II. WHAT WAYS to TRADITIONAL GENDER EXPECTATIONS FACILITATE PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT?

The traditional gender expectations that have passed through many generations greatly facilitate personal development of the individual. For example, it is well-acknowledged among researchers that girls are less-often geared toward the mathematics and engineering fields by teachers, parents, and other's known to impact the life of the young individual in college and career choices. For instance, when viewing the following two figures labeled Figure 1-a and Figure 1-, the general reaction of most Americans to the first picture is that something is out of place because here is the man in the kitchen however, the second picture appears more normal. This is due to gender socialization of the sexes.

Source: (iStockphoto, nd) http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview

_approve/2302073/2/istockphoto_2

302073_man_cooking_food_in_a_kitchen.jpg

Source: (http://4hisglory.files.wordpress.com/2007/01/woman-cooking.JPG)

Again, in the following two pictures the first picture is one that has traditionally not been viewed as normal while the second picture is viewed as normal in relation…...

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Bibliography

Global Women Writers - Key Terms and Definitions. Online available at  http://mlhopps.faculty.tcnj.edu/GWWTermsDict.htm#Gender 

Married Women's Employment, Gender Socialization, and Divorce Rates.(2008) eSSORTMENT Online available at http://wi.essortment.com/genderrolesoc_rivr.htm

Michel, Sonya (1999) Child Interests/Mother's Rights: The Shaping of America's Child Care Policy. Yale University Press. New Haven, CT.

Kryzanowski and Stewin (1985) Development implications in Youth Counseling: Gender Socialization" International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling 1985.

In the only ad involving men and food, the man is a cartoon delivery man carrying cookies. 13% of the ads dealing with women also involve children in the picture -- 86% of the ads involving adults and children involve women as the adult. The one exception is a tragic ad about heart disease in which the female figure has been cut out of the picture leaving a stricken husband and family behind. An approximately equal number of ads show men and women as having jobs or being involved in business. While an overwhelming number of the beauty and hair product ads are targeted at women, a surprisingly large number of perfume and deodorant ads are targeted at men. Glamorized, idealized bodies being used to sell products are only slightly more likely to be female (13 ads) than male (12 ads) -- this difference may be explained by the…...

Males and females are socialized differently in that respect from their earliest years as toddlers, throughout their later childhood years, and especially, during adolescence and young adulthood. As a result, even after factoring out the influence of socioeconomic class, specific exposure to criminality, and other external influences on the behavior of the individual, males are involved in all types of crimes more than women, and the difference is even greater with respect to crimes of violence (Ogle, Maier-Katkin, & Bernard, 1995; Schmalleger, 2009; West & Zimmerman, 1987).
Different Pathways to Violence based on Gender

One of the most prominent differences apparent in data profiling violent criminals by gender is the manner in which males and females become involved in violent crime in particular (Ogle, Maier-Katkin, & Bernard, 1995; West & Zimmerman, 1987). Specifically, males typically become involved in violent crime habitually and in conjunction with numerous other closely associated aggressive behaviors.…...

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References

Gerrig, R. And Zimbardo, P. (2009). Psychology and Life. New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Ogle, R., Maier-Katkin, D., and Bernard, T. "A Theory of Homicidal Behavior among

Women." Criminology, Vol. 33, No. 2 (1995): 173-193.

Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st

role of video games in gender socialization of children growing up. For example, what would parents buy their 9-year-old son on his birthday and would it be different if it was a daughter. Also the effects of video games on the age groups that play them."
For the past four decades video games have been a top seller in the electronic market. Millions of parents line up each year to purchase the latest and greatest video games for their children. They come in all forms, including violence, games, activities, sports and others. The video game advent came on the heels of the women's movement getting up to speed, which has made it difficult to gauge the exact gender impact the games have had since they hit the market. Now, four decades later video games are being blamed for everything from murder to failing out of school with little attention to how…...

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References

Violent Video Games Affecting our Children.

Grand Theft Auto' creators sued for $100m over killing.(News)

Computers, video games, and literacy: What do girls think?(Statistical Data Included)

Popular video games: quantifying the presentation of violence and its context.(Industry Overview)

SOCIOLOGY Sociology: Gender and acial SocializationGender socialization involves getting acquainted with the roles of respective genders- males and females (Amin et al., 2018). It starts at the very beginning of human life, during the early days of childhood, and continues for the rest of human lives. Most prominently, it happens between the age of 10 to 15 years when puberty starts revealing itself for both genders. Certain physical and hormonal changes are to be explained by the parents to their children (Amin et al., 2018). Gender socialization also occurs with the messages conveyed by friends, peers, and media. For instance, as soon as they reach teenage, boys try to impose their sexuality and manhood to influence girls (Amin et al., 2018). Direct and indirect communication, body language, and facial expressions are all forms of the different messages that are conveyed in gender socialization. The same stands true for media; social…...

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ReferencesAmin, A., Kågesten, A., Adebayo, E., & Chandra-Mouli, V. (2018). Addressing gender socialization and masculinity norms among adolescent boys: Policy and programmatic implications. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 62(3S), S3–S5.   A. (2015, August). Racial socialization: Ways parents can teach their children about race. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/pi/families/resources/newsletter/2015/08/racial-socializationTang, S., McLoyd, V. C., & Hallman, S. K. (2016). Racial socialization, racial identity, and academic attitudes among African American adolescents: Examining the moderating influence of parent-adolescent communication. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(6), 1141–1155.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0351-8https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.022 Gaskin,

Firstly, males tend to base their self-worth on what they have accomplished as individuals. This is an "independent self-concept." Females on the other hand, tend to judge themselves more in terms of an "interconnected self-concept," meaning that they assess themselves in terms of how they interact with other people. esearch has also demonstrated however that in countries like the United States, which are considered to be relatively individualistic, the independent self-concept prevails. However in countries in which community is valued higher than individualism, such as it is in numerous countries in Asia, South America and Africa, the interconnected self-concept is much more prominent. This demonstrates that socialization plays a major role in a person's concept of self because if these concepts were innate, then males and females in all cultures would view themselves by inherently devised standards as opposed to socially determined ones.
It is generally accepted that gender socialization…...

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References

Cross, S.E., & Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 5 -- 37

Good, G.E., Dell, D.M., & Mintz, L.B. (1989). Male role and gender role conflict: Relations to help seeking in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 295-300.

Sanchez, F.J. & Vilain, E. (2009) Collective self-esteem as a coping resource for male-to- female transsexuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 202-209

Sharpe, M.J., & Heppner, P. P (1991). Gender role, gender role conflict, and psychological well-being in men, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(3), 323-330

Friends, colleagues and family members play a role in the development of one's identity and rank in this case (Humphrey, 2003).
Gender is reflected and accomplished within the scope of ordinary routines. In this way people 'do' gender. Gender "socialization" according to Kimmel begins and birth and continues throughout ones life; parents, family, friends, environment all influence gender differences in children (Kimmel, 122). Parents for example may possess ideas of what children need based on gender specific ideas, thus socialize children in certain ways based on their sex.

Gender is announced as Kimmel points out the moment a baby is born, revealing sex before anything else (Kimmel, 1999). Expectations about how someone of a certain gender should be treated lead to actions, result in behaviors and cause actions and consequences. Gender stereotypes may lead to inequalities. Early treatment may reflect a parent's acceptance of societal roles for boys and girls or…...

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References

Humphrey, J. (2003 - Mar). "Guthrie's six degrees of separation and provocative."

Oracle Online, 115(7): 1. Retrieved:

 http://www.hamline.edu/oracle/archives/031803/?entertainment/ent5.html 

Kimmel, M.S. (2000). The gendered society. New York: Oxford University Press.

The pressures created by single parenting and more specifically the need, by women to contribute economically to the household has also correlated to increase in crime among girls and boys. It is also clear that as the gender roles and expectations of girls as opposed to boys changes and in many ways overlaps there will and have been logical increases in the number of girls in the system and generally experiencing acts of juvenile delinquency.

Many link the decrease in the gap between violent offences among girls and boys to social change, often associated with the lack of paternal involvement. Yet, it is also true that the same can be said of boys, as boys without paternal involvement are much more likely than those with it to offend, in a myriad of ways. Yet, more common "split" and single parent situations are demonstrative of increased female offences. (Schaffner, 2006, p. 93)the…...

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References

Bridges, G.S. & Myers, M.A. (Eds.). (1994). Inequality, Crime, and Social Control. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, a., Rutter, M., & Silva, P.A. (2001). Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviour: Conduct Disorder, Delinquency, and Violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Peters, S.R. (2001, December). Relationships' Role in Female Juvenile Delinquency. Corrections Today, 63, 76.

Schaffner, L. (2006). Girls in Trouble with the Law. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

I use the above family as an example that I think that the socialization of children remains the primary job of the parent and that parents can help determine how external society influences impact their children. Whether society freaked out because of an image of a little boy with pink toenails is not nearly so important as how a family reacts if a little boy wants to paint his toenails pink. The little boy in the family I described accompanies his mom and sister to the salon and I have seen him with green painted toenails (his favorite color) and know there would be no objections if he wanted pink ones. His sister has rejected the "girl" Legos in favor of "boy" sets, but will vehemently argue with you if you suggested that Ninjago was marketed towards boys.

I do not think that there was less gender stereotyping in toys when…...

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References

Klein, M. (2011, April 13). J. Crew's toenail-painting ad causes pink scare. Retrieved March

9, 2012 from Ms. Magazine blog website:  http://msmagazine.com/blog/blog/2011/04/13/j-crews-toenail-painting-ad-causes-pink-scare/ 

Melanie. (2008, October 5). Gender socialization in the media from childhood to adulthood.

Retrieved March 9, 2012 from FeministFatale website:  http://www.feministfatale.com/2008/10/gender-socialization-in-the-media-from-childhood-to-adulthood/

Low socioeconomic status brings with it many concerns and stressors, including uncertainty about the future and less access to community and health care resources. Money and power issues contribute to feelings of passivity, negativism and lack of self-esteem, all of which contribute to depression.
In addition, women are more likely to be sexually abused as children (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2006). And victims of sexual abuse are more likely to experience depression at some point in their lives than are those who weren't abused. This means that female undergraduates who were sexually abused have a higher incidence of depression than their male counterparts.

This paper aims to analyze some of the fundamental cultural links to women's depression in college, and compare depression rates of females to males.

Hypothesis

While most experts agree that understanding gender differences in depression is important, many believe that it is also important to study the…...

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Bibliography

William E. Kelly,   Kathryn E. Kelly,  http://findarticles.com/p/search?tb=art&qa=Franklin+C.+Brown " Franklin C. Brown,  http://findarticles.com/p/search?tb=art&qa=Hillary+B.+Kelly " Hillary B. Kelly. (March, 1999). Gender Differences in Depression Among College Students: A Multi-Cultural Perspective.http://findarticles.com/p/search?tb=art&qa=Kathryn+E.+Kelly "

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). (September 20, 2006). Depression in women: Understanding the gender gap. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from the Internet at http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/MH/00035.html.

Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan; Girgus, Joan S. (May, 1994). The Emergence of Gender Differences in Depression During Adolescence. Psychological Bulletin. Vol 115(3), 424-443.

Shields, S.A. (2000). Thinking about gender, thinking about theory: Gender and emotional experience. In a. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 3-23). New York: Cambridge University Press.

These and other linguistic phenomenon can be traced to social status issues, just as the class notes suggest. would further hypothesize that uncertainty in women's speech is directly related to women's lower social status vs. men. Women are socialized to be less domineering than men are and their speech may reflect that. n the class notes, this phenomenon is referred to as cooperative speech vs. aggressive speech.

Likewise, women are socialized to be politer and more deferential than men are, and their communication styles reflect that as well. This line of thought coincides with the thesis offered Deuchar (1988) outlined in the class notes. Women may use standard forms instead of prestige forms "to maintain face in interactions that offer them little power." When women do use prestige forms, they may do so to assert their power…...

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I am familiar with each of the examples of gender-based language listed in the class notes. In fact, I can think of many more ways in which women and men use language differently from each other. For example, many women use terms like "like," or "y'know" more than men do in casual conversations. Women tend also to converse using more empathy than men, who may speak from personal experience before saying, "Oh, I know exactly how you feel." Moreover, I have noticed that more women than men will make a simple statement sound like a question by raising the tone of the final word of a sentence. The effect conveys insecurity and uncertainty, just as the use of "like" and "y'know" does.

These and other linguistic phenomenon can be traced to social status issues, just as the class notes suggest. I would further hypothesize that uncertainty in women's speech is directly related to women's lower social status vs. men. Women are socialized to be less domineering than men are and their speech may reflect that. In the class notes, this phenomenon is referred to as cooperative speech vs. aggressive speech.

Likewise, women are socialized to be politer and more deferential than men are, and their communication styles reflect that as well. This line of thought coincides with the thesis offered Deuchar (1988) outlined in the class notes. Women may use standard forms instead of prestige forms "to maintain face in interactions that offer them little power." When women do use prestige forms, they may do so to assert their power directly.

" This temporary lesson actually applies on a wider scale to life. Clothing, in our society, is closely integrated with sexuality and gender definition. Men often determine who they will have a sexual interest in based on the clothing of the person in question. A woman in a housecoat is not generally seen as a sexual target in the same way that a woman in a leather miniskirt is. ecause women are seen as weaker than men and as belonging to them sexually based on the gender roles of our society, men tend to think they have power over people wearing women's clothes, whether that person be a boy or a girl. This is a power they would not assume that they have over boys, and it is the association with femininity and the stereotypes that are perpetrated about females in general that causes this.
A reflection of how gender roles…...

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Bibliography

Kortenhaus, Carole. "Gender Role Stereotyping in Children's Literature: An Update." Sex Roles a Journal of Research. February, 1993.  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2294/is_n3-4_v28/ai_13810759 

Peters, John. "Gender Socialization of Adolescents in the Home: Research and Discussion." Adolescence. Winter, 1994.  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_n116_v29/ai_16477249 

Witt, Susan. "Parental Influence on Children's Socialization to Gender Roles." Adolescence. Summer, 1997.  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_n126_v32/ai_19619406

GENDE IDENTITY Explain interaction hormones behavior interactions affect determination gender identity. Address paper: Include roles biological factors - nature- environmental influences-nutrue- sexual differentiation gender identity.
The interaction between hormones and behavior

Essentially, the difference in the brain of males and females is mostly realized in the concepts of sex and gender aspects. Most of these realizations have been made in the recent years as researchers have focused on the structure and functionalism of the human brain. In this regard, it is realized that particular human characteristics realized in certain individuals usually relate to a particular structure of the brain of such individuals. For instance, it has been established that most students who are good in mathematics will usually have a particular brain structure coupled with certain complexities like allergies and shortsightedness Garrett, 2003.

Such unrelated characteristics usually result out of certain conditions both prenatal and postnatal.

Studies have demonstrated that most women usually perform…...

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References

Bronson, P., & Merryman, A. (2009). NurtureShock: new thinking about children. New York: Twelve.

Chrisler, J.C., & McCreary, D.R. (2010). Handbook of gender research in psychology. New York: Springer.

Damon, W. (2001). Handbook of child psychology (5th ed.). New York: J. Wiley.

. The Determination of Gender Identity and Biopsychology | Beate Landgraf -- " Praxis fur Psychotherapie (HPG). (n.d.). Beate Landgraf -- " Praxis fur Psychotherapie (HPG). Retrieved July 19, 2012, from  http://www.praxis-landgraf.de/2011/10/the-determination-of-gender-identity-and-biopsychology/

439).
However, Johnson (n.d.) offers an optimistic view showing how patriarchy may be dismantled even in systems in which it appears to be pervasive, such as the military. In "Unraveling the Gender Knot," Johnson (n.d.) points out that it is a myth that gender disparity is inevitable and immutable. In fact, social systems are malleable and changeable. Change begins with "awareness and training about issues of privilege," according to Johnson (n.d., p. 240). Awareness stems from the willingness of all members of the military to recognize their role in the perpetuation of hegemony. African-American males find themselves in a peculiar position knowing that hegemony is a destructive force for the subjugated, but unwilling to surrender the privileges and powers of being at the upper rungs of the social ladder. As Hinojosa (2010) notes, there are distinct and tangible benefits to men in the military.

Power and identity are both socially constructed.…...

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References

Acker, J. (1992). From sex roles to gendered institutions. Contemporary Sociology 21(5). (Sep., 1992), pp. 565-569.

Fields, J. (2001). Normal queers. Symbolic Interaction 24(2): 165-187.

Hinojosa, R. (2010). Doing hegemony. The Journal of Men's Studies 18(2): 179-194.

Johnson (n.d.). Unraveling the gender knot.

Name changes, surgery or even legal birth certificate changes on this subject are scrutinized, difficult to attain and never really expressly respected as legitimate proof of someone's sex or gender, once they have occurred. (117)
Denmark and Nielson, in their International handbook on Gender Roles characterize the U.S. As a multi-cultural nation that is demonstrative of social change with regard to gender roles and yet they go on to say that even though the rhetoric may have changed and opportunities may have opened for women in this traditionally gendered society, and that men are seen as being more responsible for traditionally female tasks the culture is still fixed in many ways with regard to gender roles.

However, throughout the history of the U.S.A., women have been faced with balancing their productive and reproductive work (Anderson, 1988). Regardless of their contributions, either professionally or domestically, the social position of women has essentially…...

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Works Cited

Denmark, Florence L., and Karen a. Nielson. "31 United States of America." International Handbook on Gender Roles. Ed. Leonore Loeb Adler. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993. 452-465.

Feldman, Lorelei "Biological and Sociocultural Views and Consequences of Gender Stereotyping" Retrieved, November 20, 2007 at  http://www.unc.edu/~lorelei/sexroles.html 

Garfinkle, Harold. Studies in Ethnomethodology. New York: Polity. 1991.

Spykerman, Sara "Gender Roles and Work: Recent Research" 1997, Retrieved November 20, 2007 at  http://www.hope.edu/academic/psychology/335/webrep/genroles.html