One of the problems with discrimination laws is that they the law does not have the power to completely cure social problems. For example, affirmative action was a necessary part of the effort towards equality because many employers were simply unwilling to give woman an equal chance at job opportunities. However, many areas of overt gender discrimination have been cured, or cannot be cured by quotas because of a lack of opposite-gender interest in the jobs in question.
Just because laws cannot completely cure discrimination does not mean that discrimination is inevitable or unconquerable. Anti-discrimination legislation handled the burden of the most egregious forms of discrimination and continues to protect people's rights to employment opportunities. However, society as a whole bears a burden in the fight against discrimination. By refusing to patronize businesses that discriminate on the basis of sex, society can use the power of the market to influence and…...
mlaWebsite: http://fairmeasures.com/ask/enews/archive/fall97/new05.asp
Wilson v. Southwest Airlines Co., 517 F. Supp. 292, (N.D. Tex. 1981).
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Filing a charge of employment discrimination. Retrieved April 20, 2007 from EEOC.gov. Website: http://www.eeoc.gov/charge/overview_charge_filing.html
Gender discrimination is a business pitfall that could result in hazardous, time-consuming, and expensive lawsuits. Today, businesses and managers need to be fully aware of the legal implications of perceived differences between how employees are treated. For this reason, specific safeguards can be implemented to prevent the hazards associated with gender discrimination lawsuits. In the event that a suit has already been filed, businesses can also enter into alternative settlement negotiations, which would avoid the public, and potentially scandalous, nature of a court settlement. One example of such a case is the class action suit brought by three women in Tennessee against Wal-Mart, citing continuous and consistent gender discrimination. Without recourse to alternative settlement choices and reform efforts, the danger for Wal-Mart is a tarnished reputation as unequal employer and significant losses in terms of time and money.
The lawsuit was brought in Nashville, Tennessee, with the charge that Wal-Mart Stores,…...
mlaReferences
Business Wire (2012, Oct. 2). Barrett Johnson, LLC: Wal-Mart Women File Class Action Lawsuit in Tennessee Federal Court. Retrieved from: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20121002006889/en/Barrett-Johnston-LLC-Wal-Mart-Women-File-Class
Legal Momentum: Advancing Women's Rights (2005). Legal Resource Kit: Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in Employment. Retrieved from: http://www.legalmomentum.org/assets/pdfs/esdsh.pdf
Stamato, L. (2000). Dispute Resolution and the Glass Ceiling: Ending Sexual Discrimination at the Top. Retrieved from: http://policy.rutgers.edu/cncr/research/0200drjarticle.php
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2009, Nov. 21). Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination. Retrieved from: http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/qanda.html
Gender Discrimination still continues unabated even after so much awareness is generated and legislations enforced to that effect. It is the responsibility of the human resource managers to oversee the company's policies and to ensure that fair treatment is meted out to women in the organization.
Gender discrimination still continues to be a universal problem and even in the United States, the nation known for its freedom and equal rights women haven't faired any better. Discrimination is most obvious in the workplace where women continue to be viewed inferior. Right from hiring workers, to position and pay details, there is a marked discrimination at every point. Instances of sexual harassment have not ceased and there is without any doubt a male hegemony in the corporate sector. Even in multinational companies, which have a human resource management department, to address the concerns of the workers, discrimination continues unabated. Let us discuss the…...
mlaBibliography
Neumark, David, 1996 "Sex Discrimination In Restaurant Hiring: An Audit Study: The Quarterly Journal Of Economics, August 1996, pg 915 -941
Natasha Loder, U.S. science shocked by revelations of sexual discrimination, Accessed on November 29th, 2003, http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v405/n6787/full/405713a0_r.html
John D. Dingell and Carolyn B. Maloney,"A New Look through the Glass Ceiling," Accessed on November 30th, 2003, http://www.house.gov/maloney/issues/womenscaucus/glassceiling.pdf .
University of Albany, College and University Women's Salary Continues to Lag," Accessed on November 30th, 2003, http://www.albany.edu/wc/wconn/1998/salaries.html
Females make up forty two percent of the workforce yet, as can be demonstrated by the following HR report, the glass ceiling is alive and well at Company X.
Level FM Total
As the court can clearly see, there are no upper management female employees and there are only 2 at level 4. In other words, ninety eight percent of the decision making positions of Company X are held by men and all one hundred percent of executive level positions are male dominated. How can this be logical considering that females make up over forty percent of all employees at company X?
These discrepancies also hold true in Company X's pay scales. The average salary for a man in the company is approximately $112,000 verses female employees who average salaries of approximately $79,000. This scale has obviously been skewed because of the executive level positional differences. But, it is not surprising that…...
Gender and Career Success
Herrback and Mignonac (2012) performed a study of 300 women employees to examine the relationship between career anchors, subjective views of career success, and perceptions of gender discrimination. Essentially, the study monitored whether or not women felt that their gender was getting in the way of their career goals. The researchers found that "perceived gender discrimination was negatively related to the subjective career success overall" (Herrback, Mignonac, 2012, p. 25). In other words, when women failed to achieve career goals they felt that gender inequality was the reason. Moreover, the anchors (such as management or security and independence) made the perceptions less or sharper respectively. What this shows is that women in the workplace do not feel as though gender is an issue if they are given a comfortable degree of autonomy and job security. On the other hand, if they have ambitions that are not being…...
mlaReferences
Cox, T., Harquail, C. (2015). Career paths and career success in the early career stages of male and female MBAs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 39(1): 54-75.
Evers, A., Sieverding, M. (2014). Why do highly qualified women (still) earn less?
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(1): 93-106.
Herrbach, O., & Mignonac, K. (2012). Perceived gender discrimination and women's subjective career success: The moderating role of career anchors. Realtions Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 67 (1), 25- 50.
30).
Clearly, the struggle for greater gender equality continues to evolve. Numerous dramatic changes are apparent since the 1950s, and even with the politicization and radical nature of the feminist movement in the 1960s and 1970s, there have been improvement in the diversity, fairness, pay structure, leadership, and power base within many societal organizations. No longer is it irregular to see women as CEO's, in high positions in politics, in wide-ranging and often non-stereotypical careers, and certainly well past the limitations of previous generations. but, has society gone far enough if the very nature of the discussion of gender equality even exists? Add to that the contributing factors of race and class and we find that we really do not have an egalitarian system.
But there are more social and cultural consequences to the wage gap. Wages affect social security, benefits, logistics, and the segregation of labor. To change this, policies…...
mlaREFERENCES
Cohen, Philip and Matt Huffman. (2007). Working for the Woman? Female Managers
and the Gender Wage Gap, American Sociological Review, 72:5, 681-704.
Rose, S. And Hartmann, H. (2009). Still a Man's Labor Market. In Street and Street, eds. Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Management. New York: McGraw Hill, pages 130-39.
For additional arguments and commentary on these archetypes of the "way a woman should act," see: "Ward and June Cleaver Revisited," (September 28, 2007). Cited in: and, of special note Nancy Evans' "Difference Feminism: June Cleaver with an MBA or a New Brand of Women? Cited in: http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_cult/courses/knowbody/f04/web3/nevans.html . Contrasting this belief that June or Harriet were the only role models for women, see: Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1994, Temple University Press.http://bookwormroom.wordpress.com/2007/09/28/ward-and-june-cleaver-revisited/ ,
Gender and gender roles are aspects that for quite some time have been the highlight of debate and discussion. As is commonly stated, it is a man's world. Owing to this, females constantly face glass ceilings in businesses and careers, while men make the most of glass escalators. Gender and gender roles have adversely impacted the growth and development of women, especially in relation to business. Not only is there poor representation of women in executive organizational positions, but women are also paid much less in comparison to men.
Synthesis of Articles
The contemporary conceptualization of gender in career examination is centered on dichotomization, bringing about a binary separation of men and women when taking into account career aspects and success. Generally, it is the women who are largely negatively affected with respect to career results (Schneidhofer et al., 2010). Gender and gender role types are considered to be career capitals that…...
mlaReferences
Fairlie, R. W., & Robb, A. M. (2009). Gender differences in business performance: evidence from the characteristics of business owners surveys. Small Business Economics, 4, 375-395. DOI: 10.1007/s11187-009-9207-5.
Herrbach, O., & Mignonac, K. (2012). Perceived gender discrimination and women's subjective career success: The moderating role of career anchors. Industrial Relations, 67, 25-50.
Ramaswami, A., Dreher, G. F., Bretz, R., & Wiethoff, C. (2010). Gender, mentoring, and career success: The importance of organizational context. Personnel psychology, 2, 385-405.
Schneidhofer, T.M., Schiffinger, M., & Mayrhofer, W. (2010). Mind the (gender) gap. Gender, gender role types, and their effects on objective career success over time. Management Revue, 4, 437-457. DOI: 10.1688/1861-9908
proxyserver.pk/Browse.php?u=kLff2qPdyOxOtvb9YJgKSuxxnfUcHvoa6%2Fy%2FUkaN3xIsEDuqjlc%3D&b=
This video released by IBN Live reveals the gender discrimination suffered by an Indian Athlete, named Santhi Soundarajan, who lost her silver medal in the female 800m race of Asian games in Doha because of her failure in a gender test. The host of the show very calmly ridiculed the athlete and bluntly joked about athlete's gender by laughing and saying that may be the management and staff members slipped out of her shorts. He also did candid questioning about Soundarajan's feminineness by making statements like "Does she have a uterus? I don't know." He also expressed his doubts about Soundarajan being a woman actually and he found it fascinating that she does not possess sexual attributes of a woman.
Lady reporter Jill Pike, questioned the fundamentals of the testing and also criticized news article for not revealing the full facts related to the test failure, disregarding the athlete's medical…...
mlaVincent, J., & Crossman, J. (2008). Champions, a celebrity crossover, and a capitulator: The construction of gender in broadsheet newspapers' narratives about selected competitors at Wimbledon. International Journal of Sport Communication, 1, 78 -- 102.
Vincent, J., & Crossman, J. (2008). Champions, a celebrity crossover, and a capitulator: The construction of gender in broadsheet newspapers' narratives about selected competitors during "The Championships."International Journal of Sport Communication, 1(1), 78 -- 102.
Women's Sport Foundation. (2004). Media -- Images and works in Women's Sports: The foundation position. Retrieved from http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/en/home/advocate/foundation-positions/media-issues/images_and_words
al Mart Gender Discrimination Lawsuits
al-Mart Gender Discrimination Lawsuits
al-Mart Expanded into Florida in 1962. Now, there are exactly 191 stores all over the state. They are also planning to open 10 new, mostly smaller locations in South Florida by the end of 2013. One of the best performing stores in the state of Florida is in inter Springs, Florida. almart's Board of Directors member Jim Cash lives in Sarasota. Also, members in al-Mart make up only 1% in Florida. hen it came to politics, almart has shelled out at the state level in Florida legislation. In the middle of 2003 and 2010, the company spent over a million dollars in state elections. However, Seventy-eight percent of it went to Republicans. hen it comes to impacts on the store operation, because of the large population of Spanish speaking people, there are Latino al-Marts set up in order to cater to that cultural…...
mlaWorks Cited
Lawsuit Seeks an End to Alleged Discrimination throughout the Region. (2013, February 22). Retrieved from Palm Beach Gardens: http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/10/prweb9979203.htm
Barkhurst, A. (2012, October 4). 11 Florida women sue Wal-Mart for discrimination. Retrieved from Sun Sentinel: http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-10-04/news/fl-wal-mart-gender-descrimination-20121004_1_female-wal-mart-employees-florida-women-sam-s-club
Love et al. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2012, October 4). Retrieved from Cathleen Scott & Associates, P.A., P.A., Cohen Milstein Sellers & Toll PLLC, Washington, D.C; and the Impact Fund, Berkeley, Calif.: http://www.cohenmilstein.com/news.php?NewsID=531
Musgrave, J. (2014, February 22). Female ex-Walmart employees file federal discrimination suit over promotions. Retrieved from The Palm Beach Post: http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/business/employment/ex-female-walmart-employees-file-federal-discrimin/nSTP4/
Ethics and Human esource Management
As society progressed out of the 19th century - an era when two-thirds of all women were illiterate -- women embarked on a mass migration that would see them out of their kitchens and into the workplace (Thompson, 2008). More than a hundred years later (and having survived a few extreme feminist movements between then and now), we enter the post-feminist era; an era where rhetoric is focused on gender equality and equity. It has been over a century, but negative gender stereotypes are still an issue that plagues the careers of many women. Gender discrimination is a global phenomenon and there are few effective steps taken in order to solve this problem (Kline, 2005). It has been proposed that part of this issue is due to managers feeling there is nothing ethically wrong or morally reprehensible about this form of discriminatory behaviour (Lane &…...
mlaReferences
Kline, J. (2005). Ethics for International Business. London: Routledge.
Atkinson, C. (1997). Women, Ethics and the Workplace. Connecticut: Praeger.
Warneryd, K. (1994). Ethics and Economic Affairs. London: Routledge.
Oliverio, M. (1999). Ethics and the CPA. New York: Wiley.
Goodyear Gender Discrimination CaseLedbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. is one of the landmark Supreme Court cases on the issue of pay inequities due to gender. The ruling in this case was made at a time when gender-based pay inequities continue to permeate the public and private sectors. Gender-based pay inequities are common in todays business environment despite amendments to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 1963 Equal Pay Act (Riccucci, 2008). Existing pay disparities continue to make it difficult to achieve pay equality. Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. not only raised legal concerns relating to pay discrimination but also highlighted an ethical problem. The ethical problem in this case is gender-based pay discrimination, which is a major issue facing women in the workplace. Despite the establishment of laws and policies to promote pay equality, women are not treated fairly as their…...
mlaReferences
Aiston, S.J. (2011). Equality, justice and gender: Barriers to the ethical university for women. Ethics and Education, 6(3), 279-291.
Armstrong, J., Friesdorf, R. & Conway, P. (2018). Clarifying gender differences in moral dilemma judgments: The complementary roles of harm aversion and action aversion. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(3), 353-363.
Litman, L., Robinson, J., Rosen, Z., Rosenzweig, C., Waxman, J. & Bates, L.M. (2020). The persistence of pay inequality: The gender pay gap in an anonymous online labor market. PLoS One, 15(2), 1-19.
Women in the Economy: An Analysis of Gender Differences
The Twentieth Century brought with it a lot of reforms that helped open opportunities for gender equality for women. However, not all discrimination was lightened, especially in regards to the economic position of many American women today. In the modern context, women are still clearly at a disadvantage in regards to their place within the economy. They are often paid less than their male counterparts and subsequently larger numbers of poor women compared to men.
Women have an extreme disadvantage in regards to their economic status compared to men of the same positions. Throughout the Twentieth century, the gender wage gap has continued to generate a society that pays women far less than their male counterparts. Essentially, women make less than their male counterparts do in the same positions. Thus, the research suggests that "many of the women entering wage employment have moved…...
mlaReferences
Bolender, Ronald Keith. 2006. Feminist Conflict Theory. Articles. http://www.bolender.com/Sociology/Articles/Feminist%20Conflict%20Theory.htm .
Mutari, Ellen & Figart, Deborah M. (2003). Women and the Economy: A Reader. M.E. Sharpe.
There are numerous gains that women have made in the workplaces over the past decades. Currently, there are more women entering the labor force as compared to 20 years ago. Gender imbalance has always been there since women began working and this has continued to date. Women who work in male-dominated workplaces have reported that they experience more discrimination when compared to women who work in workplaces that are dominated by women. However, the same is not true for men. Men who work in workplaces that are dominated by women have not reported any discrimination neither have they indicated they face any discrimination in workplaces that are dominated by fellow men (Choi 352). While the discrimination in some instances is never obvious, it still does take place. Women are passed over for job promotions and their male counterparts are offered the jobs even if they are less qualified. The reasoning…...
mlaReferences
Bolotnyy, Valentin, and Natalia Emanuel. Why Do Women Earn Less Than Men? Evidence from Bus and Train Operators: Working Paper, 2018. Print.Choi, Sungjoo. \\"Pay Equity in Government: Analyzing Determinants of Gender Pay Disparity in the Us Federal Government.\\" Administration & Society 50.3 (2018): 346-71. Print.Ezzedeen, Souha R, Marie-Hélène Budworth, and Susan D Baker. \\"The Glass Ceiling and Executive Careers: Still an Issue for Pre-Career Women.\\" Journal of Career Development 42.5 (2015): 355-69. Print.Faniko, Klea, et al. \\"Nothing Changes, Really: Why Women Who Break through the Glass Ceiling End up Reinforcing It.\\" Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43.5 (2017): 638-51. Print.Mih?il?, Ramona. \\"Female Labor Force Participation and Gender Wage Discrimination.\\" Journal of Research in Gender Studies 6.1 (2016): 262-68. Print.Miller, Claire Cain. \\"As Women Take over a Male-Dominated Field, the Pay Drops.\\" New York Times 18 (2016). Print.
.....social injustice and inequality. First, literature related to the fundamentals of discrimination and descriptions of gender discrimination are discussed in the literature. Following a detailed discussion of what the literature says about gender discrimination, the literature review shifts toward the quantifiable effects of gender discrimination in the workplace. Effects are examined both in terms of measurable effects on organizations and individuals.
Fundamentals of Discrimination
Discrimination is unfortunately pervasive in the workplace. Described as an "inaccurate perception of differences," discrimination can be based on independent variables like race, gender, language, and other demographics (Cleveland, Vescio & Barnes-Farrell, p. 149). The differences perceived are "inaccurate," and also have a direct impact on status, access to power, and access to avenues of promotion or pay increases. Most literature frames discrimination as being "subtle and covert," well concealed from the realms of legal scrutiny, and often difficult to define precisely (Marchiondo, Ran & Cortina, 2015, p.…...
.....social injustice and inequality. First, literature related to the fundamentals of discrimination and descriptions of gender discrimination are discussed in the literature. Following a detailed discussion of what the literature says about gender discrimination, the literature review shifts toward the quantifiable effects of gender discrimination in the workplace. Effects are examined both in terms of measurable effects on organizations and individuals.
Fundamentals of Discrimination
Discrimination is unfortunately pervasive in the workplace. Described as an "inaccurate perception of differences," discrimination can be based on independent variables like race, gender, language, and other demographics (Cleveland, Vescio & Barnes-Farrell, p. 149). The differences perceived are "inaccurate," and also have a direct impact on status, access to power, and access to avenues of promotion or pay increases. Most literature frames discrimination as being "subtle and covert," well concealed from the realms of legal scrutiny, and often difficult to define precisely (Marchiondo, Ran & Cortina, 2015, p.…...
Gender Matters in the Insanity Defense: Exploring the Interplay of Gender, Mental Illness, and Legal Outcomes
The insanity defense, a legal doctrine that seeks to exempt individuals from criminal responsibility due to their mental state, has long been a contentious issue in criminal justice. However, one aspect of this defense that has received less attention is the influence of gender on its application and outcomes. This thesis posits that gender plays a significant role in the insanity defense, shaping both the perception of mental illness and the legal treatment of individuals accused of crimes.
Historical Context and Gender Bias
Historically, the insanity defense....
1. The Historical Roots and Evolution of Child Labor: An Exploration of Causes and Consequences
Trace the origins and development of child labor practices throughout history
Examine the social, economic, and political factors that have perpetuated child labor
Analyze the impact of industrialization, globalization, and social movements on the prevalence of child labor
2. The Ethical Implications and Human Rights Violations of Child Labor: Confronting Exploitation and Injustice
Discuss the ethical dilemmas posed by child labor and its violation of fundamental human rights
Examine the psychological, physical, and developmental hazards faced by child laborers
Evaluate the role of international conventions and....
Gender Equality in Contemporary American Culture: A Historical Perspective
Introduction:
In the tapestry of American culture, gender equality stands as a vibrant thread, woven amidst centuries of societal evolution and sociopolitical struggles. This essay delves into the historical trajectory of gender equality, exploring the shifts, triumphs, and ongoing challenges that have shaped its current status in American society.
Historical Roots:
The seeds of gender equality were sown in the early days of the American republic, with the signing of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the Constitution (1789). These foundational documents enshrined the principles of liberty and equality, yet they fell short of extending....
Title: Ida B. Wells - A Crusader for Justice
Introduction:
- Briefly introduce Ida B. Wells as an influential African-American journalist, suffragist, and civil rights activist.
- State the thesis statement: Ida B. Wells dedicated her life to fighting against racial injustice and gender discrimination, leaving a lasting impact on the path towards equality.
Body:
I. Early Life and Education:
A. Provide a brief overview of Ida B. Wells' childhood and family background.
B. Discuss the impact of the Civil War and the Reconstruction era on her upbringing.
C. Describe her educational journey and the obstacles she....
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