Global Health & HIV
Global Health Issue

It is a small World: HIV / AIDS and Global Health

It is a small World: HIV / AIDS and Global Health

The purpose of this essay is to discuss in detail the HIV / AIDS issue and its different aspects and impacts on global level. The author will describe its history and current situation as well as the difficulties of HIV / AIDS patients on cultural and social level.

HIV / AIDS prevalence

HIV / AIDS was discovered as a disease in 1983 when laboratories of Dr. Luc Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute, Paris and Dr. obert Gallo of the National Cancer Institute, Washington, D.C found out that 'human immunodeficiency virus' (HIV) was the contributory cause of 'Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome' (AIDS) by the (Chermann, 1983; Barre-Sinoussi,868). On the discovery of this disease and its cause there were more than 4000 patients of HIV / AIDS in the United…...

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References

Annan, K.A. (2003). Message on World AIDS Day 2003. at:   Accessed November 5, 2011http://www.who.int/hiv/events/wad2003/wad2003/en/index.html .

amfAR. Twenty-five Years of HIV / AIDS: Snapshots of an Epidemic.   accessed November 10, 2011http://www.amfar.org/abouthiv/article.aspx?id=3598 

Ammassari, A., Trotta, M.P., Murri, R., Castelli, F., Narciso, P., Noto, P., Vecchiet, J., Monforte, A., Wu, A.W., & Antinori, A. "Correlates and predictors of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy: Overview of published literature." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2002. 31, 123 -- 127.

Barre-Sinoussi, F., J.C. Chermann, F. Rey, M.T. Nugeyre, S. Chamaret, J. Gruest, C. Dauguet, C. Axler-Blin, F. Vezinet-Brun, C. Rouzioux, W. Rozenbaum, and L. Montagnier.. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 1983. Science 220:868-71

Global Environmental Issues Organisms have to deal with both abiotic and biotic factors to succeed living in a given environment. Such physical and chemical environmental conditions as salinity, light, wind, pressure and heat, constitute abiotic factors. Biotic factors include the whole set of biological conditions that a species faces including the abundance of both predator and prey, space available, food availability, inter and intra species competition (Sherbinin, Alex de et al. 1). The relationships of interdependent nature among and between the living organisms; also referred to as the biotic aspects of an ecosystem can be classed in terms of whether they are harmful or beneficial to a given species. They may also have no effect on a given organism in focus. Human-environment interaction leads to changes and shifts in the global environment via a series of associated causes. These causes change the environments in certain ways to the extent of affecting…...

Health and Community
Nola Pender states that the most important challenge in modern nursing is the understanding of global health issues. It is not enough to merely be aware of international disease patterns but to utilize western technologies to both inform and help bring about change to these epidemic situations. Several diseases have transcended the original locale to become worldwide issues. Most prevalent of these is the epidemic of HIV which has infected people all over the world. The orld Health Organization (HO) has officially labeled the virus as a "pandemic," meaning that there is no place in the populated world that is not in some way impacted by HIV. The HIV and Aids epidemics are not new information. People have been suffering and dying with this disease for more than twenty years now. However, knowledge of the illness does not mean that people should give up and stop providing information…...

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Works Cited:

"Aids" (2009). World Health Organization. Retrieved from  http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2009/JC1700_Epi_Update_2009_en.pdf 

Shi, Leiyu (2010). Vulnerable Populations in the United States. John Wiley: San Francisco, CA.

Policy, Politics and Global Trends in Health Sector
Why the Public Policy Issue Was Chosen?

According to the report released by National Priorities and Goals -- aligning efforts meant to transform America's Health care (NQF, 2009; Partnership, 2008). NPP (National Priorities Partnership) came up with 6 priorities. If the priorities are addressed, it could improve the quality of health care delivered to the U.S. citizens. NPP consists of 48 major U.S. health care organizations, which work with NQF (National Quality Forum). It identifies and advances priorities geared at improving health care in the future (NQF, 2009). NPP has identified palliative care as one of the six priorities that can help improve patient-based utilization outcome. This article provides the background to help identify steps to assist match the medical treatment of the patient and family objectives. It concerns itself with access to quality hospice services and palliative care (Meier, 2011). This policy looks…...

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References

AHRQ. (2002). Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP): Hospitalization in the United States. Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality:  http://www.ahrq.gov/data/hcup/factbk6/factbk6c.htm 

American Hospital Association. (2009). AHA Hospital Statistics. Chicago: American Hospital Association.

ANA. (2008). Organizational Affiliate Criteria. Silver Spring: American Nurses Association.

ANA. (2015, December 10). Palliative and Hospice Nursing Panel. Retrieved from American Nurses Association:  http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/Policy-Advocacy/Professional-Issues-Panels/Palliative-and-Hospice-Nursing-Panel

Message for Target Population: Health Education and Diet 1
The message for my target population—adults at a behavioral health clinic—is the following statement: It is important to maintain a healthy diet, low in sugar—especially high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), as the latter has been linked with the onset of heart disease, liver disease, obesity and diabetes (Bocarsely, Powell, Avena & Hoebel, 2010; Malik et al., 2010; Stanhope et al., 2015). This means, primarily, adults should take efforts to eliminate soft drinks and soda pop from their diets—as these are among the primary beverages high in HFCS.
The four domains of health literacy are: (1) Fundamental literacy, (2) Scientific literacy, (3) Civic literacy, (4) Cultural literacy (Zarcadoolas, Pleasant & Greer, 2005). In order for the health education message described above to have an effect on the target population, the target population has to possess knowledge in the four domains of health literacy. In other…...

incidence tuberculosis as an Urban Health issue among ethnic minority group in Canning Town, Newham Borough of London. Large scale incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has been a major concern for public health planners in the UK. The report is structured as follows to enhance a greater understanding of the TB rate in Newham and strategies to reduce the TB rates in Newham London.
First, the report explores the TB rates in the entire UK. Moreover, the report provides the rational the TB cases in an urban health issue since Newham is a part of London. Moreover, the paper provides overall urban health issues and their implications to urban residents. The paprt explores the TB incidents in London and narrow the incidents to the Newham in London. Moreover, paper compares the TB rates of all important cities in the UK to enhance a greater understanding of urban health issues. Finally, the…...

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References

A2D, (2011).Newham -- Key Statistics. Advance to Deliver Project.UK.

Barton, H, Mitcham, C, Tsourou, C (2003), Healthy urban planning in practice: experience of European cities, WHO City Action Group on Healthy Urban Planning.

Bothamley, G.H. Kruijshaar, M.E. Kunst, H. et al.(2011). Tuberculosis in the UK cities: Effectiveness and Workload of control of tuberculosis programmes. BMC Public Health, 11:896

City of London, (2008 ), Pollution control, CITY OF LONDON, eshot, United Kingdom.

The Interplay Between Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Development Goals, and Communicable DiseasesThe transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) marked a significant evolution in the global framework for addressing pressing social, economic, and environmental challenges. Both sets of goals are interrelated and pertinent to the discussion of communicable diseases (Fehling et al., 2013). The prevention, management, and eventual eradication of communicable diseases pivot significantly around these goals. For that reason, this paper discusses the MDGs and SDGs of global health within the context of their interconnectedness.Goals 1 & 2: Eradicating Extreme Hunger and Poverty and Achieving Universal Primary EducationEradicating extreme poverty and hunger is not merely a goal in itself, but it\\\'s also a stepping stone towards broader health outcomes. Extreme poverty often means inadequate access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare facilities, all of which are crucial in preventing and managing communicable diseases.…...

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ReferencesFehling, M., Nelson, B. D., & Venkatapuram, S. (2013). Limitations of the Millennium Development Goals: a literature review. Global Public Health, 8(10), 1109-1122.Fukuda-Parr, S., Yamin, A. E., & Greenstein, J. (2014). The power of numbers: A critical review of millennium development goal targets for human development and human rights. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 15(2-3), 105-117.Hunt, P. (2016). Interpreting the international right to health in a human rights-based approach to health. Health and Human Rights, 18(2), 109-130.Poku, N. K., & Whiteside, A. (2017). The political economy of AIDS in Africa. Routledge.Sumner, A., & Tribe, M. (2019). International Development Studies: Theories and Methods in Research and Practice. SAGE Publications Limited.Waage, J., Yap, C., Bell, S., Levy, C., Mace, G., Pegram, T., ... & Poole, N. (2015). Governing the UN sustainable development goals: interactions, infrastructures, and institutions. The Lancet Global Health, 3(5), e251-e252.

Human ights and Global HealthHuman rights is a principle based on the belief that every person should be treated with dignity and respect, regardless of their nationality, sex, ethnicity, religion, language, or any other status. Globally, human rights drive laws and ethics in many fields, including health care. They shape our understanding of who is entitled to what kind of care, and how health systems should operate to ensure equitable access to care.The United Nations (UN) is one of the leading international bodies responsible for the promotion and protection of human rights globally. This mandate stems from the United Nations Charter, which was signed in 1945 by the founding UN member states. The charter outlines a commitment to promoting social progress, better living standards, and human rights. One of the most significant achievements of the UN in the field of human rights was the adoption of the Universal Declaration of…...

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ReferencesHannum, H. (1995). The status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in national and international law. Ga. J. Int\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'l & Comp. L., 25, 287.Lee, B. X. (2016). Causes and cures VII: Structural violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 28, 109-114.Rahman, M., Ahmed, R., Moitra, M., Damschroder, L., Brownson, R., Chorpita, B., ... & Kumar, M. (2021). Mental distress and human rights violations during COVID-19: a rapid review of the evidence informing rights, mental health needs, and public policy around vulnerable populations. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 603875.

health issue of obesity is gaining attention from diverse groups in society nowadays. For some years now, the many cases of health problems resulting from obesity have been the focus of research and studies of many scientists from different countries. Today, due to the increasing percentage of obese people in many nations, obesity research is among the major programs considered by health service groups and governments.
Obesity is a health problem that refers to excess fats in the body resulting to being overweight. Usually, obesity is caused by improper diet. Some critical illnesses that toll life are associated with obesity. Studies have shown that being obese causes an individual to lose a few years from his life expectancy.

Currently, countless of health articles, news, and journals regarding obesity are disseminated to bring attention to the public about its consequences. ecause of this, questions have been raised if such exposure of issues…...

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Bibliography

Curtis, Tom. Glasgow and Edinburgh Named UK's Fattest Cities.

News Scotsman. 07 June 2003.  http://www.news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?id=288892003&tid=677 

Josling, Leanne. Obesity: A Curable Epidemic.

World Socialist Web Site. 05 June 2003.  http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/apr2000/obes-a29.shtml

Combating the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in South Africa
Although Swaziland has the highest incidence rate for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at 27.7%, South Africa suffers from the largest number of people living with HIV in the world (6.8 million) (The global HIV / AIDS epidemic, 2016) out of a total population of around 53.5 million (South Africa population, 2016). In fact, during the time required to read this introduction, someone died of HIV in South Africa. Unfortunately, South Africa is certainly not unique in experiencing these high rates of infection and many sub-Saharan African nations are likewise seriously affected by the disease (The global HIV/AID epidemic, 2016). South Africa, though, is also suffering from a number of social problems that have exacerbated the HIV epidemic. In response to these alarming trends, the international community, including the United States, has allocated an enormous amount of resources to help stop the spread…...

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References

Birnbaum, J. K. & Murray, C. J. (2011, April). Exposing misclassified HIV / AIDS deaths in South Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89(4), 278-281.

du Toit, J. & Burger, A. (2010, Spring). Tackling HIV / AIDS in the workplace: Best practice being developed in South Africa carries an important message for companies everywhere. European Business Forum, 17, 70-73.

Global Fund overview. (2016). Global Fund. Retrieved from   / overview/.http://www.theglobalfund.org/en 

South African economy. (2016). CIA world factbook. Retrieved from   / library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html.https://www.cia.gov 

Typhoid fever disease is a global health phenomena or problem with approximately 20 million incidents and 700,000 adult deaths every year. Notably, a huge portion of these cases and deaths occur in developing countries, especially in South East Asia and Indian subcontinent. While the infection was traditionally treated with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, serious public health program has emerged in the past decades because of the widespread emergence of antibiotic resistant Salmonella typhi or S.typhi. Moreover, typhoid fever disease caused by MD organisms can also be considered as a significant public health and therapeutic issue. This is primarily because there are a huge number of cases of MD typhoid fever that occur in childhood and are coupled with considerably high mortality and morbidity rates. Since the disease has developed to become a significant public health issue in the past few decades, it's important to conduct a research about it and…...

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References:

Arjunan, M. & Al-Salamah, A.A. (2010, April 29). Typhoid Fever with Severe Abdominal Pain:

Diagnosis and Clinical Findings using Abdomen Ultrasonogram, Hermatology-cell Analysis and the Widal Test. Journal of Infections in Developing Countries, 4(9), 593-596. Retrieved from  http://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/download/1010/445 

Hammad et al. (2011). Ceftriaxone vs. Chloramphenicol for Treatment of Acute Typhoid

Fever. Life Science Journal, 8(2), 100-105. Retrieved from  http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0802/14_4757life0802_100_105.pdf

As a result, the Govt. has been eager to encourage self-medication, where probable, in an endeavor to save money and time as optimizing convenience for the consumer. (the UK OTC Pharmaceuticals Market: UK pharmaceutical market report)
E) Is there any one burning issue related to health care in this country that is undergoing extensive debate? What do you know about it?

Although Britain NHS has been a model for the rest of the world to emulate, however over the years, a persistent concern with cost constraints and market-defined efficiencies since the bygone twenty years has radically battered the core principles of universal healthcare in UK. The discouragement of proceeds of central taxation as the funding base has been coupled with Govt. passing the costs and dangers to patients and their families. The internal market launched by the Thatcher Govt. In 1980s showed the most prominent features of these modifications, however, Tony…...

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References

Bad Medicine. New Internationalist. Vol: 355. April 2003.

Retrieved at   Accessed on 21 March, 2005http://www.newint.org/issue355/bad.htm .

Bio-Pharmaceutical Study Finds Significant Link between Innovation and Market-based Drug Pricing. May 9, 2002. Retrieved at Accessed on 21 March, 2005http://www.tiax.biz/aboutus/pdfs/press_releases/pharma_may.htm.

Donelan, Karen; Blendon, Robert J; Schoen, Cathy; Davis, Karen; Binns, Katherine.

This is related to the fact that the use of pesticides is very poorly regulated. (Protect Farm orker's Health) the use of pesticides has become an area of research and concern by the health authorities. This aspect has been well documented but experts are of the opinion that there are "...insufficient studies examining the effects of multiple pesticide exposure." (Rosenbaum and Shin, 2005)
2.2.3. Access to health benefits and care

The general consensus from the literature on the subject is that migrant and seasonal farm workers and their families are "…overwhelmingly uninsured." (Rosenbaum and Shin, 2005) the 2005 study of the health of migrant farm works by Rosenbaum and Shin indicates that in 2000, "…85% of migrant and seasonal farm workers were uninsured, compared to 37% of low-income adults nationally." (Rosenbaum and Shin, 2005) the study also found that both migrant and seasonal farm workers had less access to health care…...

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Works cited

Health Problems among Migrant Farmworkers' Children in the U.S. ERIC Digest.

September 27, 2008.

ILO warns on farm safety Agriculture mortality rates remain high Pesticides pose major health risks to global workforce. September 27, 2008.

Overview of America's Farmworkers. September 27, 2008.

These effects would be unfairly harsh on developing nations, who had little to do with creating the problem; this is one of the reasons that recent international talks in Copenhagen have stalled (WGW 2009). Not only would these countries not be able to develop as quickly and have healthier populations and more stable governments, but industrialized nations would also see negative economic impacts, making many wary of making any major transitions without a more certain analysis of the problem of global warming, and of a human cause behind it.
The Effects of Global Warming

Even if global warming isn't real, or if human emissions aren't behind it, the possible consequences and tangential downsides to the continued release of carbon dioxide and an increase in global warming warrant taking steps to find cleaner fuels and sources of energy. Warmer temperatures would lead directly to more frequent and more violent storms and hurricanes,…...

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References

Bryner, J. (2006). "Climate Change Has Animals Heading for the Hills." LiveScience. Accessed 13 December 2009.  http://www.livescience.com/environment/061214_animals_retreat.html 

Howden, D. (2007). "Deforestation: The hidden cause of global warming." The independent 14 May. Accessed 12 December 2009.  http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/deforestation-the-hidden-cause-of-global-warming-448734.html 

JunkScience (2007). "The real "inconvenient truth." JunkScience.com. Accessed 13 December 2009.  http://www.junkscience.com/Greenhouse/ 

NASA. (2009). "Global warming." World Book at NASA. Accessed 13 December 2009.  http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/global_warming_worldbook.html

Does Socio-economic Status Impact lives of People with HIV and AIDS?

Individuals with a lower socio-economic status are more prone to contracting HIV and AIDS virus. This measure also determines how individual status, relates to proper medical care. Lack of socioeconomic strength associated to the practice of risky sexual behaviors results to HIV contraction. Men engage in sexual intercourse with many partners without using a condom (Will 2000). Women at this lower level engage in riskier sexual behaviors. Homeless people are more vulnerable to infection, women in such situations are prone to rape and, men are most likely drug users. Individuals with low socioeconomic resources are prone to injury, which makes the susceptible to the effects of the virus that affects the central nervous system (Earnshaw, Valerie and Stephenie 2009).

Does HIV Infection Affect the Socio Sconomic Status of Infected Persons?

HIV and AIDS have negative impacts on the productivity of an individual…...

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References

Semple, S.J., Patterson, T.L., Temoshok, L.R., McCutchan, J.A., Straits-Troster,

K., Chandler, J.A., & Grant, I. 2003. "Identification of psychobiological stressors among HIV-positive women." Women & Health, 20(4), 15-36.

Earnshaw, Valerie a., and Stephenie R. Chaudoir.2009. "From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: a review of HIV stigma mechanism measures." AIDS

and Behavior 13.6 (2009): 1160-1177.

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Philosophical Inquiries:

The Ethical Implications of Animal Experimentation: The complexities of animal experimentation, weighing the potential benefits to humans against the suffering imposed on animals.
Sentience and Moral Status: Exploring the concept of animal sentience and its implications for their ethical consideration and treatment.
Speciesism and the Exploitation of Animals: Analyzing the biases and justifications for treating animals differently based solely on their species, and its ethical consequences.
Animal Liberation and Animal Rights: The historical development and philosophical foundations of animal liberation and animal rights movements, including their goals, strategies, and ethical principles.

Legal and Policy Considerations:

The Evolution of Animal....

Yes, there are several essay topics that can present opposing viewpoints on Nestle's corporate level strategies. Some potential essay topics include:

1. "Should Nestle continue to prioritize profit maximization over social responsibility in its corporate strategy?"
2. "Is Nestle's aggressive acquisition strategy beneficial or detrimental to the company's long-term success?"
3. "Does Nestle's focus on expanding into emerging markets help or harm local economies and communities?"
4. "Should Nestle prioritize sustainability and ethical sourcing in its supply chain, even if it means higher costs for consumers?"
5. "Is Nestle's diversification into new product categories a wise strategic move, or does it dilute the company's brand....