustrates the dark side of what Marx and Engles were promoting. "In place of the old bourgeois society...we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." The word "free" is the irony, since the communist world as we knew it offered little choice or freedom for the masses, in terms of who their leaders would be or what direction their national life would take.

Meantime, the youthful Karl Marx seemed to be just an average college kid, as his drinking and poetry-writing in his first university experience turned 180 degrees at the University of Berlin, where he got his doctoral degree in philosophy.…...

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Reference

Crowley, Joan Francis, & Vaillancourt, Dan. (1989). Lenin to Gorbachev: Three

Generations of Soviet Communists. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson

Ethical Leadership: A Case Study of Mikhail Gorbachev
As the eighth and last leader of the former Soviet Union, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1990) and best-selling author Mikhail Gorbachev was alternatively the Communist Party general secretary during the period 1985 through 1991, chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1991 as well as the first president of the Soviet Union during much of the last 2 years of its existence from 1990 to 1991. During this 6-year period, Mr. Gorbachev's role and leadership behaviors changed dramatically due to external circumstances that threatened the future of his glasnost ("openness") and perestroika ("restructuring") reform policies as well as the future of the Soviet Union itself. To determine the facts, this paper reviews the relevant literature to describe how and why Mr. Gorbachev's leadership theories, styles, and power and influence changed from one…...

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References

Arias-King, F. (2005, April 1). Gorbachev steered things in a constructive way. Demokratizatsiya, 13(2), 277-281.

Avni, B. (2014, November 21). Russia worries about actual new Star Wars; the Russians are anxious the U.S. is going to wage war in space. Newsweek, 163(20), 37.

Francis, D. R. (1991, January 18). The fall of the Austrian, Ottoman, and Soviet Empires. The Christian Science Monitor, 8.

Jasper, W. F. (2011, December 5). Going global with "Gorby": Since Mikhail Gorbachev presided over the dismantling of the Soviet Union, he has been lauded as a beacon of freedom. but he wants a worldwide "Soviet" global government. The New American, 27(23), 17-21.

While Lenin's economic program benefited the Russians, particularly its working class, Stalin's economic program was advantageous for military personnel and industrialists. In fact, Stalin had changed the nature of USSR economy from being socialist to pseudo-capitalist, a reversal of Lenin's objectives. Thus, Stalinism in the Soviet Union had destroyed the nationalistic objective that Lenin had originally created for the Russian people and the Soviet allies.
Nikita Khrushchev's leadership after the rule of the Stalin government included the abolishment of the Soviet Union. Russia gradually assumed a capitalist economy, although the immediate reform that Khruschev implemented was the destruction of Stalin's Communist regime and its institutions. His administration focused on the abolishment of any trace of Stalin's authoritarian rule in the Soviet Union right after World War II. Russian morale at this time was at its lowest, what with the fall of the 'socialist experiment' and prevalence of poverty and hunger…...

Gorbachev most certainly did undertake policies that were not half measures, and for which he did all in his power as a government official to implement systemic, nationwide (and international) change. The degree of efficaciousness of these measures and their results, however, is somewhat dubious. An excellent example of a measure implemented by the General Secretary that no one can claim was done in a halfhearted attempt was the Soviet Union's prohibition of alcohol consumption, selling and purchasing. Alcoholism had long been a problem in the Soviet Union by the time Gorbachev became its leader, and prohibition was an earnest effort on his part to address and even correct this seriously debilitating issue. However, the most long-range result of this measure was the rise of Russian mafia and the underground market that this law produced. Although he made a noble effort, Gorbachev did not succeed in curing the Soviet Union…...

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Bibliography

Rosenberg, Jennifer. (2012). "Mikhail Gorbachev." About.com. Retrieved from  http://history1900s.about.com/od/people/p/gorbachev.htm 

Yevtushenko, Yevgeny. (1991). "Half Measures." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from  http://articles.latimes.com/1991-09-08/books/bk-2773_1_half-measures

Many young people voted for Reagan as he represented rebellion against the authority figures in society but was a rebellion characterized by valiance and effectuated through skillful communication. The approval rating of Reagan was approximately 42% when 1982 began but dropped to the record low 35% later that same year. The U.S. entered a recession. If one is to set their focus upon obtaining a chance at being the President of the United States, then that individual must take a political stance and hold a view that is somewhat differential from the opposing party. In the case of Ronald Reagan, who had been a democrat for most of his life, it was the democratic party that he must debate against in the attempt to establish a better public platform that the opposing candidate. Ronald Reagan may be viewed as a 'come-lately' at the time he entered the political scene…...

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Bibliography

Jordan, C. (2003) Movies and the Reagan Presidency: Success and Ethics. Praeger June, 2003.

McChesney, R.W. And Nichols, J. (2002) Our Media, Not Theirs: The Democratic Struggle against Corporate Media. Seven Stories Press, 2002.

Curry, Tom (2004) Ronald Reagan, 1911-2004: An Indefatibable optimist who set American on a Consdervative Course: MSNBC Online avaialble at  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3638299/ 

Kashani, Tony (2004) Hollywood as an Agent of Hegemony: The War Film. Dissendent Voice Online available at  http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Aug04/Kashani0807.htm

They did not like the reforms or the way Gorbachev was running the country allowing all the freedoms -- glasnost and perestroika. They presented him with documents signing away his powers as General Secretary. Gorbachev exploded and ordered them to leave. They did, but Gorbachev knew he was in a grave situation, cut off from the world, not telephones, and guarded.
Yeltsin

However, the "old guard" had made one huge mistake. They had failed to take into account or arrest the second most powerful man in the country, a man by the name of oris Yeltsin. He had just been elected as the first President of Russia, and he and Gorbachev were bitter rivals to control the entire USSR. However, not today. y Yeltsin's choice, he joined with Gorbachev in spirit and ideology, rushed to the Russian parliament and declared the supposed coup the act of mad men and threw his…...

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Bibliography

Au, K.-N. (2006, May 9). The causes and consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Retrieved November 19, 2009, from Rutgers University: coldwar.org. (n.d.). The cold war museum: Fall of the Soviet Union. Retrieved November 19, 2009, from coldwar.org:  http://www.coldwar.org/articles/90s/fall_of_the_soviet_union.asp http://newarkwww.rutgers.edu/guides/glo-sov.html

Gorbachev, M. (1991, December 25). Gorbachev speech dissolving the Soviet Union. Retrieved November 19, 2009, from publicpurpose.com:  http://www.publicpurpose.com/lib-gorb911225.htm 

Graham, J. (n.d.). The collapse of the Soviet Union. Retrieved November 19, 2009, from historyorb.com:  http://www.historyorb.com/russia/intro.shtml 

Langley, A. (2007). The collapse of the Soviet Union: The end of an empire. Mankato, MN: Compass Point Books.

Tear down that wall," has been the one sentence legacy of Ronald Reagan's presidential administration (Boyd). Ask any conservative political pundit and you are likely to hear that Reagan's defense strategy and, in particular, his Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), was the direct cause of the Berlin all coming down, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the eventual end of the Cold ar. Yet, in reality, how instrumental was Reagan and his policy in these occurrences or was the actual cause due to other factors?
Reagan, unlike his predecessors, Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, and Richard Nixon, adopted a much sterner posture relative to relations with the Soviet Union. Reagan entered office initially on the coat strings of President Carter's problems with the Iran hostages and Reagan campaigned on the strength of his strong militaristic positions. hen Reagan entered office the Cold ar was forty years old. The Soviet Union and…...

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Works Cited

Address to Members of the British Parliament," June 8, 1982, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan, 1982 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1983), 742-48.

Blum, Bill. "Ronald Reagan's supposed role in ending the cold war." 7 June 2004. Centre for Research on Globalisation. 22 May 2011 .

Boyd, Gerald M. "Raze Berlin Wall, Reagan Urges Soviet." New York Times 12 June 1987: 1.

Collins, Susan Margaret. Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the World Economy. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1991.

Fall of the Soviet Union: Internal Causes Were to lame, Not External
In December of 1991, as the world watched in sheer perplexity and wonder, the mighty Soviet Union disintegrated into fifteen separate smaller countries. Its collapse was hailed by the west as a convincing victory for freedom, a triumph of democracy over totalitarianism, and evidence of the final proof of superiority of capitalism over socialism. The United States rejoiced as its sworn enemy was brought to its knees, thereby ending the unprecedented Cold War which had hovered over these two superpowers like a thunderhead since the end of World War II. In fact, the end of the Soviet Union transformed the entire world political situation, leading to a complete reformulation of political, economic and military alliances all over the globe, not to mention spurred a whole new set of political-economic theories.

What were the causes of this monumental historical event? The…...

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Bibliography www.nytimes.com www.washingtonpost.com www.brookingsintitute.com

The Times of London.

Encyclopedia Britannica.

The Volume Library.

Sakwa, Richard. Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union.

(Strayer, 126)
For the Soviet Union, the period of time during and immediately after the Second World War was in reality, yet another cruel landmark in the numerous wars, revolutions and crises which had been influencing and destroying the country since the year 1905, and when in the year 1985 Gorbachev took over the administration and management of the country, the people of the Soviet Union hoped for some form of relief from the years of oppression that they had been subjected to under various leaders, including Stalin, Khrushchev who denounced Stalin and caused communists to defect from the party in large numbers, Brezhnev, under whose rule the Soviet government gradually changed from a personal dictatorship to oligarchy, Sakharov, who helped create the world's first Soviet H. bomb, Chernenko, Andropov, and several others. (Lecture 16: 1989: The Walls Came Tumbling Down)

Gorbachev was an individual and a leader who was keenly…...

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References

Kreis, Steven. (2000) Lecture 16: 1989: The Walls Came Tumbling Down. The history guide, lectures on twentieth century Europe. From  http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture16.html 

N.A. Biographies and the Division of Europe. February, 1999.  http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/TERMINE/1999/kbiog29.htm 

N.A. Russia, the Gorbachev Reforms. At  http://www.russiansabroad.com/russian_history_205.html 

N.A. World War II in the Soviet Union. 2003 http://www.worldwariihistory.info/in/USSR.html

Although they will commit corresponding action on the statements Gorbachev made in front of the UN, these actions will be committed at a gradual, even "sneaky" manner: the Soviets were vouching on the fact that the U.S. In particular does not know much about the specific details of Soviet military troops, and the Politburo suggested to commit action in such a manner in which "[[t]he military] proposes not maximum, but a permissible openness. Even more important [is] that even this permissible glasnost and openness is suggested to be applied only to the withdrawal of our troops from the territory of the Allies."
This important information reveals the reluctance and deliberate decision of Gorbachev and the Politburo to not let go of its Soviet policies, and to use glasnost and perestroika as "cloaks" in which they can safely say that they are implementing policies and actions amenable to the international community,…...

In this regard, artee (2000) points out that the Leipzig protest of January 15, 1989, was a good example of how social protest in the East was becoming more sophisticated and organized, with thousands of activists distributing leaflets calling for attendance at the rally all over Leipzig around midnight of January 11-12, 1989: "The leaflets boldly called for an open demonstration the next Sunday afternoon in front of Leipzig's old Rathaus (City Hall). The occasion, the 70th anniversary of the murders of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, offered the opportunity to publicize Luxemburg's famous statement that 'freedom means always freedom for those who think differently'" (artee 2000, 121). This author adds that the efforts by the activists during January 1988 to join the official parade with banners of their own clearly inspired the Leipzig protestors: "The Leipzig event would be different, however; it would be independent of any official…...

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Bibliography

Bartee, Wayne C. 2000. A time to speak out: The Leipzig citizen protests and the fall of East Germany. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

Berger, T. 2001. German unification and the Union of Europe. German Politics and Society 19(1):80.

Conradt, D.P. 2002. Political culture in unified Germany: The first ten years. German Politics and Society 20(2):43.

Edwards, Vincent, Gennadij Polonsky, Danijel Pucko, Malcolm Warner and Ying Zhu. 2004. Management in transitional economies: From the Berlin Wall to the Great Wall of China. New York: Routledge.

Cold ar
hat were the important events and factors that led to the end of the Cold ar? There are several theories and explanations, and this paper reviews those theories and explanations.

First of all, it should be noted that not all scholars accept that the Cold ar began after II. Professor Jack Matlock of Princeton University -- who served as ambassador to the U.S.S.R. -- writes in the peer-reviewed Harvard International Review that if the Cold ar began in 1945 or 1946, it "…must have ended around 1990" because that was when the "Iron Curtain" in Eastern Europe came down and the military confrontation between the East (Soviets) and est (U.S.) slowed to a standstill (Matlock, 2001, p. 1). But, on the other hand, if the Cold ar began in 1917, when the Bolsheviks won control of Russia, then it ended at a different time than 1990, Matlock asserts.

Matlock cites…...

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Works Cited

Bozo, Frederic. 2009. "Winners' and 'Losers': France, the United States, and the End of the Cold War." Diplomatic History, 33: 927-940.

Matlock, Jack E. 2001. "The End of the Cold War." Harvard International Review 23: 84-87.

Nye, Joseph. 2009. "Who Caused the End of the Cold War?" HuffPost. Retrieved July 11, 2012,

from  http://www.huffingtonpost.com .

Chapter 1: Ancient Civilizations

The Rise and Fall of the Sumerian City-States
The Indus Valley Civilization: Unraveling the Enigma
The Ancient Egyptian Civilization: Pyramids, Pharaonic Power, and Daily Life
The Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations: Maritime Masters of the Aegean
The Zhou Dynasty and the Birth of Chinese Civilization

Chapter 2: Classical Civilizations

The Athenian Golden Age: Democracy, Philosophy, and the Arts
The Roman Empire: Conquests, Governance, and the Pax Romana
The Mauryan Empire: From Chandragupta to Ashoka's Legacy
The Hellenistic World: A Syncretic Blend of Greek and Persian Cultures
The Han Dynasty: China's Ascendancy and Technological Innovations

Chapter 3: Medieval Civilizations

The....